Recent upper gastrointestinal panendoscopy increases the risk of pyogenic liver abscess
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摘要
AIM To investigate the association between a recent gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy and the subsequent risk of pyogenic liver abscess(PLA).METHODS We designed a nested case control study. Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 2135 patients with a first diagnosis of PLA were identified from 1998 to 2011. Another 10675 patients without PLA matched by age and sex were selected as reference controls. We identified and compared the possible risk factors for PLA and GI endoscopies performed before the index date(when PLA was diagnosed) between the two cohorts. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine the risk of PLA within the 90 d after the GI endoscopies.RESULTS Patients with a history of diabetes [adjusted odds ratio(a OR) = 4.92, 95%CI: 1.78-13.61], end-stage renal disease(a OR = 3.98, 95%CI: 1.45-10.91), biliary tract infection(a OR = 2.68, 95%CI: 2.11-3.40), liver cirrhosis(a OR = 2.19, 95%CI: 1.39-3.46), GI malignancies(a OR = 5.68, 95%CI: 4.23-7.64), appendicitis(a OR = 3.16, 95%CI: 2.27-4.41), diverticulitis(a OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.01-2.64), and recent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(a OR = 27.04, 95%CI: 11.65-62.72) were significantly associated with an increased risk of PLA. After adjusting for the above risk factors and the frequency of outpatient department visits and abdominal ultrasounds during 90 d before the index date, an upper GI panendoscopy(a OR = 2.75, 95%CI: 2.05-3.69) but not a lower GI endoscopy(a OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.62-1.86) was significantly associated with PLA.CONCLUSION An upper GI panendoscopy performed before 90 d may increase the risk of PLA.
AIM To investigate the association between a recent gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy and the subsequent risk of pyogenic liver abscess(PLA).METHODS We designed a nested case control study. Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 2135 patients with a first diagnosis of PLA were identified from 1998 to 2011. Another 10675 patients without PLA matched by age and sex were selected as reference controls. We identified and compared the possible risk factors for PLA and GI endoscopies performed before the index date(when PLA was diagnosed) between the two cohorts. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine the risk of PLA within the 90 d after the GI endoscopies.RESULTS Patients with a history of diabetes [adjusted odds ratio(a OR) = 4.92, 95%CI: 1.78-13.61], end-stage renal disease(a OR = 3.98, 95%CI: 1.45-10.91), biliary tract infection(a OR = 2.68, 95%CI: 2.11-3.40), liver cirrhosis(a OR = 2.19, 95%CI: 1.39-3.46), GI malignancies(a OR = 5.68, 95%CI: 4.23-7.64), appendicitis(a OR = 3.16, 95%CI: 2.27-4.41), diverticulitis(a OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.01-2.64), and recent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(a OR = 27.04, 95%CI: 11.65-62.72) were significantly associated with an increased risk of PLA. After adjusting for the above risk factors and the frequency of outpatient department visits and abdominal ultrasounds during 90 d before the index date, an upper GI panendoscopy(a OR = 2.75, 95%CI: 2.05-3.69) but not a lower GI endoscopy(a OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.62-1.86) was significantly associated with PLA.CONCLUSION An upper GI panendoscopy performed before 90 d may increase the risk of PLA.
AIM To investigate the association between a recent gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy and the subsequent risk of pyogenic liver abscess(PLA).METHODS We designed a nested case control study. Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 2135 patients with a first diagnosis of PLA were identified from 1998 to 2011. Another 10675 patients without PLA matched by age and sex were selected as reference controls. We identified and compared the possible risk factors for PLA and GI endoscopies performed before the index date(when PLA was diagnosed) between the two cohorts. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine the risk of PLA within the 90 d after the GI endoscopies.RESULTS Patients with a history of diabetes [adjusted odds ratio(a OR) = 4.92, 95%CI: 1.78-13.61], end-stage renal disease(a OR = 3.98, 95%CI: 1.45-10.91), biliary tract infection(a OR = 2.68, 95%CI: 2.11-3.40), liver cirrhosis(a OR = 2.19, 95%CI: 1.39-3.46), GI malignancies(a OR = 5.68, 95%CI: 4.23-7.64), appendicitis(a OR = 3.16, 95%CI: 2.27-4.41), diverticulitis(a OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.01-2.64), and recent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(a OR = 27.04, 95%CI: 11.65-62.72) were significantly associated with an increased risk of PLA. After adjusting for the above risk factors and the frequency of outpatient department visits and abdominal ultrasounds during 90 d before the index date, an upper GI panendoscopy(a OR = 2.75, 95%CI: 2.05-3.69) but not a lower GI endoscopy(a OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.62-1.86) was significantly associated with PLA.CONCLUSION An upper GI panendoscopy performed before 90 d may increase the risk of PLA.
引文
1 Tsai FC,Huang YT,Chang LY,Wang JT.Pyogenic liver abscess as endemic disease,Taiwan.Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1592-1600[PMID:18826824 DOI:10.3201/eid1410.071254]
2 Kaplan GG,Gregson DB,Laupland KB.Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:1032-1038[PMID:15551257]
3 Jepsen P,Vilstrup H,Sch?nheyder HC,S?rensen HT.Anationwide study of the incidence and 30-day mortality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in Denmark,1977-2002.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:1185-1188[PMID:15882238 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02487.x]
4 Mohsen AH,Green ST,Read RC,Mc Kendrick MW.Liver abscess in adults:ten years experience in a UK centre.QJM 2002;95:797-802[PMID:12454322]
5 Seeto RK,Rockey DC.Pyogenic liver abscess.Changes in etiology,management,and outcome.Medicine(Baltimore)1996;75:99-113[PMID:8606631]
6 Rahimian J,Wilson T,Oram V,Holzman RS.Pyogenic liver abscess:recent trends in etiology and mortality.Clin Infect Dis2004;39:1654-1659[PMID:15578367 DOI:10.1086/425616]
7 Foo NP,Chen KT,Lin HJ,Guo HR.Characteristics of pyogenic liver abscess patients with and without diabetes mellitus.Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:328-335[PMID:19826410 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2009.586]
8 Hong CS,Chung KM,Huang PC,Wang JJ,Yang CM,Chu CC,Chio CC,Chang FL,Chien CC.Epidemiology and mortality of liver abscess in end-stage renal disease dialysis patients:Taiwan national cohort study.PLo S One 2014;9:e88078[PMID:24551077 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0088078]
9 Tsai LW,Chao PW,Ou SM,Chen YT,Shih CJ,Li SY,Chen TW,Chen TJ,Liu CT.Pyogenic liver abscess in end-stage renal disease patients:a nationwide longitudinal study.Hemodial Int 2015;19:72-79[PMID:24947911 DOI:10.1111/hdi.12185]
10 Cheng HC,Chang WL,Chen WY,Kao AW,Chuang CH,Sheu BS.Long-term outcome of pyogenic liver abscess:factors related with abscess recurrence.J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:1110-1115[PMID:18458641 DOI:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157e4c1]
11 M?lle I,Thulstrup AM,Vilstrup H,S?rensen HT.Increased risk and case fatality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in patients with liver cirrhosis:a nationwide study in Denmark.Gut 2001;48:260-263[PMID:11156650]
12 M?lle I,Thulstrup AM,Jepsen P,S?rensen HT,Vilstrup H.Liver cirrhosis is risk factor for pyogenic liver abscesses.BMJ 2001;323:52-53[PMID:11464836]
13 Qu K,Liu C,Wang ZX,Tian F,Wei JC,Tai MH,Zhou L,Meng FD,Wang RT,Xu XS.Pyogenic liver abscesses associated with nonmetastatic colorectal cancers:an increasing problem in Eastern Asia.World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:2948-2955[PMID:22736918 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v18.i23.2948]
14 Jeong SW,Jang JY,Lee TH,Kim HG,Hong SW,Park SH,Kim SG,Cheon YK,Kim YS,Cho YD,Kim JO,Kim BS,Lee EJ,Kim TH.Cryptogenic pyogenic liver abscess as the herald of colon cancer.J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:248-255[PMID:21777280 DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06851.x]
15 Jang DK,Jeong SH,Lee SH,Lee M,Jang ES,Kim JW,Hwang JH,Ryu JK,Kim YT,Lee YJ,Lee KH,Kim YH.Computed tomographic colonography is valuable for post-treatment evaluation and screening of hidden colorectal cancer in patients with cryptogenic pyogenic liver abscess.Digestion 2014;89:175-183[PMID:24714400 DOI:10.1159/000356534]
16 Koo HC,Kim YS,Kim SG,Tae JW,Ko BM,Lee TI,Jeong SW,Jang JY,Kim HS,Lee SH,Kim BS.Should colonoscopy be performed in patients with cryptogenic liver abscess?Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013;37:86-92[PMID:22572520 DOI:10.1016/j.clinre.2012.03.037]
17 Zakout R,Santos JM,Ferreira C,Victorino RM.Colonoscopy for‘cryptogenic’pyogenic liver abscess?Colorectal Dis 2010;12:71-72[PMID:19175640 DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01692.x]
18 Law ST,Li KK.Is hepatic neoplasm-related pyogenic liver abscess a distinct clinical entity?World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:1110-1116[PMID:22416187 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v18.i10.1110]
19 Lin YT,Liu CJ,Chen TJ,Chen TL,Yeh YC,Wu HS,Tseng CP,Wang FD,Tzeng CH,Fung CP.Pyogenic liver abscess as the initial manifestation of underlying hepatocellular carcinoma.Am J Med 2011;124:1158-1164[PMID:22114829 DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.012]
20 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee,Khashab MA,Chithadi KV,Acosta RD,Bruining DH,Chandrasekhara V,Eloubeidi MA,Fanelli RD,Faulx AL,Fonkalsrud L,Lightdale JR,Muthusamy VR,Pasha SF,Saltzman JR,Shaukat A,Wang A,Cash BD.Antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:81-89[PMID:25442089 DOI:10.1016/j.gie.2014.08.008]
21 Nelson DB.Infectious disease complications of GI endoscopy:Part I,endogenous infections.Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:546-556[PMID:12665767 DOI:10.1067/mge.2003.139]
22 Katsinelos P,Dimiropoulos S,Katsiba D,Arvaniti M,Tsolkas P,Galanis I,Papaziogas B,Limenopoulos V,Baltajiannis S,Vasilladis I.Pseudomonas aeruginosa liver abscesses after diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in two patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction type 2.Surg Endosc 2002;16:1638[PMID:12085136 DOI:10.1007/s00464-002-4210-9]
23 Davion T,Braillon A,Delamarre J,Delcenserie R,Joly JP,Capron JP.Pseudomonas aeruginosa liver abscesses following endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.Report of a case without biliary tract disease.Dig Dis Sci 1987;32:1044-1046[PMID:3304890]
24 Bonenfant F,Rousseau E,Farand P.Streptococcus anginosus pyogenic liver abscess following a screening colonoscopy.Can JInfect Dis Med Microbiol 2013;24:e45-e46[PMID:24421818]
25 Zerem E,Su?i?A.Multiple pyogenic liver abscesses formed after appendectomy:the role of percutaneous drainage in a critically ill patient.Acta Med Acad 2012;41:210-213[PMID:23331395 DOI:10.5644/ama2006-124.53]
26 Murarka S,Pranav F,Dandavate V.Pyogenic liver abscess secondary to disseminated streptococcus anginosus from sigmoid diverticulitis.J Glob Infect Dis 2011;3:79-81[PMID:21572613DOI:10.4103/0974-777X.77300]
27 Nasir AA,Adeniran JO,Abdur-Rahman LO,Abdulkadir AY,Inikori AK,Taiwo JO.Pyogenic liver abscess in children:is ruptured appendix still relevant as cause?Case report.Niger Postgrad Med J 2009;16:176-178[PMID:19606202]
28 Belkahla N,Maamouri N,Ouerghi H,Cheikh I,Nouira K,Khalfallah T,Ben Mami N.Phlegmonous appendicitis revealed by pyogenic liver abscesses.Tunis Med 2007;85:596-599[PMID:18064994]
29 Robert M,Paparel P,Arnal E,Voiglio E,Caillot JL.[Liver abscesses secondary to sigmoid diverticulitis:report of four cases].Rev Med Interne 2004;25:915-919[PMID:15582171 DOI:10.1016/j.revmed.2004.07.015]
30 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee,Ben-Menachem T,Decker GA,Early DS,Evans J,Fanelli RD,Fisher DA,Fisher L,Fukami N,Hwang JH,Ikenberry SO,Jain R,Jue TL,Khan KM,Krinsky ML,Malpas PM,Maple JT,Sharaf RN,Dominitz JA,Cash BD.Adverse events of upper GI endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2012;76:707-718[PMID:22985638 DOI:10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.252]
31 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee,Fisher DA,Maple JT,Ben-Menachem T,Cash BD,Decker GA,Early DS,Evans JA,Fanelli RD,Fukami N,Hwang JH,Jain R,Jue TL,Khan KM,Malpas PM,Sharaf RN,Shergill AK,Dominitz JA.Complications of colonoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:745-752[PMID:21951473 DOI:10.1016/j.gie.2011.07.025]
32 Ekert P,Bernard B,Congy F,Langlois P,Pelletier S,Devy C,Valla D.[Liver abscess after endoscopic sclerotherapy of hemorrhagic stomach ulcer].Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993;17:397[PMID:8349078]
33 Farrell RJ,Krige JE,Bornman PC,Terblanche J.Liver abscess after treatment for bleeding duodenal ulcer.Lancet 1993;341:1025[PMID:8096906]
34 Greenland S,Thomas DC.On the need for the rare disease assumption in case-control studies.Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:547-553[PMID:7124721]
35 Rey JR,Axon A,Budzynska A,Kruse A,Nowak A.Guidelines of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy(E.S.G.E.)antibiotic prophylaxis for gastrointestinal endoscopy.European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.Endoscopy 1998;30:318-324[PMID:9615888]
36 Hirota WK,Petersen K,Baron TH,Goldstein JL,Jacobson BC,Leighton JA,Mallery JS,Waring JP,Fanelli RD,WheelerHarbough J,Faigel DO.Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:475-482[PMID:14520276]
37 Chavez-Tapia NC,Barrientos-Gutierrez T,Tellez-Avila F,Soares-Weiser K,Mendez-Sanchez N,Gluud C,Uribe M.Metaanalysis:antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding-an updated Cochrane review.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:509-518[PMID:21707680 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04746.x]
38 Liao KF,Lai SW,Lin CL,Chien SH.Appendectomy correlates with increased risk of pyogenic liver abscess:A population-based cohort study in Taiwan.Medicine(Baltimore)2016;95:e4015[PMID:27368018 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000004015]
39 Sheu BS,Wu CY,Wu MS,Chiu CT,Lin CC,Hsu PI,Cheng HC,Lee TY,Wang HP,Lin JT.Consensus on control of risky nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Taiwan with National Health Insurance.Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:563707[PMID:25197649 DOI:10.1155/2014/563707]
40 Chiu KW,Lu LS,Chiou SS.High-level disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing.World J Exp Med 2015;5:33-39[PMID:25699232 DOI:10.5493/wjem.v5.i1.33]
41 Cheng CL,Lee CH,Chen PS,Li YH,Lin SJ,Yang YH.Validation of acute myocardial infarction cases in the national health insurance research database in taiwan.J Epidemiol 2014;24:500-507[PMID:25174915]
42 Lin YT,Liu CJ,Chen TJ,Fung CP.Long-term mortality of patients with septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess:a population-based study.PLo SOne 2012;7:e33978[PMID:22479491 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0033978]
2 Kaplan GG,Gregson DB,Laupland KB.Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:1032-1038[PMID:15551257]
3 Jepsen P,Vilstrup H,Sch?nheyder HC,S?rensen HT.Anationwide study of the incidence and 30-day mortality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in Denmark,1977-2002.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:1185-1188[PMID:15882238 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02487.x]
4 Mohsen AH,Green ST,Read RC,Mc Kendrick MW.Liver abscess in adults:ten years experience in a UK centre.QJM 2002;95:797-802[PMID:12454322]
5 Seeto RK,Rockey DC.Pyogenic liver abscess.Changes in etiology,management,and outcome.Medicine(Baltimore)1996;75:99-113[PMID:8606631]
6 Rahimian J,Wilson T,Oram V,Holzman RS.Pyogenic liver abscess:recent trends in etiology and mortality.Clin Infect Dis2004;39:1654-1659[PMID:15578367 DOI:10.1086/425616]
7 Foo NP,Chen KT,Lin HJ,Guo HR.Characteristics of pyogenic liver abscess patients with and without diabetes mellitus.Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:328-335[PMID:19826410 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2009.586]
8 Hong CS,Chung KM,Huang PC,Wang JJ,Yang CM,Chu CC,Chio CC,Chang FL,Chien CC.Epidemiology and mortality of liver abscess in end-stage renal disease dialysis patients:Taiwan national cohort study.PLo S One 2014;9:e88078[PMID:24551077 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0088078]
9 Tsai LW,Chao PW,Ou SM,Chen YT,Shih CJ,Li SY,Chen TW,Chen TJ,Liu CT.Pyogenic liver abscess in end-stage renal disease patients:a nationwide longitudinal study.Hemodial Int 2015;19:72-79[PMID:24947911 DOI:10.1111/hdi.12185]
10 Cheng HC,Chang WL,Chen WY,Kao AW,Chuang CH,Sheu BS.Long-term outcome of pyogenic liver abscess:factors related with abscess recurrence.J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:1110-1115[PMID:18458641 DOI:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157e4c1]
11 M?lle I,Thulstrup AM,Vilstrup H,S?rensen HT.Increased risk and case fatality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in patients with liver cirrhosis:a nationwide study in Denmark.Gut 2001;48:260-263[PMID:11156650]
12 M?lle I,Thulstrup AM,Jepsen P,S?rensen HT,Vilstrup H.Liver cirrhosis is risk factor for pyogenic liver abscesses.BMJ 2001;323:52-53[PMID:11464836]
13 Qu K,Liu C,Wang ZX,Tian F,Wei JC,Tai MH,Zhou L,Meng FD,Wang RT,Xu XS.Pyogenic liver abscesses associated with nonmetastatic colorectal cancers:an increasing problem in Eastern Asia.World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:2948-2955[PMID:22736918 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v18.i23.2948]
14 Jeong SW,Jang JY,Lee TH,Kim HG,Hong SW,Park SH,Kim SG,Cheon YK,Kim YS,Cho YD,Kim JO,Kim BS,Lee EJ,Kim TH.Cryptogenic pyogenic liver abscess as the herald of colon cancer.J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:248-255[PMID:21777280 DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06851.x]
15 Jang DK,Jeong SH,Lee SH,Lee M,Jang ES,Kim JW,Hwang JH,Ryu JK,Kim YT,Lee YJ,Lee KH,Kim YH.Computed tomographic colonography is valuable for post-treatment evaluation and screening of hidden colorectal cancer in patients with cryptogenic pyogenic liver abscess.Digestion 2014;89:175-183[PMID:24714400 DOI:10.1159/000356534]
16 Koo HC,Kim YS,Kim SG,Tae JW,Ko BM,Lee TI,Jeong SW,Jang JY,Kim HS,Lee SH,Kim BS.Should colonoscopy be performed in patients with cryptogenic liver abscess?Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013;37:86-92[PMID:22572520 DOI:10.1016/j.clinre.2012.03.037]
17 Zakout R,Santos JM,Ferreira C,Victorino RM.Colonoscopy for‘cryptogenic’pyogenic liver abscess?Colorectal Dis 2010;12:71-72[PMID:19175640 DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01692.x]
18 Law ST,Li KK.Is hepatic neoplasm-related pyogenic liver abscess a distinct clinical entity?World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:1110-1116[PMID:22416187 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v18.i10.1110]
19 Lin YT,Liu CJ,Chen TJ,Chen TL,Yeh YC,Wu HS,Tseng CP,Wang FD,Tzeng CH,Fung CP.Pyogenic liver abscess as the initial manifestation of underlying hepatocellular carcinoma.Am J Med 2011;124:1158-1164[PMID:22114829 DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.012]
20 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee,Khashab MA,Chithadi KV,Acosta RD,Bruining DH,Chandrasekhara V,Eloubeidi MA,Fanelli RD,Faulx AL,Fonkalsrud L,Lightdale JR,Muthusamy VR,Pasha SF,Saltzman JR,Shaukat A,Wang A,Cash BD.Antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:81-89[PMID:25442089 DOI:10.1016/j.gie.2014.08.008]
21 Nelson DB.Infectious disease complications of GI endoscopy:Part I,endogenous infections.Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:546-556[PMID:12665767 DOI:10.1067/mge.2003.139]
22 Katsinelos P,Dimiropoulos S,Katsiba D,Arvaniti M,Tsolkas P,Galanis I,Papaziogas B,Limenopoulos V,Baltajiannis S,Vasilladis I.Pseudomonas aeruginosa liver abscesses after diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in two patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction type 2.Surg Endosc 2002;16:1638[PMID:12085136 DOI:10.1007/s00464-002-4210-9]
23 Davion T,Braillon A,Delamarre J,Delcenserie R,Joly JP,Capron JP.Pseudomonas aeruginosa liver abscesses following endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.Report of a case without biliary tract disease.Dig Dis Sci 1987;32:1044-1046[PMID:3304890]
24 Bonenfant F,Rousseau E,Farand P.Streptococcus anginosus pyogenic liver abscess following a screening colonoscopy.Can JInfect Dis Med Microbiol 2013;24:e45-e46[PMID:24421818]
25 Zerem E,Su?i?A.Multiple pyogenic liver abscesses formed after appendectomy:the role of percutaneous drainage in a critically ill patient.Acta Med Acad 2012;41:210-213[PMID:23331395 DOI:10.5644/ama2006-124.53]
26 Murarka S,Pranav F,Dandavate V.Pyogenic liver abscess secondary to disseminated streptococcus anginosus from sigmoid diverticulitis.J Glob Infect Dis 2011;3:79-81[PMID:21572613DOI:10.4103/0974-777X.77300]
27 Nasir AA,Adeniran JO,Abdur-Rahman LO,Abdulkadir AY,Inikori AK,Taiwo JO.Pyogenic liver abscess in children:is ruptured appendix still relevant as cause?Case report.Niger Postgrad Med J 2009;16:176-178[PMID:19606202]
28 Belkahla N,Maamouri N,Ouerghi H,Cheikh I,Nouira K,Khalfallah T,Ben Mami N.Phlegmonous appendicitis revealed by pyogenic liver abscesses.Tunis Med 2007;85:596-599[PMID:18064994]
29 Robert M,Paparel P,Arnal E,Voiglio E,Caillot JL.[Liver abscesses secondary to sigmoid diverticulitis:report of four cases].Rev Med Interne 2004;25:915-919[PMID:15582171 DOI:10.1016/j.revmed.2004.07.015]
30 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee,Ben-Menachem T,Decker GA,Early DS,Evans J,Fanelli RD,Fisher DA,Fisher L,Fukami N,Hwang JH,Ikenberry SO,Jain R,Jue TL,Khan KM,Krinsky ML,Malpas PM,Maple JT,Sharaf RN,Dominitz JA,Cash BD.Adverse events of upper GI endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2012;76:707-718[PMID:22985638 DOI:10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.252]
31 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee,Fisher DA,Maple JT,Ben-Menachem T,Cash BD,Decker GA,Early DS,Evans JA,Fanelli RD,Fukami N,Hwang JH,Jain R,Jue TL,Khan KM,Malpas PM,Sharaf RN,Shergill AK,Dominitz JA.Complications of colonoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:745-752[PMID:21951473 DOI:10.1016/j.gie.2011.07.025]
32 Ekert P,Bernard B,Congy F,Langlois P,Pelletier S,Devy C,Valla D.[Liver abscess after endoscopic sclerotherapy of hemorrhagic stomach ulcer].Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993;17:397[PMID:8349078]
33 Farrell RJ,Krige JE,Bornman PC,Terblanche J.Liver abscess after treatment for bleeding duodenal ulcer.Lancet 1993;341:1025[PMID:8096906]
34 Greenland S,Thomas DC.On the need for the rare disease assumption in case-control studies.Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:547-553[PMID:7124721]
35 Rey JR,Axon A,Budzynska A,Kruse A,Nowak A.Guidelines of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy(E.S.G.E.)antibiotic prophylaxis for gastrointestinal endoscopy.European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.Endoscopy 1998;30:318-324[PMID:9615888]
36 Hirota WK,Petersen K,Baron TH,Goldstein JL,Jacobson BC,Leighton JA,Mallery JS,Waring JP,Fanelli RD,WheelerHarbough J,Faigel DO.Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:475-482[PMID:14520276]
37 Chavez-Tapia NC,Barrientos-Gutierrez T,Tellez-Avila F,Soares-Weiser K,Mendez-Sanchez N,Gluud C,Uribe M.Metaanalysis:antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding-an updated Cochrane review.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:509-518[PMID:21707680 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04746.x]
38 Liao KF,Lai SW,Lin CL,Chien SH.Appendectomy correlates with increased risk of pyogenic liver abscess:A population-based cohort study in Taiwan.Medicine(Baltimore)2016;95:e4015[PMID:27368018 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000004015]
39 Sheu BS,Wu CY,Wu MS,Chiu CT,Lin CC,Hsu PI,Cheng HC,Lee TY,Wang HP,Lin JT.Consensus on control of risky nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Taiwan with National Health Insurance.Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:563707[PMID:25197649 DOI:10.1155/2014/563707]
40 Chiu KW,Lu LS,Chiou SS.High-level disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing.World J Exp Med 2015;5:33-39[PMID:25699232 DOI:10.5493/wjem.v5.i1.33]
41 Cheng CL,Lee CH,Chen PS,Li YH,Lin SJ,Yang YH.Validation of acute myocardial infarction cases in the national health insurance research database in taiwan.J Epidemiol 2014;24:500-507[PMID:25174915]
42 Lin YT,Liu CJ,Chen TJ,Fung CP.Long-term mortality of patients with septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess:a population-based study.PLo SOne 2012;7:e33978[PMID:22479491 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0033978]