牦牛排泄物输入对若尔盖高寒泥炭地土壤短期氮转化的潜在影响
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摘要
牦牛放牧是若尔盖泥炭地一个普遍现象,牦牛排泄物直接返还于泥炭地.通过室内短期培养实验,利用~(15)N稳定同位素成对标记法结合马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛随机采样方法(MCMC)数值模型,研究牦牛排泄物输入对泥炭地土壤氮初级转化速率的影响.结果表明,施粪组土壤NH_4~+-N的总生产速率(17.49 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1))约为对照组的2倍(8.94 mg kg~(-1)d~(-1)),其中有机氮的矿化作用是其主要来源途径.两种处理土壤NH_4~+-N的总消耗速率均大于各自总生产速率,其中被微生物的同化作用固定于难分解有机氮库中的NH4+-N分别占其总消耗量的70%(对照组)和91%(施粪组).微生物的自养硝化作用是两种处理土壤NO_3~--N的主要产生途径,分别为5.31 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)(对照组)和2.13 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)(施粪组),均占各自NO_3~--N总生产量的80%以上.对照组和施粪组土壤NO_3~--N的主要利用方式均为NO_3~--N的异化还原作用,分别为0.20和0.24 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1).施粪组土壤N_2O累积排放量最高,为7.81 mg kg~(-1),对照组次之,为6.08 mg kg~(-1),施尿组最少,为3.04 mgkg~(-1).施粪和施尿使土壤CH_4累积排放量分别增加了2.08和9.49 mg kg~(-1).施粪组和施尿组土壤CO_2累计排放量分别为对照组(145.17 mg kg~(-1))的3.89倍和22.63倍.总体来说,牦牛粪便输入通过促进土壤有机氮的矿化作用、抑制微生物的自养硝化作用以及促进NO_3~--N的异化还原作用,提高了土壤的供氮能力和减少了NO_3~--N的淋溶风险.
Yak graze extensively on the alpine Zoige peatland in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and large amounts of excrements are directly deposited onto the alpine peatland. However, information on peat soil gross nitrogen transformations after yak excreta return is limited. In this study, we investigated the potential short-term effects of yak excrements on peat soil gross nitrogen transformation by performing 15 N tracing under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the total NH_4~+-N production was approximately twice higher in the dung-affected soil(17.49 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)) than in the CK treatment(8.94 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)). The mineralization of organic nitrogen was the main source of NH_4~+-N in both treatments, with approximately 57% of the total nitrogen mineralization resulting from the recalcitrant organic matter in the dung-affected soil, while amounting to 63%from the mineralization of soil-labile organic matter in CK. The total consumption of NH_4~+-N was higher than its production in both soils, leading to net NH_4~+-N consumption in the soils. Approximately 70% and 91% of the total NH_4~+-N consumption in the CK and dung-affected soils, respectively, were used for microbial immobilization to recalcitrant organic nitrogen pool.Autotrophic nitrification was the major NO_3~--N formation mechanism in both soils, which were 5.31 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1) and 2.13 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1) in the CK and drug-affected soil, respectively. Meanwhile, dissimilatory nitrate reduction in the dung-affected soil was slightly higher than in the CK soil, indicating that yak dung addition could reduce potential NO_3~--N leaching risks. Over the 19 incubation periods, the largest cumulative N_2O emission, which was 7.81 mg/kg, occurred in the dung-affected soil, while the lowest value(3.04 mg/kg) appeared in the urine-affected soil. The addition of both yak dung and urine significantly(P <0.01) increased soil CH_4 and CO_2 emissions. In conclusion, our findings suggested that yak dung might increase soil nitrogen supply capacity and decrease potential nitrate leaching risks by increasing gross NH_4~+-N mineralization, inhibiting autotrophic nitrification, and promoting dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. Yak dung slightly increased soil N_2O emission, while yak urine addition significantly decreased it. In addition, the addition of both yak dung and urine largely increased soil CO_2 and CH_4 emissions.
Yak graze extensively on the alpine Zoige peatland in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and large amounts of excrements are directly deposited onto the alpine peatland. However, information on peat soil gross nitrogen transformations after yak excreta return is limited. In this study, we investigated the potential short-term effects of yak excrements on peat soil gross nitrogen transformation by performing 15 N tracing under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the total NH_4~+-N production was approximately twice higher in the dung-affected soil(17.49 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)) than in the CK treatment(8.94 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)). The mineralization of organic nitrogen was the main source of NH_4~+-N in both treatments, with approximately 57% of the total nitrogen mineralization resulting from the recalcitrant organic matter in the dung-affected soil, while amounting to 63%from the mineralization of soil-labile organic matter in CK. The total consumption of NH_4~+-N was higher than its production in both soils, leading to net NH_4~+-N consumption in the soils. Approximately 70% and 91% of the total NH_4~+-N consumption in the CK and dung-affected soils, respectively, were used for microbial immobilization to recalcitrant organic nitrogen pool.Autotrophic nitrification was the major NO_3~--N formation mechanism in both soils, which were 5.31 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1) and 2.13 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1) in the CK and drug-affected soil, respectively. Meanwhile, dissimilatory nitrate reduction in the dung-affected soil was slightly higher than in the CK soil, indicating that yak dung addition could reduce potential NO_3~--N leaching risks. Over the 19 incubation periods, the largest cumulative N_2O emission, which was 7.81 mg/kg, occurred in the dung-affected soil, while the lowest value(3.04 mg/kg) appeared in the urine-affected soil. The addition of both yak dung and urine significantly(P <0.01) increased soil CH_4 and CO_2 emissions. In conclusion, our findings suggested that yak dung might increase soil nitrogen supply capacity and decrease potential nitrate leaching risks by increasing gross NH_4~+-N mineralization, inhibiting autotrophic nitrification, and promoting dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. Yak dung slightly increased soil N_2O emission, while yak urine addition significantly decreased it. In addition, the addition of both yak dung and urine largely increased soil CO_2 and CH_4 emissions.
引文
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8 Sala OE,Jackson RB,Mooney HA,Howarth RW.Methods in Ecosystem Science[M].New York:Springer,2000
9 Muller C,Rutting T,Kattge J,Laughlin RJ,Stevens J.Estimation of Parameters in Complex 15N Tracing models by Monte Carlo Sampling[M].Penguin Books,2007:715-726
10 Boer WD,Duyts H,Laanbroek HJ.Autotrophic nitrification in a fertilized acid heath soil[J].Soil Biol Biochem,1988,20(6):845-850
11 Cai Z,Wang B,Xu M,Zhang H,He X,Zhang L,Gao S.Intensified soil acidification from chemical N fertilization and prevention by manure in an 18-year field experiment in the red soil of southern China[J].J Soils Sediments,2015,15(2):260-270
12 Cheng Y,Wang J,Mary B,Zhang JB,Cai ZC,Chang SX.Soil pH has contrasting effects on gross and net nitrogen mineralizations in adjacent forest and grassland soils in central Alberta,Canada[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2013,57(3):848-857
13 Cheng Y,Zhang J B,Müller C,Wang SQ.15 N t racing st udy to understand the N supply associated with organic amendments in a vineyard soil[J].Biol Fert Soils,2015,51(8):983-993
14 Stemar ie C,Pare D.Soil,pH and N availabilit y effects on net nitrification in the forest floors of a range of boreal forest stands[J].Soil Biol Biochem,1999,31(11):1579-1589
15 Cheng Y,Cai Y,Wang SQ.Yak and Tibetan sheep dung return enhance soil N supply and retention in two alpine grasslands in the QinghaiTibetan Plateau[J].Biol Fert Soils,2016,52(3):413-422
16 Davidson EA,Stark JM,Firestone MK.Microbial production and consumption of nitrate in an annual grassland[J].Ecology,1990,71(5):1968-1975
17 Rober t LB.A n alter native explanation for the post-dist urbance NO 3-flush in some forest ecosystems[J].Ecol Lett,2001,4(5):412-416
18 Burger M,Jackson LE.Microbial immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in relation to ammonification and nitrification rates in organic and conventional cropping systems[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2003,35(1):29-36
19 Tiedje JM.Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium[J].Bbiol Anaerobic Microorg,1988:179-244
20 Rolston DE,Duxbury JM,Har per LA,Mosier AR.Processes for production and consumption of gaseous nitrogen oxides in soil[C].1993
21 Granli T.Nitrous oxide from agriculture[J].Norwegian J Agric Sci,1994,24(1):200
22 Lovell RD,Jarvis SC.Effect of cattle dung on soil microbial biomass Cand N in a permanent pasture soil[J].Soil Biol Biochem,1996,28(3):291-299
23 Maljanen M,Martikkala M,Koponen HT,Virkaja?Rvi P,Martikainen PJ.Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from experimental excreta patches in boreal agricultural soil[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2007,39(4):914-920
24 Cai Y,Wang X,Ding W,Tian L,Zhao H,Lu X.Potential short-term effects of yak and Tibetan sheep dung on greenhouse gas emissions in two alpine grassland soils under laboratory conditions[J].Biol Fert Soils,2013,49(8):1215-1226
25 Yamulki S,Jarvis SC,Owen P.Methane emission and uptake from soils as influenced by excreta deposition from grazing animals[J].J Environ Qual,1999,28(2):676-682
26 Liebig MA,Kronberg SL,Gross J R.Effects of normal and altered cattle urine on short-term greenhouse gas flux from mixed-grass prairie in the northern Great Plains[J].Agr Ecosyst Environ,2008,125(1-4):57-64
27 Mosier A,Schimel D,Valentine D,Bronson K,Parton W.Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native,fertilized and cultivated grasslands[J].Nature,1991,350(6316):330-332
28 Maljanen M,Virkaja?rvi P,Martikainen PJ.Dairy cow excreta patches change the boreal grass swards from sink to source of methane[J].Agric Food Sci,2015,21(2):91-99
29 Dobbie KE,Smith KA.Comparison of CH4 oxidation rates in woodland,arable and set aside soils[J].Soil Biol Biochem,1996,28(10-11):1357-1365
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