学习材料组块方式对相似词长时记忆的影响
|
摘要
已有关于材料相似性影响短时记忆的研究提示,不相似材料组块相比于相似材料组块可能促进记忆。为验证该假设,该研究采用学习-测查范式,通过4个实验考察了学习材料组块方式对相似词长时记忆的影响及机制。结果发现:1)与相似词组块相比,不相似词组块促进了相似词记忆;2)不相似词组块的促进效应是通过增强相似词表共同词根的记忆而实现的; 3)不相似词组块的促进效应可能依赖于语音相似性。该结果说明不相似词组块可能是促进相似词汇记忆的有效途径之一。
The successful memorisation of similar words is critical for individuals' vocabulary acquisition. Previous studies have found that individuals perform significantly better in an immediate serial memory test for dissimilar words than similar words. However, the memory advantage for dissimilar words in those studies was mainly based on the comparison of two sets of different learning materials(i.e., similar and dissimilar words). Therefore,whether similar words are memorised better in a similar chunking condition(similar words are successively presented) or dissimilar chunking condition(similar words are alternately presented by other dissimilar words)is unclear.To address the above question, we performed four experiments in this study, in which within-subject design and study-test paradigm were used. Experiment 1 A aims to explore the effects of chunking strategy on the memory of similar words. In this experiment, two matched sets of similar English pseudowords were used for the similar and dissimilar chunking conditions, respectively. In the similar chunking condition, similar wordswere successively presented, whereas in the dissimilar chunking condition, similar words were alternately presented with other dissimilar words. Participants were instructed to memorise the words during the study phase. A recognition memory test was administered one hour after the study phase. Experiment 1 B aims to investigate the memory advantage of the dissimilar chunking condition for long-term retention. Experimental materials and tasks were the same with those of Experiment 1 A, but the interval between study and test was prolonged to one week. Experiment 2 used Deese-Roediger-McDermott(DRM) paradigm to examine whether the dissimilar chunking strategy facilitated the memory of similar words by improving the memory of individual words or enhancing the memory of shared parts across similar words. Experiment 3 included unfamiliar Korean characters as materials to further disentangle the contributions of visual and phonological similarities on the memory of similar words.Results show that: 1) Compared with the similar chunking strategy, the dissimilar chunking strategy show better memory performance on similar words, which can be maintained for at least one week. 2) The dissimilar chunking strategy improves the memory of similar words and results in a high false memory for similar lures. 3)The memory advantage for dissimilar chunking strategy is evident for phonologically similar words(i.e.,English pseudowords) but not for visually similar words(i.e., Korean characters).The results suggest that the dissimilar chunking strategy improves the memorisation of phonologically similar words by enhancing the memory of common parts across similar words. In other words, the dissimilar chunking strategy may be an effective way to improve the memorisation of similar words. These findings have important implications for language learning and education.
The successful memorisation of similar words is critical for individuals' vocabulary acquisition. Previous studies have found that individuals perform significantly better in an immediate serial memory test for dissimilar words than similar words. However, the memory advantage for dissimilar words in those studies was mainly based on the comparison of two sets of different learning materials(i.e., similar and dissimilar words). Therefore,whether similar words are memorised better in a similar chunking condition(similar words are successively presented) or dissimilar chunking condition(similar words are alternately presented by other dissimilar words)is unclear.To address the above question, we performed four experiments in this study, in which within-subject design and study-test paradigm were used. Experiment 1 A aims to explore the effects of chunking strategy on the memory of similar words. In this experiment, two matched sets of similar English pseudowords were used for the similar and dissimilar chunking conditions, respectively. In the similar chunking condition, similar wordswere successively presented, whereas in the dissimilar chunking condition, similar words were alternately presented with other dissimilar words. Participants were instructed to memorise the words during the study phase. A recognition memory test was administered one hour after the study phase. Experiment 1 B aims to investigate the memory advantage of the dissimilar chunking condition for long-term retention. Experimental materials and tasks were the same with those of Experiment 1 A, but the interval between study and test was prolonged to one week. Experiment 2 used Deese-Roediger-McDermott(DRM) paradigm to examine whether the dissimilar chunking strategy facilitated the memory of similar words by improving the memory of individual words or enhancing the memory of shared parts across similar words. Experiment 3 included unfamiliar Korean characters as materials to further disentangle the contributions of visual and phonological similarities on the memory of similar words.Results show that: 1) Compared with the similar chunking strategy, the dissimilar chunking strategy show better memory performance on similar words, which can be maintained for at least one week. 2) The dissimilar chunking strategy improves the memory of similar words and results in a high false memory for similar lures. 3)The memory advantage for dissimilar chunking strategy is evident for phonologically similar words(i.e.,English pseudowords) but not for visually similar words(i.e., Korean characters).The results suggest that the dissimilar chunking strategy improves the memorisation of phonologically similar words by enhancing the memory of common parts across similar words. In other words, the dissimilar chunking strategy may be an effective way to improve the memorisation of similar words. These findings have important implications for language learning and education.
引文
Avons,S.E.(1999).Effects of visual similarity on serial report and item recognition.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,52(1),217-240.
Balota,D.A.,Yap,M.J.,Hutchison,K.A.,Cortese,M.J.,Kessler,B.,Loftis,B.,…Treiman,R..(2007).The English lexicon project.Behavior Research Methods,39(3),445-459.
Chen,J.Y.(2007).Formulas and the definition of“word”in the Chinese language.Foreign Language Research,(5),1-7.[陈嘉映.(2007).约定用法和“词”的定义.外语学刊,(5),1-7.]
Cohen,J.(1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.2nd ed.L.Erlbaum Associates.
DeAnda,S.,Poulin-Dubois,D.,Zesiger,P.,&Friend,M.(2016).Lexical processing and organization in bilingual first language acquisition:Guiding future research.Psychological Bulletin,142(6),655-667.doi:10.1037/bul0000042
Gallo,D.A.(2010).False memories and fantastic beliefs:15years of the DRM illusion.Memory&Cognition,38(7),833-848.doi:10.3758/MC.38.7.833
Gilbert,A.C.,Boucher,V.J.,&Jemel,B.(2014).Perceptual chunking and its effect on memory in speech processing:ERP and behavioral evidence.Frontiers in Psychology,5,220. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00220
Glezer, L. S., Jiang, X.,&Riesenhuber, M.(2009). Evidence for highly selective neuronal tuning to whole words in the"visual word form area". Neuron, 62(2), 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.017
Glezer, L. S., Kim, J., Rule, J., Jiang, X.,&Riesenhuber, M.(2015). Adding words to the brain's visual dictionary:Novel word learning selectively sharpens orthographic representations in the VWFA. Journal of Neuroscience,35 (12), 4965–4972. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4031-14.2015
Li, M.(2015). A new exploration on the definition of modern Chinese word. Overseas English, 208–210.[李敏.(2015).关于现代汉语词的定义新探.海外英语,208 –210.]
Li, X.&Liu, S. Y.(2012). The effects of phonological similarity and visual similarity in immediate serial recall of Chinese characters. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 44(12),1571–1582. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2012.01571[李轩,刘思耘.(2012).汉语短时序列回忆中的语音相似性和视觉相似性效应.心理学报, 44(12), 1571–1582.]
Lin, Y. C., Chen, H. Y., Lai, Y. C.,&Wu, D. H.(2015).Phonological similarity and orthographic similarity affect probed serial recall of Chinese characters. Memory&Cognition, 43(3), 538–554. doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0495-x
Logie, R. H., Della Sala, S., Wynn, V.,&Baddeley, A. D.(2000). Visual similarity effects in immediate verbal serial recall. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,53 (3), 626–646.
Logie, R. H., Saito, S., Morita, A., Varma, S.,&Norris, D.(2016). Recalling visual serial order for verbal sequences.Memory&Cognition, 44(4), 590–607. doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0580-9
Mei, L., Qu, J.,&Li, H. L.(2017). The cognitive neural mechanism of second language learning. Journal of South China Normal University(Society Science Edition),(6),63 –73.[梅磊磊,屈婧,李会玲.(2017).第二语言学习的认知神经机制.华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),(6), 63–73.]
Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C. S., Xue, F., Zhang, M. X.,&Dong,Q.(2010). The"visual word form area"is involved in successful memory encoding of both words and faces.NeuroImage, 52(1), 371–378. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.067
Nairne, J. S.(1990). A feature model of immediate memory.Memory&Cognition, 18(3), 251–269.
Piguet, O., Connally, E., Krendl, A. C., Huot, J. R.,&Corkin,S.(2008). False memory in aging:Effects of emotional valence on word recognition accuracy. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 307–314. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.307
Poirer, M., Saint-Aubin, J., Musselwhite, K., Mohanadas, T.,&Mahammed, G.(2007). Visual similarity effects on short-term memory for order:The case of verbally labeled pictorial stimuli. Memory&Cognition, 35(4), 711–723.
Qu, Z.&Ding, Y. L.(2010). The effect of Chinese phonological association on false memory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 42(2), 193–199.[曲折,丁玉珑.(2010).汉字语音关联对错误记忆的影响.心理学报, 42(2), 193–199.]
Qu, Z., Liu, Y.,&Bi, Y. H.(2010). The effect of Chinese orthographic association on false memory. Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology, 16(2), 146–153.[曲折,刘优,毕耀华.(2010).汉字字形关联对错误记忆的影响.应用心理学, 16(2), 146–153.]
Reyna, V. F.&Brainerd, C. J.(1995). Fuzzy-trace theory:An interim synthesis. Learning and Individual Differences,7 (1), 1–75.
Roediger, H. L.&Mcdermott, K. B.(1995). Creating false memories:Remembering words not presented in lists.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory&Cognition, 21(4), 803–814.
Rugg, M. D.&Yonelinas, A. P.(2003). Human recognition memory:A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7), 313–319. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00131-1
Saito, S., Logie, R. H., Morita, A.,&Law, A.(2008). Visual and phonological similarity effects in verbal immediate serial recall:A test with kanji materials. Journal of Memoryand Language, 59(1), 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2008.01.004
Sanchez, C. A.&Naylor, J. S.(2018). Disfluent presentations lead to the creation of more false memories. PLoS One,13 (1), e0191735. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191735
Smith, C. N., Wixted, J. T.,&Squire, L. R.(2011). The hippocampus supports both recollection and familiarity when memories are strong. The Journal of Neuroscience,31 (44), 15693–15702. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3438-11.2011
Smyth, M. M., Hay, D. C., Hitch, G. J.,&Horton, N. J.(2005).Serial position memory in the visual-spatial domain:Reconstructing sequences of unfamiliar faces. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(5), 909–930.
Squire, L. R., Wixted, J. T.,&Clark, R. E.(2007).Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe:A new perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(11), 872–883.doi:10.1038/nrn2154
Wixted, J. T.&Mickes, L.(2010). A continuous dual-process model of remember/know judgments. Psychological Review,117 (4), 1025–1054. doi:10.1037/a0020874
Xiao, H. R., Huang, Y. F., Gong, X. M.,&Wang, D. H.(2015).Age alters the effects of emotional valence on false memory:Using the simplified conjoint recognition paradigm. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 47(1), 19–28. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2015.00019[肖红蕊,黄一帆,龚先旻,王大华.(2015).简化的联合再认范式中情绪对错误记忆影响的年龄差异.心理学报,47 (1), 9–28.]Sinica
Xue, H. L., Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C.,&Dong, Q.(2017).The impact of learning method on unfamiliar visual form learning. Journal of Psychological Science, 40(5), 1111–1116.[薛红莉,梅磊磊,薛贵,陈传升,董奇.(2017).学习方法对陌生语言字形学习的影响.心理科学, 40(5), 1111–1116.]
Ye, Z. F., Zhu, B., Zhuang, L. P., Lu, Z. L, Chen, C. S.,&Xue,G.(2016). Neural global pattern similarity underlies true and false memories. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(25),6792–6802. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0425-16.2016
Balota,D.A.,Yap,M.J.,Hutchison,K.A.,Cortese,M.J.,Kessler,B.,Loftis,B.,…Treiman,R..(2007).The English lexicon project.Behavior Research Methods,39(3),445-459.
Chen,J.Y.(2007).Formulas and the definition of“word”in the Chinese language.Foreign Language Research,(5),1-7.[陈嘉映.(2007).约定用法和“词”的定义.外语学刊,(5),1-7.]
Cohen,J.(1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.2nd ed.L.Erlbaum Associates.
DeAnda,S.,Poulin-Dubois,D.,Zesiger,P.,&Friend,M.(2016).Lexical processing and organization in bilingual first language acquisition:Guiding future research.Psychological Bulletin,142(6),655-667.doi:10.1037/bul0000042
Gallo,D.A.(2010).False memories and fantastic beliefs:15years of the DRM illusion.Memory&Cognition,38(7),833-848.doi:10.3758/MC.38.7.833
Gilbert,A.C.,Boucher,V.J.,&Jemel,B.(2014).Perceptual chunking and its effect on memory in speech processing:ERP and behavioral evidence.Frontiers in Psychology,5,220. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00220
Glezer, L. S., Jiang, X.,&Riesenhuber, M.(2009). Evidence for highly selective neuronal tuning to whole words in the"visual word form area". Neuron, 62(2), 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.017
Glezer, L. S., Kim, J., Rule, J., Jiang, X.,&Riesenhuber, M.(2015). Adding words to the brain's visual dictionary:Novel word learning selectively sharpens orthographic representations in the VWFA. Journal of Neuroscience,35 (12), 4965–4972. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4031-14.2015
Li, M.(2015). A new exploration on the definition of modern Chinese word. Overseas English, 208–210.[李敏.(2015).关于现代汉语词的定义新探.海外英语,208 –210.]
Li, X.&Liu, S. Y.(2012). The effects of phonological similarity and visual similarity in immediate serial recall of Chinese characters. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 44(12),1571–1582. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2012.01571[李轩,刘思耘.(2012).汉语短时序列回忆中的语音相似性和视觉相似性效应.心理学报, 44(12), 1571–1582.]
Lin, Y. C., Chen, H. Y., Lai, Y. C.,&Wu, D. H.(2015).Phonological similarity and orthographic similarity affect probed serial recall of Chinese characters. Memory&Cognition, 43(3), 538–554. doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0495-x
Logie, R. H., Della Sala, S., Wynn, V.,&Baddeley, A. D.(2000). Visual similarity effects in immediate verbal serial recall. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,53 (3), 626–646.
Logie, R. H., Saito, S., Morita, A., Varma, S.,&Norris, D.(2016). Recalling visual serial order for verbal sequences.Memory&Cognition, 44(4), 590–607. doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0580-9
Mei, L., Qu, J.,&Li, H. L.(2017). The cognitive neural mechanism of second language learning. Journal of South China Normal University(Society Science Edition),(6),63 –73.[梅磊磊,屈婧,李会玲.(2017).第二语言学习的认知神经机制.华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),(6), 63–73.]
Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C. S., Xue, F., Zhang, M. X.,&Dong,Q.(2010). The"visual word form area"is involved in successful memory encoding of both words and faces.NeuroImage, 52(1), 371–378. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.067
Nairne, J. S.(1990). A feature model of immediate memory.Memory&Cognition, 18(3), 251–269.
Piguet, O., Connally, E., Krendl, A. C., Huot, J. R.,&Corkin,S.(2008). False memory in aging:Effects of emotional valence on word recognition accuracy. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 307–314. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.307
Poirer, M., Saint-Aubin, J., Musselwhite, K., Mohanadas, T.,&Mahammed, G.(2007). Visual similarity effects on short-term memory for order:The case of verbally labeled pictorial stimuli. Memory&Cognition, 35(4), 711–723.
Qu, Z.&Ding, Y. L.(2010). The effect of Chinese phonological association on false memory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 42(2), 193–199.[曲折,丁玉珑.(2010).汉字语音关联对错误记忆的影响.心理学报, 42(2), 193–199.]
Qu, Z., Liu, Y.,&Bi, Y. H.(2010). The effect of Chinese orthographic association on false memory. Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology, 16(2), 146–153.[曲折,刘优,毕耀华.(2010).汉字字形关联对错误记忆的影响.应用心理学, 16(2), 146–153.]
Reyna, V. F.&Brainerd, C. J.(1995). Fuzzy-trace theory:An interim synthesis. Learning and Individual Differences,7 (1), 1–75.
Roediger, H. L.&Mcdermott, K. B.(1995). Creating false memories:Remembering words not presented in lists.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory&Cognition, 21(4), 803–814.
Rugg, M. D.&Yonelinas, A. P.(2003). Human recognition memory:A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7), 313–319. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00131-1
Saito, S., Logie, R. H., Morita, A.,&Law, A.(2008). Visual and phonological similarity effects in verbal immediate serial recall:A test with kanji materials. Journal of Memoryand Language, 59(1), 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2008.01.004
Sanchez, C. A.&Naylor, J. S.(2018). Disfluent presentations lead to the creation of more false memories. PLoS One,13 (1), e0191735. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191735
Smith, C. N., Wixted, J. T.,&Squire, L. R.(2011). The hippocampus supports both recollection and familiarity when memories are strong. The Journal of Neuroscience,31 (44), 15693–15702. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3438-11.2011
Smyth, M. M., Hay, D. C., Hitch, G. J.,&Horton, N. J.(2005).Serial position memory in the visual-spatial domain:Reconstructing sequences of unfamiliar faces. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(5), 909–930.
Squire, L. R., Wixted, J. T.,&Clark, R. E.(2007).Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe:A new perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(11), 872–883.doi:10.1038/nrn2154
Wixted, J. T.&Mickes, L.(2010). A continuous dual-process model of remember/know judgments. Psychological Review,117 (4), 1025–1054. doi:10.1037/a0020874
Xiao, H. R., Huang, Y. F., Gong, X. M.,&Wang, D. H.(2015).Age alters the effects of emotional valence on false memory:Using the simplified conjoint recognition paradigm. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 47(1), 19–28. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2015.00019[肖红蕊,黄一帆,龚先旻,王大华.(2015).简化的联合再认范式中情绪对错误记忆影响的年龄差异.心理学报,47 (1), 9–28.]Sinica
Xue, H. L., Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C.,&Dong, Q.(2017).The impact of learning method on unfamiliar visual form learning. Journal of Psychological Science, 40(5), 1111–1116.[薛红莉,梅磊磊,薛贵,陈传升,董奇.(2017).学习方法对陌生语言字形学习的影响.心理科学, 40(5), 1111–1116.]
Ye, Z. F., Zhu, B., Zhuang, L. P., Lu, Z. L, Chen, C. S.,&Xue,G.(2016). Neural global pattern similarity underlies true and false memories. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(25),6792–6802. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0425-16.2016