Diurnal Variations of Precipitation over North China Regulated by the Mountain-plains Solenoid and Boundary-layer Inertial Oscillation
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摘要
The mountain-plains solenoid(MPS) and boundary-layer inertial oscillation(BLO) are two typical regional forcings at the diurnal time scale. Their relative role in regulating the diurnal variations of summer rainfall over North China and their change under different monsoon conditions are studied using a 19-yr archive of satellite rainfall and reanalysis data. It is shown that both a strong MPS and BLO can increase nocturnal rainfall in the North China plains but exhibit evident regional differences. The MPS-induced nocturnal rainfall is relatively confined to the plains adjacent to mountains from late night to morning, due to the upward branch of the nighttime MPS. In contrast, the BLO-induced nocturnal rainfall strengthens from early evening and is more extensive in early morning over the open plains further east. The contrasting effect in the evening is related to the convergent(divergent) easterly anomaly in the plains under the BLO(MPS). The BLO also induces the relatively strong enhancement of moisture convergence and high humidity by the southerly anomaly at late night. On strong monsoon days, the nocturnal rainfall amount associated with the MPS and BLO increases considerably in the plains.Both regional forcings become effective in regulating the rainfall diurnal cycle with enhanced moisture convergence under monsoon conditions. Their induced diurnal amplitudes of moisture convergence can be comparable to the daily mean by monsoon flow. The regional forcings thus couple with monsoon flow to strengthen rainfall in the plains, particularly from late night to morning. The results highlight that a combination of regional and large-scale forcings can strongly regulate the warm-season climate.
The mountain-plains solenoid(MPS) and boundary-layer inertial oscillation(BLO) are two typical regional forcings at the diurnal time scale. Their relative role in regulating the diurnal variations of summer rainfall over North China and their change under different monsoon conditions are studied using a 19-yr archive of satellite rainfall and reanalysis data. It is shown that both a strong MPS and BLO can increase nocturnal rainfall in the North China plains but exhibit evident regional differences. The MPS-induced nocturnal rainfall is relatively confined to the plains adjacent to mountains from late night to morning, due to the upward branch of the nighttime MPS. In contrast, the BLO-induced nocturnal rainfall strengthens from early evening and is more extensive in early morning over the open plains further east. The contrasting effect in the evening is related to the convergent(divergent) easterly anomaly in the plains under the BLO(MPS). The BLO also induces the relatively strong enhancement of moisture convergence and high humidity by the southerly anomaly at late night. On strong monsoon days, the nocturnal rainfall amount associated with the MPS and BLO increases considerably in the plains.Both regional forcings become effective in regulating the rainfall diurnal cycle with enhanced moisture convergence under monsoon conditions. Their induced diurnal amplitudes of moisture convergence can be comparable to the daily mean by monsoon flow. The regional forcings thus couple with monsoon flow to strengthen rainfall in the plains, particularly from late night to morning. The results highlight that a combination of regional and large-scale forcings can strongly regulate the warm-season climate.
The mountain-plains solenoid(MPS) and boundary-layer inertial oscillation(BLO) are two typical regional forcings at the diurnal time scale. Their relative role in regulating the diurnal variations of summer rainfall over North China and their change under different monsoon conditions are studied using a 19-yr archive of satellite rainfall and reanalysis data. It is shown that both a strong MPS and BLO can increase nocturnal rainfall in the North China plains but exhibit evident regional differences. The MPS-induced nocturnal rainfall is relatively confined to the plains adjacent to mountains from late night to morning, due to the upward branch of the nighttime MPS. In contrast, the BLO-induced nocturnal rainfall strengthens from early evening and is more extensive in early morning over the open plains further east. The contrasting effect in the evening is related to the convergent(divergent) easterly anomaly in the plains under the BLO(MPS). The BLO also induces the relatively strong enhancement of moisture convergence and high humidity by the southerly anomaly at late night. On strong monsoon days, the nocturnal rainfall amount associated with the MPS and BLO increases considerably in the plains.Both regional forcings become effective in regulating the rainfall diurnal cycle with enhanced moisture convergence under monsoon conditions. Their induced diurnal amplitudes of moisture convergence can be comparable to the daily mean by monsoon flow. The regional forcings thus couple with monsoon flow to strengthen rainfall in the plains, particularly from late night to morning. The results highlight that a combination of regional and large-scale forcings can strongly regulate the warm-season climate.
引文
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Cai,Y.X.,X.Lu,G.X.Chen,and S.Yang,2018:Diurnal cycles of Mei-yu rainfall simulated over eastern China:Sensitivity to cumulus convective parameterization.Atmospheric Research,213,236-251,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.003.
Chen,G.X.,W.M.Sha,and T.Iwasaki,2009:Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China:2.Impact of the diurnal monsoon variability.J.Geophys.Res.,114,D21105,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012181.
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Chen,G.X.,W.M.Sha,M.Sawada,and T.Iwasaki,2013:Influence of summer monsoon diurnal cycle on moisture transport and precipitation over eastern China.J.Geophys.Res.,118(8),3163-3177,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50337.
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Chen,G.X.,W.M.Sha,T.Iwasaki,and Z.P.Wen,2017:Diurnal cycle of a heavy rainfall corridor over East Asia.Mon.Wea.Rev.,145(8),3365-3389,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0423.1.
Chen,G.X.,R.Y.Lan,W.X.Zeng,H.Pan,and W.B.Li,2018:Diurnal variations of rainfall in surface and satellite observations at the monsoon coast(South China).J.Climate,31(5),1703-1724,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0373.1.
Chen,H.M.,R.C.Yu,J.Li,W.H.Yuan,and T.J.Zhou,2010:Why nocturnal long-duration rainfall presents an eastwarddelayed diurnal phase of rainfall down the Yangtze River valley.J.Climate,23(4),905-917,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3187.1.
Chen,H.M.,R.C.Yu,and Y.Shen,2016:A new method to compare hourly rainfall between station observations and satellite products over central-eastern China.J.Meteor.Res.,30(5),737-757,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-6002-5.
Chen,M.X.,Y.C.Wang,F.Gao,and X.Xiao,2012b:Diurnal variations in convective storm activity over contiguous North China during the warm season based on radar mosaic climatology.J.Geophys.Res.,117,D20115,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018158.
Chen,M.X.,Y.C.Wang,F.Gao,and X.Xiao,2014b:Diurnal evolution and distribution of warm-season convective storms in different prevailing wind regimes over contiguous North China.J.Geophys.Res.,119(6),2742-2763,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021145.
Chen,X.C.,F.Q.Zhang,and J.H.Ruppert Jr.,2019:Modulations of the diurnal cycle of coastal rainfall over south China caused by the boreal summer Intraseasonal oscillation.J.Climate,32,2089-2108,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0786.1.
Chen,Y.-L.,X.A.Chen,S.Chen,and Y.-H.Kuo,1997:A numerical study of the low-level Jet during TAMEX IOP 5.Mon.Wea.Rev.,125(10),2583-2604,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2583:ANSOTL>2.0.CO;2.
Ding,Y.H.,1992:Summer monsoon rainfalls in China.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,70(1B),337-396,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.70.1B 373.
Ding,Y.H.,and J.C.L.Chan,2005:The East Asian summer monsoon:An overview.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,89(1-4),117-142,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0125-z.
Du,Y.,and R.Rotunno,2014:A simple analytical model of the nocturnal low-level jet over the Great Plains of the United States.J.Atmos.Sci.,71(10),3674-3683,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0060.1.
Du,Y.,and G.X.Chen,2018:Heavy rainfall associated with double low-level jets over Southern China.Part I:Ensemblebased analysis.Mon.Wea.Rev.,146,3827-3844,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0101.1.
Du,Y.,Q.H.Zhang,Chen Y.L.,Y.Y.Zhao,and X.Wang,2014:Numerical simulations of spatial distributions and diurnal variations of low-level jets in China during early summer.J.Climate,27(15),5747-5767,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00571.1.
Du,Y.,R.Rotunno,and Q.H.Zhang,2015:Analysis of WRF-simulated diurnal boundary layer winds in eastern China using a simple 1D model.J.Atmos.Sci.,72(2),714-727,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0186.1.
Fu,P.L.,K.F.Zhu,K.Zhao,B.W.Zhou,and M.Xue,2019:Role of the nocturnal low-level jet in the formation of the morning precipitation peak over the Dabie Mountains.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,36(1),15-28,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8095-5.
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