二语水平和量词类型对汉语量词结构习得的影响
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摘要
本研究采用语法判断任务调查汉语水平和量词类型对四种量词结构习得的影响。受试包括初、中、高三个水平组共65名英语为母语的汉语学习者和20名本族语者。结果显示:1)语言水平对指量结构和不定量结构的影响显著,对数量名结构和形容词插入结构的影响不明显,形容词插入结构的习得与语言水平发展不相匹配;2)量词类型对量词结构习得影响不明显;3)最易习得的是数量名结构,其次是指量结构和不定量结构,最难习得的是形容词插入结构。
This paper investigates the effects of L2 proficiency and classifier type on the acquisition of Chinese classifier constructions via Grammaticality Judgment Task. Participants included three groups of sixty five English-speaking learners and twenty native Chinese speakers.Results of the study show that:(1) a significant difference was identified across three L2 groups in the judgment of the constructions Dem+CL+N and Inde + CL + N, but not in the constructions Num+ CL + N and Num + Adj + CL + N;(2) classifier type did not exhibit significant effects on the judgment of classifier constructions; and(3) the top three easiest constructions to be acquired by L2 learners were Num+CL+ N, Dem + CL + N and Inde + CL + N, with Num + Adj + CL + N being the most difficult task.
This paper investigates the effects of L2 proficiency and classifier type on the acquisition of Chinese classifier constructions via Grammaticality Judgment Task. Participants included three groups of sixty five English-speaking learners and twenty native Chinese speakers.Results of the study show that:(1) a significant difference was identified across three L2 groups in the judgment of the constructions Dem+CL+N and Inde + CL + N, but not in the constructions Num+ CL + N and Num + Adj + CL + N;(2) classifier type did not exhibit significant effects on the judgment of classifier constructions; and(3) the top three easiest constructions to be acquired by L2 learners were Num+CL+ N, Dem + CL + N and Inde + CL + N, with Num + Adj + CL + N being the most difficult task.
引文
Aikhenvald,A.Y.2000.Classifier:A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices.Oxford&New York:Oxford University Press.
Cai,Jilang(蔡激浪).2015.The Syntax of Classifiers.Beijing:Science Press.[2015,《量词的句法研究》.北京:科学出版社.]
Cheng,L.&R.Sybesma.1998.Yi-wan tang,yi-ge tang:Classifiers and massifiers.Tsing-Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 28(3):385-412.
Chien,Y.C.,B.Lust&C-P.Chiang.2003.Chinese children.s comprehension of count-classifiers and mass-classifiers.Journal of East Asian Linguistics 12:91-120.
Cohen,J.1988.Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Erbaugh,M.S.1986.Taking stock:The development of Chinese noun classifiers historically and in young children.In G.G.Craig(ed.).Noun Classes and Categorization:Proceedings of a Symposium on Categorization and Noun Classification.Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Fu,XueFeng(伏学凤).2007.The analysis of classifiers errors made by Japanese and Korean learners of Chinese at beginning and intermediate level.Applied Linguistics(S1):29-32.[2007,初、中级日韩留学生汉语量词运用偏误分析.《语言文字应用》第S1期:29-32.]
Gao.H.(高虹).2010.A study of Swedish speakers.learning of Chinese noun classifiers.Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33(2):197-229.
Guo,Xiaopei(郭晓沛)&Han,Mei(韩梅).2007.Research on learning for foreign students to study Chinese measure words.Journal of Changchun Normal University(3):83-87.[2007,关于外国留学生学习使用量词情况的调查分析.《长春师范学院学报》(人文社科版)第3期:83-87.]
Hansen,L.&Y.L.Chen.2001.What counts in the acquisition and attrition of numeral classifiers.JALT Journal 23:83-100.
Her,One-Soon(何万顺)&C-T.Hsieh.2010.On the semantic distinction between classifiers and measure words in Chinese.Language and Linguistics 11:527-551.
Her,One-Soon(何万顺)&Lin,Kunhan(林昆翰).2015.On the differentiation of classifiers and measure words.Chinese Linguistics(4):56-68.[2015,分类词与量词的区分--以台湾地区华语为例.《汉语学报》第4期:56-68.]
Hu,Q.(胡倩).1993.The Acquisition of Chinese Classifiers by Young Mandarin-Speaking Children.PhD dissertation,Boston University.
Hu,Qingguo(胡清国).2012.A survey and analysis of acquisition errors of measure words.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(5):48-54.[2012,中高级留学生汉语量词习得的调查与分析.《语言教学与研究》第5期:48-54.]
Lehrer,A.1986.English classifier constructions.Lingua 68:109-148.
Li,P.B.Huang&Y.Hsiao.2010.Learning that classifiers count:Mandarin-speaking children.s acquisition of sortal and mensural classifiers.Journal of East Asian Linguistic 19:207-230.
Liang,S.N.2009.The Acquisition of Chinese Nominal Classifiers by L2 Adult Learners.PhDdissertation,The University of Texas.
Lu,Jianming(陆俭明).1987.A survey of the insertion of adjectives between numerals and classifiers.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(4):53-72.[1987,数量词中间插入形容词情况考察.《语言教学与研究》第4期:53-72.]
Matthews,D.,E.Lieven,A.Theakston&M.Tomasello.2005.The role of frequency in the acquisition of English word order.Cognitive Development 20:121-136.
Papp,S.2000.Stable and developmental optionality in native and non-native Hungarian grammars.Second Language Research 2:173-200.
Polio,C.1994.Non-native speakers.use of nominal classifiers in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 29:51-66.
Sorace,A.&F.Filliaci.2006.Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian.Second Language Research 22:339-368.
White,L.2011.The interface hypothesis:How far does it extend?Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1:108-110.
Wu,Fuyun(吴芙芸)&Sheng,Yanan(盛亚南).2014.Pre-RC determiner phrase bias and production preference for object relatives:Perspectives from L2 Chinese learners.Foreign Language Teaching and Research(3):401-411.[2014,指量词的前置优势及宾语关系从句的产出优势:汉语二语学习者视角.《外语教学与研究》第3期:401-411.]
Wu,Fuyun(吴芙芸)&Lv,Jun(吕骏).2016.Ordering of Chinese relative clauses and determiner phrase:A second language perspective.Chinese Language Learning(4):84-93.[2016,汉语关系从句与指量词的位序:二语产出视角.《汉语学习》第4期:84-93.]
Wu,Zhuang(吴庄).2017.Acquisition of Mandarin definiteness devices by native speakers of English.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(6):20-30.[2017,英语母语者习得汉语有定性表达手段的研究.《语言教学与研究》第6期:20-30.]
Yuan,Boping(袁博平).2015.Interfaces in second language acquisition of Chinese.Modern Foreign Languages(1):58-72.[2015,汉语二语习得中的界面研究.《现代外语》第1期:58-72].
Zhang,Guangyong(张广勇)&Wang,Junju(王俊菊).2015.Development and retrospect of the studies abroad on the acquisition of Chinese classifiers.Second Language Learning Research(1):51-63.[2015,国外汉语量词习得研究的进展与回顾.《第二语言学习研究》第1期:51-63.]
Zhang,J.(张洁).&X.F.Lu(陆小飞).2013.Variability in Chinese as a foreign language learners.development of the Chinese numeral classifier system.The Modern Language Journal 97(S1):46-60.
Zhang,N.(张宁).2013.Classifier Structures in Mandarin Chinese.Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton.
1本文所指量词专指汉语中的名量词,不包括动量词、复合量词等其它量词类型。文中除特别注明以外,量词皆指名量词。
Cai,Jilang(蔡激浪).2015.The Syntax of Classifiers.Beijing:Science Press.[2015,《量词的句法研究》.北京:科学出版社.]
Cheng,L.&R.Sybesma.1998.Yi-wan tang,yi-ge tang:Classifiers and massifiers.Tsing-Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 28(3):385-412.
Chien,Y.C.,B.Lust&C-P.Chiang.2003.Chinese children.s comprehension of count-classifiers and mass-classifiers.Journal of East Asian Linguistics 12:91-120.
Cohen,J.1988.Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Erbaugh,M.S.1986.Taking stock:The development of Chinese noun classifiers historically and in young children.In G.G.Craig(ed.).Noun Classes and Categorization:Proceedings of a Symposium on Categorization and Noun Classification.Amsterdam&Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Fu,XueFeng(伏学凤).2007.The analysis of classifiers errors made by Japanese and Korean learners of Chinese at beginning and intermediate level.Applied Linguistics(S1):29-32.[2007,初、中级日韩留学生汉语量词运用偏误分析.《语言文字应用》第S1期:29-32.]
Gao.H.(高虹).2010.A study of Swedish speakers.learning of Chinese noun classifiers.Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33(2):197-229.
Guo,Xiaopei(郭晓沛)&Han,Mei(韩梅).2007.Research on learning for foreign students to study Chinese measure words.Journal of Changchun Normal University(3):83-87.[2007,关于外国留学生学习使用量词情况的调查分析.《长春师范学院学报》(人文社科版)第3期:83-87.]
Hansen,L.&Y.L.Chen.2001.What counts in the acquisition and attrition of numeral classifiers.JALT Journal 23:83-100.
Her,One-Soon(何万顺)&C-T.Hsieh.2010.On the semantic distinction between classifiers and measure words in Chinese.Language and Linguistics 11:527-551.
Her,One-Soon(何万顺)&Lin,Kunhan(林昆翰).2015.On the differentiation of classifiers and measure words.Chinese Linguistics(4):56-68.[2015,分类词与量词的区分--以台湾地区华语为例.《汉语学报》第4期:56-68.]
Hu,Q.(胡倩).1993.The Acquisition of Chinese Classifiers by Young Mandarin-Speaking Children.PhD dissertation,Boston University.
Hu,Qingguo(胡清国).2012.A survey and analysis of acquisition errors of measure words.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(5):48-54.[2012,中高级留学生汉语量词习得的调查与分析.《语言教学与研究》第5期:48-54.]
Lehrer,A.1986.English classifier constructions.Lingua 68:109-148.
Li,P.B.Huang&Y.Hsiao.2010.Learning that classifiers count:Mandarin-speaking children.s acquisition of sortal and mensural classifiers.Journal of East Asian Linguistic 19:207-230.
Liang,S.N.2009.The Acquisition of Chinese Nominal Classifiers by L2 Adult Learners.PhDdissertation,The University of Texas.
Lu,Jianming(陆俭明).1987.A survey of the insertion of adjectives between numerals and classifiers.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(4):53-72.[1987,数量词中间插入形容词情况考察.《语言教学与研究》第4期:53-72.]
Matthews,D.,E.Lieven,A.Theakston&M.Tomasello.2005.The role of frequency in the acquisition of English word order.Cognitive Development 20:121-136.
Papp,S.2000.Stable and developmental optionality in native and non-native Hungarian grammars.Second Language Research 2:173-200.
Polio,C.1994.Non-native speakers.use of nominal classifiers in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 29:51-66.
Sorace,A.&F.Filliaci.2006.Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian.Second Language Research 22:339-368.
White,L.2011.The interface hypothesis:How far does it extend?Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1:108-110.
Wu,Fuyun(吴芙芸)&Sheng,Yanan(盛亚南).2014.Pre-RC determiner phrase bias and production preference for object relatives:Perspectives from L2 Chinese learners.Foreign Language Teaching and Research(3):401-411.[2014,指量词的前置优势及宾语关系从句的产出优势:汉语二语学习者视角.《外语教学与研究》第3期:401-411.]
Wu,Fuyun(吴芙芸)&Lv,Jun(吕骏).2016.Ordering of Chinese relative clauses and determiner phrase:A second language perspective.Chinese Language Learning(4):84-93.[2016,汉语关系从句与指量词的位序:二语产出视角.《汉语学习》第4期:84-93.]
Wu,Zhuang(吴庄).2017.Acquisition of Mandarin definiteness devices by native speakers of English.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies(6):20-30.[2017,英语母语者习得汉语有定性表达手段的研究.《语言教学与研究》第6期:20-30.]
Yuan,Boping(袁博平).2015.Interfaces in second language acquisition of Chinese.Modern Foreign Languages(1):58-72.[2015,汉语二语习得中的界面研究.《现代外语》第1期:58-72].
Zhang,Guangyong(张广勇)&Wang,Junju(王俊菊).2015.Development and retrospect of the studies abroad on the acquisition of Chinese classifiers.Second Language Learning Research(1):51-63.[2015,国外汉语量词习得研究的进展与回顾.《第二语言学习研究》第1期:51-63.]
Zhang,J.(张洁).&X.F.Lu(陆小飞).2013.Variability in Chinese as a foreign language learners.development of the Chinese numeral classifier system.The Modern Language Journal 97(S1):46-60.
Zhang,N.(张宁).2013.Classifier Structures in Mandarin Chinese.Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton.
1本文所指量词专指汉语中的名量词,不包括动量词、复合量词等其它量词类型。文中除特别注明以外,量词皆指名量词。