Influences of Reservoir Heterogeneity and Anisotropy on CO_2 Sequestration and Heat Extraction for CO_2-Based Enhanced Geothermal System
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摘要
Enhanced geothermal systems(EGS) have a great potential to extract geothermal energy and have attracted much interest. In this paper, based on a 3D thermal-hydrologic model considering CO_2 sequestration, the influences of reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction in CO_2-based EGS are investigated. Different heterogeneous reservoirs and homogeneous reservoir are compared, and different ratios among reservoir permeability components are compared. The results show that greater reservoir heterogeneity enhances CO_2 sequestration and restrains heat extraction. Higher ratio between horizontal(x and y directions) and vertical permeability components enhances CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction, and vertical permeability component has a little effect. With the increasing ratio between x-directional(perpendicular to the line of the injection well and the production well) and y-directional(perpendicular to x direction) reservoir permeability components(i.e. kx:ky), both CO_2 sequestration amount and steady-state heat extraction rate first increase and then decrease, and thermal breakthrough time increases, showing that there exists an optimum kx:ky, which is about 1:1. The results of this paper indicate that reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy have important influences on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction.
Enhanced geothermal systems(EGS) have a great potential to extract geothermal energy and have attracted much interest. In this paper, based on a 3D thermal-hydrologic model considering CO_2 sequestration, the influences of reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction in CO_2-based EGS are investigated. Different heterogeneous reservoirs and homogeneous reservoir are compared, and different ratios among reservoir permeability components are compared. The results show that greater reservoir heterogeneity enhances CO_2 sequestration and restrains heat extraction. Higher ratio between horizontal(x and y directions) and vertical permeability components enhances CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction, and vertical permeability component has a little effect. With the increasing ratio between x-directional(perpendicular to the line of the injection well and the production well) and y-directional(perpendicular to x direction) reservoir permeability components(i.e. kx:ky), both CO_2 sequestration amount and steady-state heat extraction rate first increase and then decrease, and thermal breakthrough time increases, showing that there exists an optimum kx:ky, which is about 1:1. The results of this paper indicate that reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy have important influences on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction.
Enhanced geothermal systems(EGS) have a great potential to extract geothermal energy and have attracted much interest. In this paper, based on a 3D thermal-hydrologic model considering CO_2 sequestration, the influences of reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction in CO_2-based EGS are investigated. Different heterogeneous reservoirs and homogeneous reservoir are compared, and different ratios among reservoir permeability components are compared. The results show that greater reservoir heterogeneity enhances CO_2 sequestration and restrains heat extraction. Higher ratio between horizontal(x and y directions) and vertical permeability components enhances CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction, and vertical permeability component has a little effect. With the increasing ratio between x-directional(perpendicular to the line of the injection well and the production well) and y-directional(perpendicular to x direction) reservoir permeability components(i.e. kx:ky), both CO_2 sequestration amount and steady-state heat extraction rate first increase and then decrease, and thermal breakthrough time increases, showing that there exists an optimum kx:ky, which is about 1:1. The results of this paper indicate that reservoir heterogeneity and anisotropy have important influences on CO_2 sequestration and heat extraction.
引文
[1]Zhu J.L.,Hu K.Y.,Lu X.L.,et al.,A review of geothermal energy resources,development,and applications in China:Current status and prospects.Energy,2015,93:466-483.
[2]Feng Y.,Chen X.,Xu X.F.,Current status and potentials of enhanced geothermal system in China:A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,33:214-223.
[3]McClure M.W.,Horne R.N.,An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in enhanced geothermal systems.International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2014,72:242-260.
[4]Watanabe N.,Wang W.,McDermott C.I.,et al.Uncertainty analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled processes in heterogeneous porous media.Computational Mechanics,2010,45:263-280.
[5]Xu C.,Dowd P.A.,Wyborn D.,Optimisation of a stochastic rock fracture model using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation.Mining Technology,2013,122(3):153-158.
[6]Alghalandis Y.F.,Dowd P.A.,Xu C.,The RANSAC method for generating fracture networks from microseismic event data.Mathematical Geosciences,2013,45:207-224.
[7]Vogt C.,Kosack C.,Marquart G.,Stochastic inversion of the tracer experiment of the enhanced geothermal system demonstration reservoir in Soultz-sous-Forets-Revealing pathways and estimating permeability distribution Geothermics,2012,42:1-12.
[8]Vogt C.,Klitzsch N.,Rath V.,On self-potential data for estimating permeability in enhanced geothermal systems.Geothermics,2014,51:201-213.
[9]Chen J.L.,Jiang F.M.,Designing multi-well layout for enhanced geothermal system to better exploit hot dry rock geothermal energy.Renewable Energy,2015,74:37-48.
[10]Benim A.C.,Cicek A.,Eker A.M.,A computational investigation of the thermohydraulics of an EGS project.Journal of Thermal Science,2018,27(5):405-412.
[11]Taron J.,Elsworth D.,Min K.B.,Numerical simulation of thermal-hydrologic-mechanical-chemical processes in deformable,fractured porous media.International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2009,46:842-854.
[12]Doe T.,Mc Laren R.,Dershowitz W.,Discrete fracture network simulations of enhanced geothermal systems.Proceedings in 39th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,Stanford,California,2014.
[13]Pandey S.N.,Chaudhuri A.,Rajaram H.,et al.,Fracture transmissivity evolution due to silica dissolution/precipitation during geothermal heat extraction.Geothermics,2015,57:111-126.
[14]Huang W.B.,Cao W.J.,Jiang F.M.,Heat extraction performance of EGS with heterogeneous reservoir:Anumerical evaluation.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2017,108:645-657.
[15]Kalinina E.,McKenna S.A.,Hadgu T.,et al.,Analysis of the effects of heterogeneity on heat extraction in an EGSrepresented with the continuum fracture model.Proceedings in 37th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,Stanford,California,2012.
[16]Hadgu T.,Kalinina E.,Lowry T.S.,Modeling of heat extraction from variably fractured porous media in Enhanced Geothermal Systems.Geothermics,2016,61:75-85.
[17]Llanos E.M.,Zarrouk S.J.,Hogarth R.A.,Numerical model of the Habanero geothermal reservoir,Australia.Geothermics,2015,53:308-319.
[18]Zimmermann G.,Reinicke A.,Bl?cher G.,et al.,Well path design and stimulation treatments at the geothermal research well GtGrSk 4/05 in Gro?Sch?nebeck.Proceedings in 32nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,Stanford,California,2007.
[19]Wang C.L.,Cheng W.L.,Nian Y.L.,et al.,Simulation of heat extraction from CO2-based enhanced geothermal systems considering CO2 sequestration.Energy,2018,142:157-167.
[20]Cheng W.L.,Wang C.L.,Nian Y.L.,et al.,Analysis of influencing factors of heat extraction from enhanced geothermal systems considering water losses.Energy,2016,115:274-288.
[21]Cheng W.L.,Li T.T.,Nian Y.L.,et al.,Studies on geothermal power generation using abandoned oil wells.Energy,2013,59:248-254.
[22]Cheng W.L.,Huang Y.H.,Lu D.T.,et al.,A novel analytical transient heat-conduction time function for heat transfer in steam injection wells considering the wellbore heat capacity.Energy,2011,36:4080-4088.
[23]Nian Y.L.,Cheng W.L.,Insights into heat transport for thermal oil recovery.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,151:507-521.
[24]Chen Y.L.,Zhu M.M.,Physical fluid dynamics.Press of University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei2008.
[25]Jiang F.M.,Chen J.L.,Huang W.B.,et al.,A three-dimensional transient model for EGS subsurface thermohydraulic process.Energy,2014,72:300-310.
[26]Pan C.,Chavez O.,Romero C.E.,et al.,Heat mining assessment for geothermal reservoirs in Mexico using supercritical CO2 injection.Energy,2016,102:148-160.
[27]Nathenson M.,The dependence of permeability on effective stress from flow tests at hot dry rock reservoirs at Rosemanowes(Cornwall)and Fenton Hill(New Mexico).Geothermics,1990,28:315-340.
[2]Feng Y.,Chen X.,Xu X.F.,Current status and potentials of enhanced geothermal system in China:A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,33:214-223.
[3]McClure M.W.,Horne R.N.,An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in enhanced geothermal systems.International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2014,72:242-260.
[4]Watanabe N.,Wang W.,McDermott C.I.,et al.Uncertainty analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled processes in heterogeneous porous media.Computational Mechanics,2010,45:263-280.
[5]Xu C.,Dowd P.A.,Wyborn D.,Optimisation of a stochastic rock fracture model using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation.Mining Technology,2013,122(3):153-158.
[6]Alghalandis Y.F.,Dowd P.A.,Xu C.,The RANSAC method for generating fracture networks from microseismic event data.Mathematical Geosciences,2013,45:207-224.
[7]Vogt C.,Kosack C.,Marquart G.,Stochastic inversion of the tracer experiment of the enhanced geothermal system demonstration reservoir in Soultz-sous-Forets-Revealing pathways and estimating permeability distribution Geothermics,2012,42:1-12.
[8]Vogt C.,Klitzsch N.,Rath V.,On self-potential data for estimating permeability in enhanced geothermal systems.Geothermics,2014,51:201-213.
[9]Chen J.L.,Jiang F.M.,Designing multi-well layout for enhanced geothermal system to better exploit hot dry rock geothermal energy.Renewable Energy,2015,74:37-48.
[10]Benim A.C.,Cicek A.,Eker A.M.,A computational investigation of the thermohydraulics of an EGS project.Journal of Thermal Science,2018,27(5):405-412.
[11]Taron J.,Elsworth D.,Min K.B.,Numerical simulation of thermal-hydrologic-mechanical-chemical processes in deformable,fractured porous media.International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2009,46:842-854.
[12]Doe T.,Mc Laren R.,Dershowitz W.,Discrete fracture network simulations of enhanced geothermal systems.Proceedings in 39th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,Stanford,California,2014.
[13]Pandey S.N.,Chaudhuri A.,Rajaram H.,et al.,Fracture transmissivity evolution due to silica dissolution/precipitation during geothermal heat extraction.Geothermics,2015,57:111-126.
[14]Huang W.B.,Cao W.J.,Jiang F.M.,Heat extraction performance of EGS with heterogeneous reservoir:Anumerical evaluation.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2017,108:645-657.
[15]Kalinina E.,McKenna S.A.,Hadgu T.,et al.,Analysis of the effects of heterogeneity on heat extraction in an EGSrepresented with the continuum fracture model.Proceedings in 37th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,Stanford,California,2012.
[16]Hadgu T.,Kalinina E.,Lowry T.S.,Modeling of heat extraction from variably fractured porous media in Enhanced Geothermal Systems.Geothermics,2016,61:75-85.
[17]Llanos E.M.,Zarrouk S.J.,Hogarth R.A.,Numerical model of the Habanero geothermal reservoir,Australia.Geothermics,2015,53:308-319.
[18]Zimmermann G.,Reinicke A.,Bl?cher G.,et al.,Well path design and stimulation treatments at the geothermal research well GtGrSk 4/05 in Gro?Sch?nebeck.Proceedings in 32nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,Stanford,California,2007.
[19]Wang C.L.,Cheng W.L.,Nian Y.L.,et al.,Simulation of heat extraction from CO2-based enhanced geothermal systems considering CO2 sequestration.Energy,2018,142:157-167.
[20]Cheng W.L.,Wang C.L.,Nian Y.L.,et al.,Analysis of influencing factors of heat extraction from enhanced geothermal systems considering water losses.Energy,2016,115:274-288.
[21]Cheng W.L.,Li T.T.,Nian Y.L.,et al.,Studies on geothermal power generation using abandoned oil wells.Energy,2013,59:248-254.
[22]Cheng W.L.,Huang Y.H.,Lu D.T.,et al.,A novel analytical transient heat-conduction time function for heat transfer in steam injection wells considering the wellbore heat capacity.Energy,2011,36:4080-4088.
[23]Nian Y.L.,Cheng W.L.,Insights into heat transport for thermal oil recovery.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,151:507-521.
[24]Chen Y.L.,Zhu M.M.,Physical fluid dynamics.Press of University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei2008.
[25]Jiang F.M.,Chen J.L.,Huang W.B.,et al.,A three-dimensional transient model for EGS subsurface thermohydraulic process.Energy,2014,72:300-310.
[26]Pan C.,Chavez O.,Romero C.E.,et al.,Heat mining assessment for geothermal reservoirs in Mexico using supercritical CO2 injection.Energy,2016,102:148-160.
[27]Nathenson M.,The dependence of permeability on effective stress from flow tests at hot dry rock reservoirs at Rosemanowes(Cornwall)and Fenton Hill(New Mexico).Geothermics,1990,28:315-340.