Flash X-ray radiography technique to study the high velocity impact of soft projectile on E-glass/epoxy composite material
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摘要
In the present paper, the high velocity impact of 9 mm soft lead projectile on 10 mm and 30 mm thick Eglass/epoxy composites was studied using a 450 kV Flash X-ray radiography(FXR) system. The basic parameters of FXR imaging, such as effect of ratio of target to film(TF) and source to target(ST) distances and X-ray penetration thickness of the composite material were optimized based on clarity and the actual dimensions of the objects. The optimized parameters were used in the FXR imaging of the ballistic event of 9 mm soft projectile on E-glass/epoxy composite. The real time deformation patterns of both the projectile and composite target during the ballistic impact were captured and studied at different time intervals. The notable failure modes of the 10 mm thick target with time include fibre breakage, bulging on the back side, delamination, recovery of the bulging, reverse bulging and its recovery. However, with increase in thickness of the target to 30 mm the only failure mechanism observed is the breaking of fibres. The ballistic impact event was also numerically simulated using commercially available LS-DYNA software. The numerically simulated deformation patterns of the projectile and target at different time intervals are closely matching with the corresponding radiographic images.
In the present paper, the high velocity impact of 9 mm soft lead projectile on 10 mm and 30 mm thick Eglass/epoxy composites was studied using a 450 kV Flash X-ray radiography(FXR) system. The basic parameters of FXR imaging, such as effect of ratio of target to film(TF) and source to target(ST) distances and X-ray penetration thickness of the composite material were optimized based on clarity and the actual dimensions of the objects. The optimized parameters were used in the FXR imaging of the ballistic event of 9 mm soft projectile on E-glass/epoxy composite. The real time deformation patterns of both the projectile and composite target during the ballistic impact were captured and studied at different time intervals. The notable failure modes of the 10 mm thick target with time include fibre breakage, bulging on the back side, delamination, recovery of the bulging, reverse bulging and its recovery. However, with increase in thickness of the target to 30 mm the only failure mechanism observed is the breaking of fibres. The ballistic impact event was also numerically simulated using commercially available LS-DYNA software. The numerically simulated deformation patterns of the projectile and target at different time intervals are closely matching with the corresponding radiographic images.
In the present paper, the high velocity impact of 9 mm soft lead projectile on 10 mm and 30 mm thick Eglass/epoxy composites was studied using a 450 kV Flash X-ray radiography(FXR) system. The basic parameters of FXR imaging, such as effect of ratio of target to film(TF) and source to target(ST) distances and X-ray penetration thickness of the composite material were optimized based on clarity and the actual dimensions of the objects. The optimized parameters were used in the FXR imaging of the ballistic event of 9 mm soft projectile on E-glass/epoxy composite. The real time deformation patterns of both the projectile and composite target during the ballistic impact were captured and studied at different time intervals. The notable failure modes of the 10 mm thick target with time include fibre breakage, bulging on the back side, delamination, recovery of the bulging, reverse bulging and its recovery. However, with increase in thickness of the target to 30 mm the only failure mechanism observed is the breaking of fibres. The ballistic impact event was also numerically simulated using commercially available LS-DYNA software. The numerically simulated deformation patterns of the projectile and target at different time intervals are closely matching with the corresponding radiographic images.
引文
[1] Webster Jr EA."Flash X-ray studies of ballistic phenomena"high speed photography, vol. 348. San Diego:SPIE; 1982. p. 682.
[2] Weissler GL, Carlson RW. Methods of experimental physics:vacuum physics and technology. London, UK:Academic Press Inc.; 1979. p. 216.
[3] Wang Yi, Cheng Jianping, Li Yuanjing, Tian Hui, Du Hongliang. Development and evaluation of a four channel digital flash X-ray imaging system. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2003;496:496-503.
[4] Helberg P, Michael K, Thoma K. Flash x ray computed tomography for applications in high speed dynamics. ECNDT; 2006. T u.3.5.2. 2006.
[5] Jamet F, Thomar G. Flash radiography. Elsevier scientific publishing company;1976. p. 15.
[6] Thoma K, Helberg P, Strassburger E. Real time-resolved flash X-ray cinematographic investigation of interface defeat and numerical simulation validation.In:23rd international symposium on ballistics, tarragona, Spain; 2007.p. 1065-72.
[7] Strassburger E, Bauer S, Weber S, Gedon H. Flash X-ray cinematography analysis of dwell and penetration of small caliber projectiles with three types of SiC ceramics. Defence Technology 2016;12:277-83.
[8] Saran S, Ayisit O, Yavu MS. Experimental investigations on aluminum shaped charge liners. In:12th hypervelocity impact symposium, Procedia Engineering, 58; 2013. p. 479-86.
[9] Tatake SG, Karat DK. Flash x-ray:a diagnostic tool for shaped charge studies.Defence Sci J 1992;42:259-64.
[10] Clark JC. Flash radiography applied to ordnance problems. J Appl Phys1949;20:363-70.
[11] Geiswiller.J, Robert E, Hure L, Cachoncinlle C, Viladrosa R, Pouvesle JM. Flash X-ray radiography of argon jets in ambient air. Meas Sci Technol 1998;9:1537-42.
[12] Instruction manual of Scandiflash X-ray system model SCF 450, Scandiflash AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
[13] LS-DYNA. Keyword User's manual vol.ⅡR 8.0. Livermore Software Technology Corporation; 2008.
[14] Menna C, Asprone D, Caprino G, Lopresto V, Prota A. Numerical simulation of impact tests on GFRP composite laminates. Int J Impact Eng 2011;38:677-85.
[15] Kim YA, Woo K, Cho H, Kim IG, Kim JH. High-velocity impact damage behavior of carbon/epoxy composite laminates. Intl. J. Aeronautical and Space Sci.2015;16:190-205.
[16] Chatiri M, Schutz T, Matzenmiller A, Stelzmann U. Crash and Impact simulation of composite structures by using CAE process chain. In:13th International LS-DYNA users'conference Dearborn, Michigan, USA; 2014. p.1-1 to 1-11.
[17] Sikarwar RS, Velmurugan R. Ballistic impact on glass/epoxy composite laminates. Defence Sci J 2014;64:393-9.
[18] LS-DYNA. Theory manual R 8.0. Livermore Software Technology Corporation;2008.
[19] Steinberg DJ. Equation of state and strength properties of selected materials.LLNL; 1991.
[20] Dogan F, Hadavinia H, Donchev T, Bhonge PS. Delamination of impacted composite structures by cohesive zone interface elements and tiebreak contact. Cent Eur J Eng 2012;2:612-26.
[21] LS-DYNA. Keyword User's manual, I R 8.0. Livermore Software Technology Corporation; 2008.
[22] Mollon V, Bonhomme J, Elmarakbi A, Arguelles A, Vina J. Numerical analysis of delamination growth in composite materials using two step extension and cohesive zone methods. In:15th European Conference on Composite Materials-ECCM Venice, Italy; 2012. p. 1-8.
[23] Benzeggagh M, Kenanne M. Measurement of mixed-mode delamination fracture toughness of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites with mixedmode bending apparatus. Composite sci tech 1996;56:439-49.
[24] Moslemi M, Khoshravan M. Cohesive zone parameters selection for mode-I prediction of interfacial delamination. J Mech Eng 2015;61:507-16.
[25] Naik NK, Doshi AV. Ballistic impact behaviour of thick composites:parameteric studies. Compos Struct 2008;82:447-64.
[26] Naik NK, Shrirao P. Composite structures under ballistic impact. Compos Struct 2004;66:579-90.
[2] Weissler GL, Carlson RW. Methods of experimental physics:vacuum physics and technology. London, UK:Academic Press Inc.; 1979. p. 216.
[3] Wang Yi, Cheng Jianping, Li Yuanjing, Tian Hui, Du Hongliang. Development and evaluation of a four channel digital flash X-ray imaging system. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2003;496:496-503.
[4] Helberg P, Michael K, Thoma K. Flash x ray computed tomography for applications in high speed dynamics. ECNDT; 2006. T u.3.5.2. 2006.
[5] Jamet F, Thomar G. Flash radiography. Elsevier scientific publishing company;1976. p. 15.
[6] Thoma K, Helberg P, Strassburger E. Real time-resolved flash X-ray cinematographic investigation of interface defeat and numerical simulation validation.In:23rd international symposium on ballistics, tarragona, Spain; 2007.p. 1065-72.
[7] Strassburger E, Bauer S, Weber S, Gedon H. Flash X-ray cinematography analysis of dwell and penetration of small caliber projectiles with three types of SiC ceramics. Defence Technology 2016;12:277-83.
[8] Saran S, Ayisit O, Yavu MS. Experimental investigations on aluminum shaped charge liners. In:12th hypervelocity impact symposium, Procedia Engineering, 58; 2013. p. 479-86.
[9] Tatake SG, Karat DK. Flash x-ray:a diagnostic tool for shaped charge studies.Defence Sci J 1992;42:259-64.
[10] Clark JC. Flash radiography applied to ordnance problems. J Appl Phys1949;20:363-70.
[11] Geiswiller.J, Robert E, Hure L, Cachoncinlle C, Viladrosa R, Pouvesle JM. Flash X-ray radiography of argon jets in ambient air. Meas Sci Technol 1998;9:1537-42.
[12] Instruction manual of Scandiflash X-ray system model SCF 450, Scandiflash AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
[13] LS-DYNA. Keyword User's manual vol.ⅡR 8.0. Livermore Software Technology Corporation; 2008.
[14] Menna C, Asprone D, Caprino G, Lopresto V, Prota A. Numerical simulation of impact tests on GFRP composite laminates. Int J Impact Eng 2011;38:677-85.
[15] Kim YA, Woo K, Cho H, Kim IG, Kim JH. High-velocity impact damage behavior of carbon/epoxy composite laminates. Intl. J. Aeronautical and Space Sci.2015;16:190-205.
[16] Chatiri M, Schutz T, Matzenmiller A, Stelzmann U. Crash and Impact simulation of composite structures by using CAE process chain. In:13th International LS-DYNA users'conference Dearborn, Michigan, USA; 2014. p.1-1 to 1-11.
[17] Sikarwar RS, Velmurugan R. Ballistic impact on glass/epoxy composite laminates. Defence Sci J 2014;64:393-9.
[18] LS-DYNA. Theory manual R 8.0. Livermore Software Technology Corporation;2008.
[19] Steinberg DJ. Equation of state and strength properties of selected materials.LLNL; 1991.
[20] Dogan F, Hadavinia H, Donchev T, Bhonge PS. Delamination of impacted composite structures by cohesive zone interface elements and tiebreak contact. Cent Eur J Eng 2012;2:612-26.
[21] LS-DYNA. Keyword User's manual, I R 8.0. Livermore Software Technology Corporation; 2008.
[22] Mollon V, Bonhomme J, Elmarakbi A, Arguelles A, Vina J. Numerical analysis of delamination growth in composite materials using two step extension and cohesive zone methods. In:15th European Conference on Composite Materials-ECCM Venice, Italy; 2012. p. 1-8.
[23] Benzeggagh M, Kenanne M. Measurement of mixed-mode delamination fracture toughness of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites with mixedmode bending apparatus. Composite sci tech 1996;56:439-49.
[24] Moslemi M, Khoshravan M. Cohesive zone parameters selection for mode-I prediction of interfacial delamination. J Mech Eng 2015;61:507-16.
[25] Naik NK, Doshi AV. Ballistic impact behaviour of thick composites:parameteric studies. Compos Struct 2008;82:447-64.
[26] Naik NK, Shrirao P. Composite structures under ballistic impact. Compos Struct 2004;66:579-90.