A new framework for evaluation of rock fragmentation in open pit mines
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摘要
The main purpose of blasting in open pit mines is to produce the feed for crushing stage with the optimum dimensions from in situ rocks. The size distribution of muck pile indicates the efficiency of blasting pattern to reach the required optimum sizes. Nevertheless, there is no mature model to predict fragmentation distribution to date that can be used in various open pit mines. Therefore, a new framework to evaluate and predict fragmentation distribution is presented based on the image analysis approach. For this purpose, the data collected from Jajarm bauxite mine in Iran were used as the sources in this study. The image analysis process was performed by Split-Desktop software to find out fragmentation distribution, uniformity index and average size of the fragmented rocks. Then, two different approaches including the multivariate regression method and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL) technique were incorporated to develop new models of the uniformity index and the average size to improve the Rosin-Rammler function. The performances of the proposed models were evaluated in four blasting operation sites. The results obtained indicate that the regression model possesses a better performance in prediction of the uniformity index and the average size and subsequently the fragmentation distribution in comparison with DEMATEL and conventional Rosin-Rammler models.
The main purpose of blasting in open pit mines is to produce the feed for crushing stage with the optimum dimensions from in situ rocks. The size distribution of muck pile indicates the efficiency of blasting pattern to reach the required optimum sizes. Nevertheless, there is no mature model to predict fragmentation distribution to date that can be used in various open pit mines. Therefore, a new framework to evaluate and predict fragmentation distribution is presented based on the image analysis approach. For this purpose, the data collected from Jajarm bauxite mine in Iran were used as the sources in this study. The image analysis process was performed by Split-Desktop software to find out fragmentation distribution, uniformity index and average size of the fragmented rocks. Then, two different approaches including the multivariate regression method and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL) technique were incorporated to develop new models of the uniformity index and the average size to improve the Rosin-Rammler function. The performances of the proposed models were evaluated in four blasting operation sites. The results obtained indicate that the regression model possesses a better performance in prediction of the uniformity index and the average size and subsequently the fragmentation distribution in comparison with DEMATEL and conventional Rosin-Rammler models.
The main purpose of blasting in open pit mines is to produce the feed for crushing stage with the optimum dimensions from in situ rocks. The size distribution of muck pile indicates the efficiency of blasting pattern to reach the required optimum sizes. Nevertheless, there is no mature model to predict fragmentation distribution to date that can be used in various open pit mines. Therefore, a new framework to evaluate and predict fragmentation distribution is presented based on the image analysis approach. For this purpose, the data collected from Jajarm bauxite mine in Iran were used as the sources in this study. The image analysis process was performed by Split-Desktop software to find out fragmentation distribution, uniformity index and average size of the fragmented rocks. Then, two different approaches including the multivariate regression method and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL) technique were incorporated to develop new models of the uniformity index and the average size to improve the Rosin-Rammler function. The performances of the proposed models were evaluated in four blasting operation sites. The results obtained indicate that the regression model possesses a better performance in prediction of the uniformity index and the average size and subsequently the fragmentation distribution in comparison with DEMATEL and conventional Rosin-Rammler models.
引文
Akbari M,Lashkaripour G,Bafghi AY,Ghafoori M.Blastability evaluation for rock mass fragmentation in Iran central iron ore mines.International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2015;25(1):59e66.
Al-Thyabat S,Miles NJ.An improved estimation of size distribution from particle profile measurements.Powder Technology 2006;166(3):152e60.
Bhandari S.Engineering rock blasting operations.A.A.Balkema;1997.
Brown ET.Rock characterization,testing&monitoring:ISRM suggested methods.International Society for Rock Mechanics(ISRM);1981.
Chakraborty AK,Raina AK,Ramulu M,Choudhury PB,Haldar A,Sahu P,Bandopadhyay C.Parametric study to develop guidelines for blast fragmentation improvement in jointed and massive formations.Engineering Geology2004;73(1e2):105e16.
Cunningham C.The Kuz-Ram model for production of fragmentation from blasting.In:Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;1983.p.439e53.
Cunningham CVB.Fragmentation estimations and the Kuz-Ram model-Four years on.In:Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;1987.p.475e87.
Da Gama CD.Laboratory studies of comminution in rock blasting.PhD Thesis.University of Minnesota;1970.
Djordjevic N.Optimal blast fragmentation.Mining Magazine 1998;178(2):121e5.
Elahi AT,Hosseini M.Analysis of blasted rocks fragmentation using digital image processing(case study:limestone quarry of Abyek Cement Company).International Journal of Geo-Engineering 2017;8(1):16.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0053-z.
Faramarzi F,Mansouri H,Farsangi ME.A rock engineering systems based model to predict rock fragmentation by blasting.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2013;60:82e94.
Fontela E,Gabus A.The DEMATEL observer.Geneva,Switzerland:Battelle Institute,Geneva Research Center;1976.
Fontela E,Gabus A.World problems:An invitation to further thought within the framework of DEMATEL.Technical report.Geneva,Switzerland:Battelle Institute,Geneva Research Centre;1972.
Gheibie S,Aghababaei H,Hoseinie SH,Pourrahimian Y.Modified kuz-ram fragmentation model and its use at the Sungun copper mine.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2009;46(6):967e73.
Ghiasi M,Askarnejad N,Dindarloo SR,Shamsoddini H.Prediction of blast boulders in open pit mines via multiple regression and artificial neural networks.International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2016;26(2):183e6.
Hosseini M,Namvar ZN.The design of the large blastholes pattern by analyzing of fragmentation of blasted rocks in Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 2017;35(1):395e402.
Hudaverdi T,Kuzu C,Fisne A.Investigation of the blast fragmentation using the mean fragment size and fragmentation index.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2012;56:136e45.
Hunter GC,McDermott C,Miles NJ,Singh A,Scoble MJ.A review of image analysis techniques for measuring blast fragmentation.Mining Science and Technology1990;11(1):19e36.
Hustrulid W.Blasting principles for open-pit blasting:Theoretical foundations.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1999.
Kanchibotla SS,Morrell S,Valery W,O’Loughlin P.Exploring the effect of blast design on SAG mill throughput at KCGM.In:Proceedings of the Mine to Mill Conference;1998.p.153e8.
Kojovic T,Michaux S,McKenzie C.Impact of blast fragmentation on crushing and screening operations in quarrying.In:Proceedings of the EXPLO 1995 Conference.Brisbane;1995.p.427e35.
Kou S,Rustan A.Computerized design and result prediction of bench blasting.In:Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;1993.p.263e71.
Kuznetsov VM.The mean diameter of the fragments formed by blasting rock.Soviet Mining 1973;9(2):144e8.
Lilly PA.An empirical method of assessing rock mass blastability.Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy;1986.
Lopez JC,Lopez JE.Drilling and blasting of rocks.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1995.
Michaux S,Djordjevic N.Influence of explosive energy on the strength of the rock fragments and SAG mill throughput.Minerals Engineering 2005;18(4):439e48.
Monjezi M,Dehghani M,Dehghani H.Optimization of blast pattern using neural networks in Chandermoul iron ore mine.In:Proceedings of the 26th International Geosciences Congress;2008[in Persian].
Monjezi M,Rezaei M,Varjani AY.Prediction of rock fragmentation due to blasting in Gol-E-Gohar iron mine using fuzzy logic.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2009;46(8):1273e80.
Morin MA,Ficarazzo F.Monte Carlo simulation as a tool to predict blasting fragmentation based on the Kuz-Ram model.Computers and Geosciences2006;32(3):352e9.
Nielsen K,Kristiansen J.Blasting and grinding-An integrated comminution system.In:Proceedings of EXPLO 1995 Conference.Brisbane;1995.p.113e7.
Ouchterlony F.Fragmentation characterization:the Swebrec function and its use in blast engineering.In:Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting.CRC Press;2009.p.3e22.
Ouchterlony F.The Swebrec function:linking fragmentation by blasting and crushing.Mining Technology 2005a;114(1):29e44.
Ouchterlony F.What does the fragment size distribution of blasted rock look like?In:Proceedings of the EFEE World Conference on Explosives and Blasting.European Federation of Explosives Engineers;2005b.p.189e99.
Rosin R,Rammler E.The laws governing the fineness of powdered coal.Journal of the Institute of Fuel 1933;7:29e36.
Scott A,McKee DJ.The inter-dependence of mining and mineral beneficiation processes on the performance of mining projects.In:Proceeding of the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Annual Conference;1994.p.5e9.
Segarra Catasús P.Experimental analysis of fragmentation,vibration and rock movement in open pit blasting.PhD Thesis.Universidad Politécnica de Madrid;2004.
Sereshki F,Hoseini M,Ataei M.Fragmentation measurement using image processing.International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering 2016;50(2):211e8.
Si SL,You XY,Liu HC,Zhang P.DEMATEL technique:a systematic review of the state-of-the-art literature on methodologies and applications.Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3696457.
Siddiqui FI,Shah SA,Behan MY.Measurement of size distribution of blasted rock using digital image processing.Journal of King Abdulaziz University:Engineering Sciences 2009;20(2):81e93.
Singh SP,Narendrula R.Causes,implications and control of oversize during blasting.In:Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;2009.p.13e7.
Smith ML,Prisbrey KA,Barron CL.Blasting design for increased SAG mill productivity.Transactions-Society of Mining Engineers of AIME 1994;10(4):188e90.
Sudhakar J,Adhikari GR,Gupta RN.Comparison of fragmentation measurements by photographic and image analysis techniques.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2006;39(2):159e68.
Thornton DM,Kanchibotla SS,Esterle JS.A fragmentation model to estimate ROMsize distribution of soft rock types.In:Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique.International Society of Explosives Engineers;2001.p.41e53.
Thurley MJ.Automated online measurement of limestone particle size distributions using 3D range data.Journal of Process Control 2011;21(2):254e62.
Tiryaki B.Application of artificial neural networks for predicting the cuttability of rocks by drag tools.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2008;23(3):273e80.
Weisberg S.Applied linear regression,Vol.528.John Wiley and Sons;2005.
Al-Thyabat S,Miles NJ.An improved estimation of size distribution from particle profile measurements.Powder Technology 2006;166(3):152e60.
Bhandari S.Engineering rock blasting operations.A.A.Balkema;1997.
Brown ET.Rock characterization,testing&monitoring:ISRM suggested methods.International Society for Rock Mechanics(ISRM);1981.
Chakraborty AK,Raina AK,Ramulu M,Choudhury PB,Haldar A,Sahu P,Bandopadhyay C.Parametric study to develop guidelines for blast fragmentation improvement in jointed and massive formations.Engineering Geology2004;73(1e2):105e16.
Cunningham C.The Kuz-Ram model for production of fragmentation from blasting.In:Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;1983.p.439e53.
Cunningham CVB.Fragmentation estimations and the Kuz-Ram model-Four years on.In:Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;1987.p.475e87.
Da Gama CD.Laboratory studies of comminution in rock blasting.PhD Thesis.University of Minnesota;1970.
Djordjevic N.Optimal blast fragmentation.Mining Magazine 1998;178(2):121e5.
Elahi AT,Hosseini M.Analysis of blasted rocks fragmentation using digital image processing(case study:limestone quarry of Abyek Cement Company).International Journal of Geo-Engineering 2017;8(1):16.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0053-z.
Faramarzi F,Mansouri H,Farsangi ME.A rock engineering systems based model to predict rock fragmentation by blasting.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2013;60:82e94.
Fontela E,Gabus A.The DEMATEL observer.Geneva,Switzerland:Battelle Institute,Geneva Research Center;1976.
Fontela E,Gabus A.World problems:An invitation to further thought within the framework of DEMATEL.Technical report.Geneva,Switzerland:Battelle Institute,Geneva Research Centre;1972.
Gheibie S,Aghababaei H,Hoseinie SH,Pourrahimian Y.Modified kuz-ram fragmentation model and its use at the Sungun copper mine.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2009;46(6):967e73.
Ghiasi M,Askarnejad N,Dindarloo SR,Shamsoddini H.Prediction of blast boulders in open pit mines via multiple regression and artificial neural networks.International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2016;26(2):183e6.
Hosseini M,Namvar ZN.The design of the large blastholes pattern by analyzing of fragmentation of blasted rocks in Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 2017;35(1):395e402.
Hudaverdi T,Kuzu C,Fisne A.Investigation of the blast fragmentation using the mean fragment size and fragmentation index.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2012;56:136e45.
Hunter GC,McDermott C,Miles NJ,Singh A,Scoble MJ.A review of image analysis techniques for measuring blast fragmentation.Mining Science and Technology1990;11(1):19e36.
Hustrulid W.Blasting principles for open-pit blasting:Theoretical foundations.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1999.
Kanchibotla SS,Morrell S,Valery W,O’Loughlin P.Exploring the effect of blast design on SAG mill throughput at KCGM.In:Proceedings of the Mine to Mill Conference;1998.p.153e8.
Kojovic T,Michaux S,McKenzie C.Impact of blast fragmentation on crushing and screening operations in quarrying.In:Proceedings of the EXPLO 1995 Conference.Brisbane;1995.p.427e35.
Kou S,Rustan A.Computerized design and result prediction of bench blasting.In:Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;1993.p.263e71.
Kuznetsov VM.The mean diameter of the fragments formed by blasting rock.Soviet Mining 1973;9(2):144e8.
Lilly PA.An empirical method of assessing rock mass blastability.Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy;1986.
Lopez JC,Lopez JE.Drilling and blasting of rocks.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1995.
Michaux S,Djordjevic N.Influence of explosive energy on the strength of the rock fragments and SAG mill throughput.Minerals Engineering 2005;18(4):439e48.
Monjezi M,Dehghani M,Dehghani H.Optimization of blast pattern using neural networks in Chandermoul iron ore mine.In:Proceedings of the 26th International Geosciences Congress;2008[in Persian].
Monjezi M,Rezaei M,Varjani AY.Prediction of rock fragmentation due to blasting in Gol-E-Gohar iron mine using fuzzy logic.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2009;46(8):1273e80.
Morin MA,Ficarazzo F.Monte Carlo simulation as a tool to predict blasting fragmentation based on the Kuz-Ram model.Computers and Geosciences2006;32(3):352e9.
Nielsen K,Kristiansen J.Blasting and grinding-An integrated comminution system.In:Proceedings of EXPLO 1995 Conference.Brisbane;1995.p.113e7.
Ouchterlony F.Fragmentation characterization:the Swebrec function and its use in blast engineering.In:Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting.CRC Press;2009.p.3e22.
Ouchterlony F.The Swebrec function:linking fragmentation by blasting and crushing.Mining Technology 2005a;114(1):29e44.
Ouchterlony F.What does the fragment size distribution of blasted rock look like?In:Proceedings of the EFEE World Conference on Explosives and Blasting.European Federation of Explosives Engineers;2005b.p.189e99.
Rosin R,Rammler E.The laws governing the fineness of powdered coal.Journal of the Institute of Fuel 1933;7:29e36.
Scott A,McKee DJ.The inter-dependence of mining and mineral beneficiation processes on the performance of mining projects.In:Proceeding of the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Annual Conference;1994.p.5e9.
Segarra Catasús P.Experimental analysis of fragmentation,vibration and rock movement in open pit blasting.PhD Thesis.Universidad Politécnica de Madrid;2004.
Sereshki F,Hoseini M,Ataei M.Fragmentation measurement using image processing.International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering 2016;50(2):211e8.
Si SL,You XY,Liu HC,Zhang P.DEMATEL technique:a systematic review of the state-of-the-art literature on methodologies and applications.Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3696457.
Siddiqui FI,Shah SA,Behan MY.Measurement of size distribution of blasted rock using digital image processing.Journal of King Abdulaziz University:Engineering Sciences 2009;20(2):81e93.
Singh SP,Narendrula R.Causes,implications and control of oversize during blasting.In:Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting;2009.p.13e7.
Smith ML,Prisbrey KA,Barron CL.Blasting design for increased SAG mill productivity.Transactions-Society of Mining Engineers of AIME 1994;10(4):188e90.
Sudhakar J,Adhikari GR,Gupta RN.Comparison of fragmentation measurements by photographic and image analysis techniques.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2006;39(2):159e68.
Thornton DM,Kanchibotla SS,Esterle JS.A fragmentation model to estimate ROMsize distribution of soft rock types.In:Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique.International Society of Explosives Engineers;2001.p.41e53.
Thurley MJ.Automated online measurement of limestone particle size distributions using 3D range data.Journal of Process Control 2011;21(2):254e62.
Tiryaki B.Application of artificial neural networks for predicting the cuttability of rocks by drag tools.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2008;23(3):273e80.
Weisberg S.Applied linear regression,Vol.528.John Wiley and Sons;2005.