环境风险感知的影响因素和作用机理 基于核风险感知的混合方法分析
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摘要
在质性研究和已有文献基础上,本文提出了影响公众环境风险感知的"双因素假说",并对这一假说进行验证。通过"扎根理论"发现了影响公众环境风险感知的四个维度:环境亲和感、系统信任感、信息丰富性和利益趋向性。前两种属于情感因素,后两者属于情境因素。通过结构方程模型进一步证实,情感、情境因素都对公众环境风险感知具有显著影响。同时发现了信息丰富性与环境风险感知的倒"U"型关系,利益趋向性对公众的环境风险感知具有决定性影响等结果。
Paying attention to the factors that affect the perception of environmental risks is not only an urgent need for effective environmental risk management but also a leading issue vital to social governance.This study puts forward a hypothesis of two-factor theory about public environmental risk perception and validates the hypothesis through quantitative research.Grounded theory is applied toidentify four dimensions that influence public environmental risk perception:environmental affinity,system trust,information richness and interest orientation.The first two deal with emotional factors and the latter two situational factors.These factors are quantitatively examined by using the structural equation model to determine whetherthey have a significant impact on the public environmental risk perception.The study yieldssome interesting findings. First, the four emotional and situational factors all affect environmental risk perception.Second,the impact of environmental affinity on public environmental risk perception is weak and its effect is often related to the environmental concerns of individuals.Third,system trust has a strong negative impact on environmental risk perception.Fourth,the correlation between information richness and environmental risk perception is not significant,however,once revised as"highly relevant,"the impact of information richness on environmental risk perception becomes a nonlinear correlation,exercising strong influence on public environmental risk perception.Fifth,the recognition of self-interest is the decisive factor affecting public environmental risk perception.
Paying attention to the factors that affect the perception of environmental risks is not only an urgent need for effective environmental risk management but also a leading issue vital to social governance.This study puts forward a hypothesis of two-factor theory about public environmental risk perception and validates the hypothesis through quantitative research.Grounded theory is applied toidentify four dimensions that influence public environmental risk perception:environmental affinity,system trust,information richness and interest orientation.The first two deal with emotional factors and the latter two situational factors.These factors are quantitatively examined by using the structural equation model to determine whetherthey have a significant impact on the public environmental risk perception.The study yieldssome interesting findings. First, the four emotional and situational factors all affect environmental risk perception.Second,the impact of environmental affinity on public environmental risk perception is weak and its effect is often related to the environmental concerns of individuals.Third,system trust has a strong negative impact on environmental risk perception.Fourth,the correlation between information richness and environmental risk perception is not significant,however,once revised as"highly relevant,"the impact of information richness on environmental risk perception becomes a nonlinear correlation,exercising strong influence on public environmental risk perception.Fifth,the recognition of self-interest is the decisive factor affecting public environmental risk perception.
引文
卜玉梅.2015.从在线到离线:基于互联网的集体行动的形成及其影响因素:以反建X餐厨垃圾站运动为例[J].社会35(5):168-195.
陈超、蔡一村.2016.以“互动”为中心的社会运动演化分析---对中国台湾的个案观察[J].公共管理学报(4):113-126.
陈捷、呼和·那日松、卢春龙.2011.社会信任与基层社区治理效应的因果机制[J].社会31(6):22-40.
龚文娟.2016.环境风险沟通中的公众参与和系统信任[J].社会学研究(3):47-72.
黄杰、朱正威、王琼.2015.风险感知与我国社会稳定风险评估机制的健全[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版)(2):48-55.
李华强、范春梅、贾建民、王顺洪、郝辽钢.2009.突发性灾害中的公众风险感知与应急管理---以5·12汶川地震为例[J].管理世界(6):52-60.
刘岩、赵延东.2011.转型社会下的多重复合性风险:三城市公众风险感知状况的调查分析[J].社会31(4):175-194.
王刚、宋锴业.2017.放大与衰减:环境风险的路径丕变及其内在机理---以两类环境风险事件的比较为例[J].新视野(4):77-83.
王建明.2015.环境情感的维度结构及其对消费碳减排行为的影响---情感-行为的双因素理论假说及其验证[J].管理世界(12):82-95.
Adeola,Francis O.2007.“Nativity and Environmental Risk Perception:An Empirical Study of Native-Born and Foreign-Born Residents of the USA.”Human Ecology Review14(1):13-25.
Baan,Paul J.A.and Frans Klijn.2004.“Flood Risk Perception and Implications for Flood Risk Management in the Netherlands.”International Journal of River Basin Management2(2):113-122.
Baucer,Robert A.1964.“Consumer Behavior as Risk Taking:Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World.”proceedings of the 43rd National Conference of the American Marketing Association:389-398.
Bourassa,Maureen,Kelton Doraty,Loleen Berdahl,Jana Fried,and Scott Bell.2016.“Support,Opposition,Emotion and Contentious Issue Risk Perception.”International Journal of Public Sector Management 29(2):201-216.
Bronfman,Nicolás C.,Pamela C.Cisternas,Esperanza López-Vázquez,and Luis A.Cifuentes.2016.“Trust and Risk Perception of Natural Hazards:Implications for Risk Preparedness in Chile.”Natural Hazards 81(1):307-327.
Carlton,Stuart J.and Susan K.Jacobson.2013.“Climate Change and Coastal Environmental Risk Perceptions in Florida.”Journal of Environmental Management 130(1):32-39.
Cha,Yong-Jin.2004.“An Analysis of Nuclear Risk Perception:With Focus on Developing Effective Policy Alternatives.”International Review of Public Administration 8(2):33-47.
Chauvin,Bruno,Danièle Hermand,and Etienne Mullet.2007.“Risk Perception and Personality Facets.”Risk Analysis 27(1):171-185.
Covello,Vincent T.2003.“Best Practices in Public Health Risk and Crisis Communication.”Journal of Health Communication 8(Sup1):5-8.
Cox,Donald F.1967.Risk Taking and Information Handling in Consume Behavior.Boston:Harvard University Press.
Dake,Karl.1992.“Myths of Nature:Culture and Social Construction of Risk.”Journal of Social Issues 48(4):21-37.
Dominicis,Stefano De,Ferdinando Fornara,Uberta G.Cancellieri,Clare Twigger-Ross,and Marino Bonaiuto.2015.“We Are at Risk,and So What?Place Attachment,Environmental Risk Perceptions and Preventive Coping Behaviours.”Journal of Environmental Psychology(43):66-78.
Douglas,Mary Tew and Aaron B.Wildavsky.1982.Risk and Culture:An Essay on The Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
El-Zein,Abbas,Rola Nasrallah,Iman Nuwayhid,Lea Kai,and Jihad Makhoul.2006.“Why Do Neighbors Have Different Environmental Priorities?Analysis of Environmental Risk Perception in a Beirut Neighborhood.”Risk Analysis an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 26(2):423-435.
Fleury-Bahi,Ghozlane.2008.“Environmental Risk:Perception and Target with Local Versus Global Evaluation.”Psychological Reports 102(1):185-193.
Flynn,James,Paul Slovic,and C.K.Mertz.1994.“Gender,Race,and Perception of Environmental Health Risks.”Risk Analysis 14(6):1101.
Flynn,James,William Burns,C.K.Mertz,and Paul Slovic.1992.“Trust as a Determinant of Opposition to a High-Level Radioactive Waste Repository:Analysis of a Structural Model.”Risk Analysis 12(3):417-429.
Gattig,Alexander and Laurie Hendrickx.2007.“Judgmental Discounting and Environmental Risk Perception:Dimensional Similarities,Domain Differences,and Implications for Sustainability.”Journal of Social Issues 63(1):21-39.
Glaser,Alexander.2012.“From Brokdorf to Fukushima:The Long Journey to Nuclear Phase-Out.”Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 68(6):10-21.
Glaser,Barney G.and Anlelm Strauss.1967.The Discovery of Grounded Theory:Strategies for Qualitative Research.Chicago:Aldine Press.
Goodfellow,Martin J.,Hugo R.Williams,and Adisa Azapagic.2011.“Nuclear Renaissance,Public Perception and Design Criteria:An Exploratory Review.”Energy Policy39(10):6199-6210.
Herzberg,Frederick.1968.“One More Time:How Do You Motivate Employees?”Harvard Business Review40(1):53-62.
Hyun,Sungmin and Haemoon Oh.2011.“Reexamination of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in the Korean Army Foodservice Operations.”Journal of Foodservice Business Research 14(2):100-121.
Jani,Arpan.2011.“Escalation of Commitment in Troubled It Projects:Influence of Project Risk Factors and Self-Efficacy on the Perception of Risk and The Commitment to a Failing Project.”International Journal of Project Management 29(7):934-945.
Kahan,Dan M.2012.“Cultural Cognition as a Conception of the Cultural Theory of Risk.”Springer Netherlands:725-759.
Keller,Carmen,Ann Bostrom,Margot Kuttschreuter,Lucia Savadori,Alexa Spence,and Mathew White.2012.“Bringing Appraisal Theory to Environmental Risk Perception:A Review of Conceptual Approaches of the Past 40Years and Suggestions for Future Research.”Journal of Risk Research 15(3):237-256.
Klos,Alexander,Elke U.Weber,and Martin Weber.2005.“Investment Decisions and Time Horizon:Risk Perception and Risk Behavior in Repeated Gambles.”Management Science51(12):1777-1790.
Laws,M.Barton,Yating Yeh,Ellin Reisner,Kevin Stone,Tina Wang,and Doug Brugge.2015.“Gender,Ethnicity and Environmental Risk Perception Revisited:The Importance of Residential Location.”Journal of Community Health 40(5):948-955.
Lazo,Jeffrey K.,Jason C.Kinnell,and Ann Fisher.2000.“Expert and Layperson Perceptions of Ecosystem Risk.”Risk Analysis 20(2):179-193.
Lee,Jennifer E.C.,Louise Lemyre,Pierre Mercier,Louise Bouchard,and Daniel Krewski.2005.“Beyond the Hazard:The Role of Beliefs In Health Risk Perception.”Human&Ecological Risk Assessment 11(11):1111-1126.
Lieberman,Evan S.2005.“Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.”American Political Science Review99(3):435-452.
Liobikiene.,Genovaite.and Romualdas Juknys.2016.“The Role of Values,Environmental Risk Perception,Awareness of Consequences,and Willingness to Assume Responsibility for Environmentally-Friendly Behavior:The Lithuanian Case.”Journal of Cleaner Production 112(4):3413-3422.
Macias,Thomas.2016.“Environmental Risk Perception among Race and Ethnic Groups in the United States.”Ethnicities Forthcoming 16(1):1-19.
Mah,Ngar-yin Daphne,Peter Hills,and Julia Tao.2013.“Risk Perception,Trust and Public Engagement in Nuclear Decision-Making in Hong Kong.”Energy Policy 73(13):368-390.
Mcdaniels,Tim,Lawrence J.Axelrod,and Paul Slovic.1995.“Characterizing Perception of Ecological Risk.”Risk Analysis 15(5):575-588.
Miceli,Renato,Igor Sotgiu,and Michele Settanni.2008.“Disaster Preparedness and Perception of Flood Risk:A Study in an Alpine Valley in Italy.”Journal of Environmental Psychology 28(2):164-173.
Mysiak,J.,F.Testella,M.Bonaiuto,G.Carrus,S.De Dominicis,U.Ganucci Cancellieri,K.Firus,and P.Grifoni.2013.“Flood Risk Management in Italy:Challenges and Opportunities for the Implementation of the EU Floods Directive.”Natural Hazards&Earth System Sciences 13(11):2883-2890.
Poortinga,Wouter and Nick F.Pidgeon.2003.“Exploring the Dimensionality of Trust in Risk Regulation.”Risk Analysis 23(5):961-972.
Roder,Giulia,Tjuku Ruljigaljig,Ching-Weei Lin,and Paolo Tarolli.2016.“Natural Hazards Knowledge and Risk Perception of Wujie Indigenous Community in Taiwan.”Natural Hazards 81(1):1-22.
Rundmo,Torbjrn and Trond Nordfjrn.2017.“Does Risk Perception Really Exist?”Safety Science(93):230-240.
Siegrist,Michael,Heinz Gutscher,and Timothy C.Earle.2005.“Perception of Risk:The Influence of General Trust,and General Confidence.”Journal of Risk Research 8(2):145-156.
Sj9berg,Lennart.2003.“Distal Factors in Risk Perception.”Journal of Risk Research 6(3):187-211.
Sj9berg,Lennart.2007.“Emotions and Risk Perception.”Risk Management 9(4):223-237.
Slovic,Paul.1987.“Perception of Risk.”Science 236(4799):280-285.
Slovic,Paul,Mark Layman,and James H.Flynn.1991.“Risk Perception,Trust,and Nuclear Waste:Lessons from Yucca Mountain.”Environment:Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 33(3):6-30.
Strauss,Anselm L.1987.Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists.New York,NY:Cambridge University Press.
Taroun,Abdulmaten.2014.“Towards a Better Modelling and Assessment of Construction Risk:Insights from a Literature Review.”International Journal of Project Management 32(1):101-115.
Terpstra,Teun,Jan M.Gutteling,G.D.Geldof,and L.J.Kappe.2006.“The Perception of Flood Risk and Water Nuisance.”Water Science&Technology 54(6-7):431-439.
Venables,Dan,Nick F.Pidgeon,Karen A.Parkhill,Karen L.Henwood,and Peter Simmons.2012.“Living with Nuclear Power:Sense of Place,Proximity,and Risk Perceptions in Local Host Communities.”Journal of Environmental Psychology 32(4):371-383.
Wang,Chun Mei,Bing Bing Xu,Su Juan Zhang,and Yong Qiang Chen.2016.“Influence of Personality and Risk Propensity on Risk Perception of Chinese Construction Project Managers.”International Journal of Project Management 34(7):1294-1304.
Whitfield,Stephen C.,Eugene A.Rosa,Amy Dan,and Thomas Dietz.2009.“The Future of Nuclear Power:Value Orientations and Risk Perception.”Risk Analysis 29(3):425-437.
Williams,Damien J.and Jan M.Noyes.2007.“How Does Our Perception of Risk Influence Decision-Making?Implications for the Design of Risk Information.”Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 8(1):1-35.
Xue,Wen,Donald W.Hine,Natasha M.Loi,Einar B.Thorsteinsson,and Wendy J.Phillips.2014.“Cultural Worldviews and Environmental Risk Perceptions:AmetaAnalysis.”Journal of Environmental Psychology(40):249-258.
Yim,Man-Sung and Petr A.Vaganov.2003.“Effects of Education on Nuclear Risk Perception and Attitude:Theory.”Progress in Nuclear Energy 42(2):221-235.
1.“扎根理论”最早由格拉斯和斯特劳斯(Glaser and Strauss,1967)提出,是在经验资料的基础上自下而上建构实质性理论的质性研究方法(Strauss,1987:5)。
2.按照学术惯例,文中的关键地名、人名等均进行匿名化处理。
3.开放式编码是对原始资料所记录的任何可以编码的句子或片段给予概念化标签,实现将资料概念化。它是一个将资料打散,赋予概念,然后再以新方式重新组合的过程。
4.所谓系统信任感,指在环境风险感知中,公众对多方利益相关者的可靠度评价和信任,包括政府信任、市场信任、专家信任与媒体信任(龚文娟,2016)。
5.该方法可以有效地反应自变量与因变量、自变量与自变量之间的关系,以更好地分析情感与情境因素中的各个变量维度对公众环境风险感知的影响。
陈超、蔡一村.2016.以“互动”为中心的社会运动演化分析---对中国台湾的个案观察[J].公共管理学报(4):113-126.
陈捷、呼和·那日松、卢春龙.2011.社会信任与基层社区治理效应的因果机制[J].社会31(6):22-40.
龚文娟.2016.环境风险沟通中的公众参与和系统信任[J].社会学研究(3):47-72.
黄杰、朱正威、王琼.2015.风险感知与我国社会稳定风险评估机制的健全[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版)(2):48-55.
李华强、范春梅、贾建民、王顺洪、郝辽钢.2009.突发性灾害中的公众风险感知与应急管理---以5·12汶川地震为例[J].管理世界(6):52-60.
刘岩、赵延东.2011.转型社会下的多重复合性风险:三城市公众风险感知状况的调查分析[J].社会31(4):175-194.
王刚、宋锴业.2017.放大与衰减:环境风险的路径丕变及其内在机理---以两类环境风险事件的比较为例[J].新视野(4):77-83.
王建明.2015.环境情感的维度结构及其对消费碳减排行为的影响---情感-行为的双因素理论假说及其验证[J].管理世界(12):82-95.
Adeola,Francis O.2007.“Nativity and Environmental Risk Perception:An Empirical Study of Native-Born and Foreign-Born Residents of the USA.”Human Ecology Review14(1):13-25.
Baan,Paul J.A.and Frans Klijn.2004.“Flood Risk Perception and Implications for Flood Risk Management in the Netherlands.”International Journal of River Basin Management2(2):113-122.
Baucer,Robert A.1964.“Consumer Behavior as Risk Taking:Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World.”proceedings of the 43rd National Conference of the American Marketing Association:389-398.
Bourassa,Maureen,Kelton Doraty,Loleen Berdahl,Jana Fried,and Scott Bell.2016.“Support,Opposition,Emotion and Contentious Issue Risk Perception.”International Journal of Public Sector Management 29(2):201-216.
Bronfman,Nicolás C.,Pamela C.Cisternas,Esperanza López-Vázquez,and Luis A.Cifuentes.2016.“Trust and Risk Perception of Natural Hazards:Implications for Risk Preparedness in Chile.”Natural Hazards 81(1):307-327.
Carlton,Stuart J.and Susan K.Jacobson.2013.“Climate Change and Coastal Environmental Risk Perceptions in Florida.”Journal of Environmental Management 130(1):32-39.
Cha,Yong-Jin.2004.“An Analysis of Nuclear Risk Perception:With Focus on Developing Effective Policy Alternatives.”International Review of Public Administration 8(2):33-47.
Chauvin,Bruno,Danièle Hermand,and Etienne Mullet.2007.“Risk Perception and Personality Facets.”Risk Analysis 27(1):171-185.
Covello,Vincent T.2003.“Best Practices in Public Health Risk and Crisis Communication.”Journal of Health Communication 8(Sup1):5-8.
Cox,Donald F.1967.Risk Taking and Information Handling in Consume Behavior.Boston:Harvard University Press.
Dake,Karl.1992.“Myths of Nature:Culture and Social Construction of Risk.”Journal of Social Issues 48(4):21-37.
Dominicis,Stefano De,Ferdinando Fornara,Uberta G.Cancellieri,Clare Twigger-Ross,and Marino Bonaiuto.2015.“We Are at Risk,and So What?Place Attachment,Environmental Risk Perceptions and Preventive Coping Behaviours.”Journal of Environmental Psychology(43):66-78.
Douglas,Mary Tew and Aaron B.Wildavsky.1982.Risk and Culture:An Essay on The Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
El-Zein,Abbas,Rola Nasrallah,Iman Nuwayhid,Lea Kai,and Jihad Makhoul.2006.“Why Do Neighbors Have Different Environmental Priorities?Analysis of Environmental Risk Perception in a Beirut Neighborhood.”Risk Analysis an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 26(2):423-435.
Fleury-Bahi,Ghozlane.2008.“Environmental Risk:Perception and Target with Local Versus Global Evaluation.”Psychological Reports 102(1):185-193.
Flynn,James,Paul Slovic,and C.K.Mertz.1994.“Gender,Race,and Perception of Environmental Health Risks.”Risk Analysis 14(6):1101.
Flynn,James,William Burns,C.K.Mertz,and Paul Slovic.1992.“Trust as a Determinant of Opposition to a High-Level Radioactive Waste Repository:Analysis of a Structural Model.”Risk Analysis 12(3):417-429.
Gattig,Alexander and Laurie Hendrickx.2007.“Judgmental Discounting and Environmental Risk Perception:Dimensional Similarities,Domain Differences,and Implications for Sustainability.”Journal of Social Issues 63(1):21-39.
Glaser,Alexander.2012.“From Brokdorf to Fukushima:The Long Journey to Nuclear Phase-Out.”Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 68(6):10-21.
Glaser,Barney G.and Anlelm Strauss.1967.The Discovery of Grounded Theory:Strategies for Qualitative Research.Chicago:Aldine Press.
Goodfellow,Martin J.,Hugo R.Williams,and Adisa Azapagic.2011.“Nuclear Renaissance,Public Perception and Design Criteria:An Exploratory Review.”Energy Policy39(10):6199-6210.
Herzberg,Frederick.1968.“One More Time:How Do You Motivate Employees?”Harvard Business Review40(1):53-62.
Hyun,Sungmin and Haemoon Oh.2011.“Reexamination of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in the Korean Army Foodservice Operations.”Journal of Foodservice Business Research 14(2):100-121.
Jani,Arpan.2011.“Escalation of Commitment in Troubled It Projects:Influence of Project Risk Factors and Self-Efficacy on the Perception of Risk and The Commitment to a Failing Project.”International Journal of Project Management 29(7):934-945.
Kahan,Dan M.2012.“Cultural Cognition as a Conception of the Cultural Theory of Risk.”Springer Netherlands:725-759.
Keller,Carmen,Ann Bostrom,Margot Kuttschreuter,Lucia Savadori,Alexa Spence,and Mathew White.2012.“Bringing Appraisal Theory to Environmental Risk Perception:A Review of Conceptual Approaches of the Past 40Years and Suggestions for Future Research.”Journal of Risk Research 15(3):237-256.
Klos,Alexander,Elke U.Weber,and Martin Weber.2005.“Investment Decisions and Time Horizon:Risk Perception and Risk Behavior in Repeated Gambles.”Management Science51(12):1777-1790.
Laws,M.Barton,Yating Yeh,Ellin Reisner,Kevin Stone,Tina Wang,and Doug Brugge.2015.“Gender,Ethnicity and Environmental Risk Perception Revisited:The Importance of Residential Location.”Journal of Community Health 40(5):948-955.
Lazo,Jeffrey K.,Jason C.Kinnell,and Ann Fisher.2000.“Expert and Layperson Perceptions of Ecosystem Risk.”Risk Analysis 20(2):179-193.
Lee,Jennifer E.C.,Louise Lemyre,Pierre Mercier,Louise Bouchard,and Daniel Krewski.2005.“Beyond the Hazard:The Role of Beliefs In Health Risk Perception.”Human&Ecological Risk Assessment 11(11):1111-1126.
Lieberman,Evan S.2005.“Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.”American Political Science Review99(3):435-452.
Liobikiene.,Genovaite.and Romualdas Juknys.2016.“The Role of Values,Environmental Risk Perception,Awareness of Consequences,and Willingness to Assume Responsibility for Environmentally-Friendly Behavior:The Lithuanian Case.”Journal of Cleaner Production 112(4):3413-3422.
Macias,Thomas.2016.“Environmental Risk Perception among Race and Ethnic Groups in the United States.”Ethnicities Forthcoming 16(1):1-19.
Mah,Ngar-yin Daphne,Peter Hills,and Julia Tao.2013.“Risk Perception,Trust and Public Engagement in Nuclear Decision-Making in Hong Kong.”Energy Policy 73(13):368-390.
Mcdaniels,Tim,Lawrence J.Axelrod,and Paul Slovic.1995.“Characterizing Perception of Ecological Risk.”Risk Analysis 15(5):575-588.
Miceli,Renato,Igor Sotgiu,and Michele Settanni.2008.“Disaster Preparedness and Perception of Flood Risk:A Study in an Alpine Valley in Italy.”Journal of Environmental Psychology 28(2):164-173.
Mysiak,J.,F.Testella,M.Bonaiuto,G.Carrus,S.De Dominicis,U.Ganucci Cancellieri,K.Firus,and P.Grifoni.2013.“Flood Risk Management in Italy:Challenges and Opportunities for the Implementation of the EU Floods Directive.”Natural Hazards&Earth System Sciences 13(11):2883-2890.
Poortinga,Wouter and Nick F.Pidgeon.2003.“Exploring the Dimensionality of Trust in Risk Regulation.”Risk Analysis 23(5):961-972.
Roder,Giulia,Tjuku Ruljigaljig,Ching-Weei Lin,and Paolo Tarolli.2016.“Natural Hazards Knowledge and Risk Perception of Wujie Indigenous Community in Taiwan.”Natural Hazards 81(1):1-22.
Rundmo,Torbjrn and Trond Nordfjrn.2017.“Does Risk Perception Really Exist?”Safety Science(93):230-240.
Siegrist,Michael,Heinz Gutscher,and Timothy C.Earle.2005.“Perception of Risk:The Influence of General Trust,and General Confidence.”Journal of Risk Research 8(2):145-156.
Sj9berg,Lennart.2003.“Distal Factors in Risk Perception.”Journal of Risk Research 6(3):187-211.
Sj9berg,Lennart.2007.“Emotions and Risk Perception.”Risk Management 9(4):223-237.
Slovic,Paul.1987.“Perception of Risk.”Science 236(4799):280-285.
Slovic,Paul,Mark Layman,and James H.Flynn.1991.“Risk Perception,Trust,and Nuclear Waste:Lessons from Yucca Mountain.”Environment:Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 33(3):6-30.
Strauss,Anselm L.1987.Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists.New York,NY:Cambridge University Press.
Taroun,Abdulmaten.2014.“Towards a Better Modelling and Assessment of Construction Risk:Insights from a Literature Review.”International Journal of Project Management 32(1):101-115.
Terpstra,Teun,Jan M.Gutteling,G.D.Geldof,and L.J.Kappe.2006.“The Perception of Flood Risk and Water Nuisance.”Water Science&Technology 54(6-7):431-439.
Venables,Dan,Nick F.Pidgeon,Karen A.Parkhill,Karen L.Henwood,and Peter Simmons.2012.“Living with Nuclear Power:Sense of Place,Proximity,and Risk Perceptions in Local Host Communities.”Journal of Environmental Psychology 32(4):371-383.
Wang,Chun Mei,Bing Bing Xu,Su Juan Zhang,and Yong Qiang Chen.2016.“Influence of Personality and Risk Propensity on Risk Perception of Chinese Construction Project Managers.”International Journal of Project Management 34(7):1294-1304.
Whitfield,Stephen C.,Eugene A.Rosa,Amy Dan,and Thomas Dietz.2009.“The Future of Nuclear Power:Value Orientations and Risk Perception.”Risk Analysis 29(3):425-437.
Williams,Damien J.and Jan M.Noyes.2007.“How Does Our Perception of Risk Influence Decision-Making?Implications for the Design of Risk Information.”Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 8(1):1-35.
Xue,Wen,Donald W.Hine,Natasha M.Loi,Einar B.Thorsteinsson,and Wendy J.Phillips.2014.“Cultural Worldviews and Environmental Risk Perceptions:AmetaAnalysis.”Journal of Environmental Psychology(40):249-258.
Yim,Man-Sung and Petr A.Vaganov.2003.“Effects of Education on Nuclear Risk Perception and Attitude:Theory.”Progress in Nuclear Energy 42(2):221-235.
1.“扎根理论”最早由格拉斯和斯特劳斯(Glaser and Strauss,1967)提出,是在经验资料的基础上自下而上建构实质性理论的质性研究方法(Strauss,1987:5)。
2.按照学术惯例,文中的关键地名、人名等均进行匿名化处理。
3.开放式编码是对原始资料所记录的任何可以编码的句子或片段给予概念化标签,实现将资料概念化。它是一个将资料打散,赋予概念,然后再以新方式重新组合的过程。
4.所谓系统信任感,指在环境风险感知中,公众对多方利益相关者的可靠度评价和信任,包括政府信任、市场信任、专家信任与媒体信任(龚文娟,2016)。
5.该方法可以有效地反应自变量与因变量、自变量与自变量之间的关系,以更好地分析情感与情境因素中的各个变量维度对公众环境风险感知的影响。