Highly efficient and stable solar-powered desalination by tungsten carbide nanoarray film with sandwich wettability
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摘要
Solar-powered desalination is a promising way to resolve the worldwide water crisis for its low con- sumption and simple facility. Considering the fragility and aggregations of traditional materials, which may decrease efficiency, we herein introduce a robust tungsten carbide (WC) nanoarray film as a stable and efficient photothermal material, whose absorption is over 97.5% throughout almost the whole solar spectrum range (220–2200 nm) due to nanoarray structure and thus enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance. Besides, for the first time, we modified the film with sandwich wettability. It accelerates evap- oration by reducing water’s reflection of light, enlarging hydrophobic-hydrophilic boundaries, and depressing heat dissipation. Combining high absorption with unique wettability, the WC nanoarray film offers high solar-to-vapor efficiency of 90.8% and produces drinking water at the rate of (1.06 ± 0.10) kg m~(-2)h~(-1)from man-made seawater and (0.98 ± 0.18) kg m~(-2)h~(-1)from heavy metal sewage under one sun (AM 1.5) while 98% performance remains after 1 h×100 times’ reutilization.
Solar-powered desalination is a promising way to resolve the worldwide water crisis for its low con- sumption and simple facility. Considering the fragility and aggregations of traditional materials, which may decrease efficiency, we herein introduce a robust tungsten carbide (WC) nanoarray film as a stable and efficient photothermal material, whose absorption is over 97.5% throughout almost the whole solar spectrum range (220–2200 nm) due to nanoarray structure and thus enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance. Besides, for the first time, we modified the film with sandwich wettability. It accelerates evap- oration by reducing water’s reflection of light, enlarging hydrophobic-hydrophilic boundaries, and depressing heat dissipation. Combining high absorption with unique wettability, the WC nanoarray film offers high solar-to-vapor efficiency of 90.8% and produces drinking water at the rate of (1.06 ± 0.10) kg m~(-2)h~(-1)from man-made seawater and (0.98 ± 0.18) kg m~(-2)h~(-1)from heavy metal sewage under one sun (AM 1.5) while 98% performance remains after 1 h×100 times’ reutilization.
Solar-powered desalination is a promising way to resolve the worldwide water crisis for its low con- sumption and simple facility. Considering the fragility and aggregations of traditional materials, which may decrease efficiency, we herein introduce a robust tungsten carbide (WC) nanoarray film as a stable and efficient photothermal material, whose absorption is over 97.5% throughout almost the whole solar spectrum range (220–2200 nm) due to nanoarray structure and thus enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance. Besides, for the first time, we modified the film with sandwich wettability. It accelerates evap- oration by reducing water’s reflection of light, enlarging hydrophobic-hydrophilic boundaries, and depressing heat dissipation. Combining high absorption with unique wettability, the WC nanoarray film offers high solar-to-vapor efficiency of 90.8% and produces drinking water at the rate of (1.06 ± 0.10) kg m~(-2)h~(-1)from man-made seawater and (0.98 ± 0.18) kg m~(-2)h~(-1)from heavy metal sewage under one sun (AM 1.5) while 98% performance remains after 1 h×100 times’ reutilization.
引文
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[6] Hu X, Xu W, Zhou L, et al. Tailoring graphene oxide-based aerogels for ef?cient solar steam generation under one sun. Adv Mater 2017;29:1604031.
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[10] Zhao F, Zhou X, Shi Y, et al. Highly ef?cient solar vapour generation via hierarchically nanostructured gels. Nat Nanotechnol 2018;13:489–96.
[11] Bae K, Kang G, Cho SK, et al. Flexible thin-?lm black gold membranes with ultrabroadband plasmonic nanofocusing for ef?cient solar vapour generation.Nat Commun 2015;6:10103.
[12] Zhou L, Tan Y, Wang J, et al. 3D self-assembly of aluminium nanoparticles for plasmon-enhanced solar desalination. Nat Photon 2016;10:393.
[13] Zhou X, Zhao F, Guo Y, et al. A hydrogel-based antifouling solar evaporator for highly ef?cient water desalination. Energy Environ Sci 2018;11:1985–92.
[14] Xu J, Xu F, Qian M, et al. Copper nanodot-embedded graphene urchins of nearly full-spectrum solar absorption and extraordinary solar desalination. Nano Energy 2018;53:425–31.
[15] Tao F, Zhang Y, Cao S, et al. CuS nano?owers/semipermeable collodion membrane composite for high-ef?ciency solar vapor generation. Mater Today Energy 2018;9:285–94.
[16] Xu N, Hu X, Xu W, et al. Mushrooms as ef?cient solar steam-generation devices. Adv Mater 2017;29:1606762.
[17] Li J, Du M, Lv G, et al. Interfacial solar steam generation enables fastresponsive, energy-ef?cient, and low-cost off-grid sterilization. Adv Mater2018;30:1805159.
[18] Link S, Burda C, Nikoobakht B, et al. How long does it take to melt a gold nanorod?:A femtosecond pump–probe absorption spectroscopic study. Chem Phys Lett 1999;315:12–8.
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[20] Yavuz MS, Cheng Y, Chen J, et al. Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light. Nat Mater 2009;8:935–9.
[21] Huang X, Tang S, Liu B, et al. Enhancing the photothermal stability of plasmonic metal nanoplates by a core-shell architecture. Adv Mater2011;23:3420–5.
[22] Li J, Han J, Xu T, et al. Coating urchinlike gold nanoparticles with polypyrrole yhin shells to produce photothermal agents with high stability and photothermal transduction ef?ciency. Langmuir 2013;29:7102–10.
[23] Liu J, Kan C, Cong B, et al. Plasmonic property and stability of core-shell Au@SiO2nanostructures. Plasmonics 2014;9:1007–14.
[24] Li X, Xu W, Tang M, et al. Graphene oxide-based ef?cient and scalable solar desalination under one sun with a con?ned 2D water path. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016;113:13953–8.
[25] Neumann O, Urban AS, Day J, et al. Solar vapor generation enabled by nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2013;7:42–9.
[26] Zhu G, Xu J, Zhao W, et al. Constructing black titania with unique nanocage structure for solar desalination. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016;8:31716–21.
[27] Li R, Zhang L, Shi L, et al. Mxene Ti3C2:an effective 2D light-to-heat conversion material. ACS Nano 2017;11:3752–9.
[28] Bastian S, Busch W, Kuehnel D, et al. Toxicity of tungsten carbide and cobaltdoped tungsten carbide nanoparticles in mammalian cells in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117:530–6.
[29] Li N, Yan Y, Xia BY, et al. Novel tungsten carbide nanorods:an intrinsic peroxidase mimetic with high activity and stability in aqueous and organic solvents. Biosens Bioelectron 2014;54:521–7.
[30] Hoffmann P, Galindo H, Zambrano G, et al. FTIR studies of tungsten carbide in bulk material and thin?lm samples. Mater Charact 2003;50:255–9.
[31] Zhang X, Wang H, Wang M, et al. Ultrafast particle-plasmon enhancement by energy-band modi?cation in nanostructured tungsten carbide. Opt Express2016;24:22730–40.
[32] Yadgarov L, Choi CL, Sedova A, et al. Dependence of the absorption and optical surface plasmon scattering of MoS2nanoparticles on aspect ratio, size, and media. ACS Nano 2014;8:3575–83.
[33] Yu S, Zhang Y, Duan H, et al. The impact of surface chemistry on the performance of localized solar-driven evaporation system. Sci Rep 2015;5:13600.
[34] Wan R, Wang C, Lei X, et al. Enhancement of water evaporation on solid surfaces with nanoscale hydrophobic-hydrophilic patterns. Phys Rev Lett2015;115:195901.
[35] Wan R, Shi G. Accelerated evaporation of water on graphene oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017;19:8843–7.
[36] He M, Liao D, Qiu H. Multicomponent droplet evaporation on chemical micropatterned surfaces. Sci Rep 2017;7:41897.
[37] Diddens C, Tan H, Lv P, et al. Evaporating pure, binary and ternary droplets:thermal effects and axial symmetry breaking. J Fluid Mech 2017;823:470–97.
[38] Han N, Yang KR, Lu Z, et al. Nitrogen-doped tungsten carbide nanoarray as an ef?cient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting in acid. Nat Commun2018;9:924.
[39] Pawbake A, Waykar R, Jadhavar A, et al. Wide band gap and conducting tungsten carbide(WC)thin?lms prepared by hot wire chemical vapor deposition(HW-CVD)method. Mater Lett 2016;183:315–7.
[40] Mehmood U, Al-Sulaiman FA, Yilbas BS, et al. Superhydrophobic surfaces with antire?ection properties for solar applications:a critical review. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2016;157:604–23.
[41] Huang YF, Chattopadhyay S, Jen YJ, et al. Improved broadband and quasiomnidirectional anti-re?ection properties with biomimetic silicon nanostructures. Nat Nanotechnol 2007;2:770–4.
[42] Mizuno K, Ishii J, Kishida H, et al. A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:6044–7.
[43] Cheng CW, Sie EJ, Liu B, et al. Surface plasmon enhanced band edge luminescence of ZnO nanorods by capping Au nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett2010;96:071107.
[44] Tian W, Wang C, Chen R, et al. Aligned n-doped carbon nanotube bundles with interconnected hierarchical structure as an ef?cient bi-functional oxygen electrocatalyst. RSC Adv 2018;8:26004–10.
[45] Zhang X, He J, Wang Y, et al. Terahertz beat oscillation of plasmonic electrons interacting with femtosecond light pulses. Sci Rep 2016;6:18902.
[46] Zeng Y, Yao J, Horri BA, et al. Solar evaporation enhancement using?oating light-absorbing magnetic particles. Energy Environ Sci 2011;4:4074–8.
[47] Liu CJ, Bonaccurso E, Butt HJ. Evaporation of sessile water/ethanol drops in a controlled environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008;10:7150–7.
[48] Boomsma K, Poulikakos D, Zwick F. Metal foams as compact high performance heat exchangers. Mech Mater 2003;35:1161–76.
[49] Lee M, Lee D, Jung N, et al. Evaporation of water droplets from hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanoporous microcantilevers. Appl Phys Lett2011;98:013107.
[50] Ni G, Li G, Boriskina SV, et al. Steam generation under one sun enabled by a?oating structure with thermal concentration. Nat Energy 2016;1:16126.
[51] Chen Y, Wang L, Xue Y, et al. Bioinspired spindle-knotted?bers with a strong water-collecting ability from a humid environment. Soft Matter2012;8:11450–4.
[2] Liu J, Yang W. Water sustainability for china and beyond. Science2012;337:649–50.
[3] Gleick PH, Palaniappan M. Peak water limits to freshwater withdrawal and use.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:11155–62.
[4] Tao P, Ni G, Song C, et al. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation. Nat Energy2018;3:1031–41.
[5] Gao M, Zhu L, Peh CK, et al. Solar absorber material and system designs for photothermal water vaporization towards clean water and energy production.Energy Environ Sci 2019;12:841–64.
[6] Hu X, Xu W, Zhou L, et al. Tailoring graphene oxide-based aerogels for ef?cient solar steam generation under one sun. Adv Mater 2017;29:1604031.
[7] Li X, Li J, Lu J, et al. Enhancement of interfacial solar vapor generation by environmental energy. Joule 2018;2:1331–8.
[8] Ghasemi H, Ni G, Marconnet AM, et al. Solar steam generation by heat localization. Nat Commun 2014;5:4449.
[9] Zhang L, Tang B, Wu J, et al. Hydrophobic light-to-heat conversion membranes with self-healing ability for interfacial solar heating. Adv Mater2015;27:4889–94.
[10] Zhao F, Zhou X, Shi Y, et al. Highly ef?cient solar vapour generation via hierarchically nanostructured gels. Nat Nanotechnol 2018;13:489–96.
[11] Bae K, Kang G, Cho SK, et al. Flexible thin-?lm black gold membranes with ultrabroadband plasmonic nanofocusing for ef?cient solar vapour generation.Nat Commun 2015;6:10103.
[12] Zhou L, Tan Y, Wang J, et al. 3D self-assembly of aluminium nanoparticles for plasmon-enhanced solar desalination. Nat Photon 2016;10:393.
[13] Zhou X, Zhao F, Guo Y, et al. A hydrogel-based antifouling solar evaporator for highly ef?cient water desalination. Energy Environ Sci 2018;11:1985–92.
[14] Xu J, Xu F, Qian M, et al. Copper nanodot-embedded graphene urchins of nearly full-spectrum solar absorption and extraordinary solar desalination. Nano Energy 2018;53:425–31.
[15] Tao F, Zhang Y, Cao S, et al. CuS nano?owers/semipermeable collodion membrane composite for high-ef?ciency solar vapor generation. Mater Today Energy 2018;9:285–94.
[16] Xu N, Hu X, Xu W, et al. Mushrooms as ef?cient solar steam-generation devices. Adv Mater 2017;29:1606762.
[17] Li J, Du M, Lv G, et al. Interfacial solar steam generation enables fastresponsive, energy-ef?cient, and low-cost off-grid sterilization. Adv Mater2018;30:1805159.
[18] Link S, Burda C, Nikoobakht B, et al. How long does it take to melt a gold nanorod?:A femtosecond pump–probe absorption spectroscopic study. Chem Phys Lett 1999;315:12–8.
[19] Link S, Burda C, Mohamed MB, et al. Laser photothermal melting and fragmentation of gold nanorods:energy and laser pulse-width dependence. J Phys Chem A 1999;103:1165–70.
[20] Yavuz MS, Cheng Y, Chen J, et al. Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light. Nat Mater 2009;8:935–9.
[21] Huang X, Tang S, Liu B, et al. Enhancing the photothermal stability of plasmonic metal nanoplates by a core-shell architecture. Adv Mater2011;23:3420–5.
[22] Li J, Han J, Xu T, et al. Coating urchinlike gold nanoparticles with polypyrrole yhin shells to produce photothermal agents with high stability and photothermal transduction ef?ciency. Langmuir 2013;29:7102–10.
[23] Liu J, Kan C, Cong B, et al. Plasmonic property and stability of core-shell Au@SiO2nanostructures. Plasmonics 2014;9:1007–14.
[24] Li X, Xu W, Tang M, et al. Graphene oxide-based ef?cient and scalable solar desalination under one sun with a con?ned 2D water path. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016;113:13953–8.
[25] Neumann O, Urban AS, Day J, et al. Solar vapor generation enabled by nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2013;7:42–9.
[26] Zhu G, Xu J, Zhao W, et al. Constructing black titania with unique nanocage structure for solar desalination. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016;8:31716–21.
[27] Li R, Zhang L, Shi L, et al. Mxene Ti3C2:an effective 2D light-to-heat conversion material. ACS Nano 2017;11:3752–9.
[28] Bastian S, Busch W, Kuehnel D, et al. Toxicity of tungsten carbide and cobaltdoped tungsten carbide nanoparticles in mammalian cells in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117:530–6.
[29] Li N, Yan Y, Xia BY, et al. Novel tungsten carbide nanorods:an intrinsic peroxidase mimetic with high activity and stability in aqueous and organic solvents. Biosens Bioelectron 2014;54:521–7.
[30] Hoffmann P, Galindo H, Zambrano G, et al. FTIR studies of tungsten carbide in bulk material and thin?lm samples. Mater Charact 2003;50:255–9.
[31] Zhang X, Wang H, Wang M, et al. Ultrafast particle-plasmon enhancement by energy-band modi?cation in nanostructured tungsten carbide. Opt Express2016;24:22730–40.
[32] Yadgarov L, Choi CL, Sedova A, et al. Dependence of the absorption and optical surface plasmon scattering of MoS2nanoparticles on aspect ratio, size, and media. ACS Nano 2014;8:3575–83.
[33] Yu S, Zhang Y, Duan H, et al. The impact of surface chemistry on the performance of localized solar-driven evaporation system. Sci Rep 2015;5:13600.
[34] Wan R, Wang C, Lei X, et al. Enhancement of water evaporation on solid surfaces with nanoscale hydrophobic-hydrophilic patterns. Phys Rev Lett2015;115:195901.
[35] Wan R, Shi G. Accelerated evaporation of water on graphene oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017;19:8843–7.
[36] He M, Liao D, Qiu H. Multicomponent droplet evaporation on chemical micropatterned surfaces. Sci Rep 2017;7:41897.
[37] Diddens C, Tan H, Lv P, et al. Evaporating pure, binary and ternary droplets:thermal effects and axial symmetry breaking. J Fluid Mech 2017;823:470–97.
[38] Han N, Yang KR, Lu Z, et al. Nitrogen-doped tungsten carbide nanoarray as an ef?cient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting in acid. Nat Commun2018;9:924.
[39] Pawbake A, Waykar R, Jadhavar A, et al. Wide band gap and conducting tungsten carbide(WC)thin?lms prepared by hot wire chemical vapor deposition(HW-CVD)method. Mater Lett 2016;183:315–7.
[40] Mehmood U, Al-Sulaiman FA, Yilbas BS, et al. Superhydrophobic surfaces with antire?ection properties for solar applications:a critical review. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2016;157:604–23.
[41] Huang YF, Chattopadhyay S, Jen YJ, et al. Improved broadband and quasiomnidirectional anti-re?ection properties with biomimetic silicon nanostructures. Nat Nanotechnol 2007;2:770–4.
[42] Mizuno K, Ishii J, Kishida H, et al. A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:6044–7.
[43] Cheng CW, Sie EJ, Liu B, et al. Surface plasmon enhanced band edge luminescence of ZnO nanorods by capping Au nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett2010;96:071107.
[44] Tian W, Wang C, Chen R, et al. Aligned n-doped carbon nanotube bundles with interconnected hierarchical structure as an ef?cient bi-functional oxygen electrocatalyst. RSC Adv 2018;8:26004–10.
[45] Zhang X, He J, Wang Y, et al. Terahertz beat oscillation of plasmonic electrons interacting with femtosecond light pulses. Sci Rep 2016;6:18902.
[46] Zeng Y, Yao J, Horri BA, et al. Solar evaporation enhancement using?oating light-absorbing magnetic particles. Energy Environ Sci 2011;4:4074–8.
[47] Liu CJ, Bonaccurso E, Butt HJ. Evaporation of sessile water/ethanol drops in a controlled environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008;10:7150–7.
[48] Boomsma K, Poulikakos D, Zwick F. Metal foams as compact high performance heat exchangers. Mech Mater 2003;35:1161–76.
[49] Lee M, Lee D, Jung N, et al. Evaporation of water droplets from hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanoporous microcantilevers. Appl Phys Lett2011;98:013107.
[50] Ni G, Li G, Boriskina SV, et al. Steam generation under one sun enabled by a?oating structure with thermal concentration. Nat Energy 2016;1:16126.
[51] Chen Y, Wang L, Xue Y, et al. Bioinspired spindle-knotted?bers with a strong water-collecting ability from a humid environment. Soft Matter2012;8:11450–4.