地方性知识与空间治理——以苏州东山内圩治理为例
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摘要
太湖流域水环境综合治理既是一项环境治理任务,也是一项空间治理工程,它涉及太湖沿岸土地利用方式的改变。以人类学家吉尔兹关于局外人对局内人地方性知识的语义理解为学术对话观点,以苏州东山内圩地区为研究区域,采用访谈法、资料分析法、对比法,寻找规划专家的科学知识与当地养殖户地方性知识的语义"原型"。研究发现:(1)"长度"是"合理规划养殖水塘"的语义"原型"。语义"原型"的发掘使专家在设计空间治理指标时,可采纳养殖户的地方性知识,也为养殖户理解空间治理指标、更新其地方性知识提供可能性。(2)地方性知识不单由当地人创造,还在内外两类人群的互动中不断更新。在该过程中,准局外人发挥着知识对接的桥梁作用。当地人的地方性知识没有考虑宏观区域的可持续发展,而专家的全局视野会帮助当地人改进地方性知识。
Comprehensive management of the Lake Taihu watershed is an important environmental protection task as well as a space governance project. This involves land use changes along the shores of Lake Taihu. Studies have found that some environmental management strategies in the study region had not achieved their goals. One of the possible reasons might be that the governance did not involve local knowledge and only applied scientific knowledge.Such phenomenon also occurred in the space governance of other regions. Based on Geertz's concept of local knowledge, this research argues that outsiders might also be able to understand the local knowledge of insiders at the semantic level. This case study focuses on the issues related to aquaculture pond construction in Dongshan town, Suzhou on the eastern shore of Lake Taihu. Through interviews, text analysis and comparative analysis, we aim to find a semantic prototype that the environmental planners(outsiders) and local aquaculture farmers(insiders) could share. We find that 'length' is the semantic prototype that formed their common understanding of the rational planning of aquaculture ponds. This semantic prototype allows the planners to understand how the aquaculture farmers construct their ponds to adapt to local environment and to integrate their local knowledge into the planning. It also helps the farmers to better understand the ponds designed by the environmental planners. This study concludes that local knowledge is not only created by local people but is also constantly changed through the interaction between insiders and outsiders. The aquaculture farmers' local knowledge which is largely based on their local practice does not think about the sustainable development of the macro region. The global perspective and scientific knowledge from the environmental planners could help local people to broaden their horizon and update their local knowledge.During this process, the staff at the local Agriculture and Forestry Service Center in Dongshan town play the role of quasi-outsiders and serve as intermediaries between the two groups to facilitate their understandings. This research sheds light on the relationship between local knowledge and scientific knowledge. We argue that integrating local knowledge into the planning procedure can greatly enhance the effectiveness of space governance.
Comprehensive management of the Lake Taihu watershed is an important environmental protection task as well as a space governance project. This involves land use changes along the shores of Lake Taihu. Studies have found that some environmental management strategies in the study region had not achieved their goals. One of the possible reasons might be that the governance did not involve local knowledge and only applied scientific knowledge.Such phenomenon also occurred in the space governance of other regions. Based on Geertz's concept of local knowledge, this research argues that outsiders might also be able to understand the local knowledge of insiders at the semantic level. This case study focuses on the issues related to aquaculture pond construction in Dongshan town, Suzhou on the eastern shore of Lake Taihu. Through interviews, text analysis and comparative analysis, we aim to find a semantic prototype that the environmental planners(outsiders) and local aquaculture farmers(insiders) could share. We find that 'length' is the semantic prototype that formed their common understanding of the rational planning of aquaculture ponds. This semantic prototype allows the planners to understand how the aquaculture farmers construct their ponds to adapt to local environment and to integrate their local knowledge into the planning. It also helps the farmers to better understand the ponds designed by the environmental planners. This study concludes that local knowledge is not only created by local people but is also constantly changed through the interaction between insiders and outsiders. The aquaculture farmers' local knowledge which is largely based on their local practice does not think about the sustainable development of the macro region. The global perspective and scientific knowledge from the environmental planners could help local people to broaden their horizon and update their local knowledge.During this process, the staff at the local Agriculture and Forestry Service Center in Dongshan town play the role of quasi-outsiders and serve as intermediaries between the two groups to facilitate their understandings. This research sheds light on the relationship between local knowledge and scientific knowledge. We argue that integrating local knowledge into the planning procedure can greatly enhance the effectiveness of space governance.
引文
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[24]Clack I,Brake L.Using local knowledge to improve understanding of groundwater supplies in parts of arid South Australia.GeoJournal,2009,74(5):441-450.
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[2]熊健,范宇,金岚.从“两规合一”到“多规合一”:上海城乡空间治理方式改革与创新.城市规划,2017,41(8):29-37.[Xiong Jian,Fan Yu,Jin Lan.From'two-plan coordination'to'multi-plan coordination':Reform and innovation of urban and rural spatial governance in Shanghai.City Planning Review,2017,41(8):29-37.]
[3]Zamanifard H,Alizadeh T,Bosman C.Towards a framework of public space governance.Cities,2018,78:155-165.
[4]马学广.大都市边缘区制度性生态空间的多元治理:政策网络的视角.地理研究,2011,30(7):1215-1226.[Ma Xueguang.Multi-stakeholders governance of institutional eco-space in metropolitan urban-rural fringe:In the view of policy network.Geographical Research,2011,30(7):1215-1226.]
[5]高菠阳,刘卫东.政府空间治理与地方产业发展响应:以重庆市电子信息产业为例.人文地理,2016,31(3):1-18.[Gao Boyang,Liu Weidong.Spatial governance and local response of industrial development:The rise of the computer industry in ChongQing.Human Geography,2016,31(3):1-18.]
[6]王开泳,陈田.行政区划研究的地理学支撑与展望.地理学报,2018,73(4):688-700.[Wang Kaiyong,Chen Tian.Geographical prospects of spatial governance through a review on administrative divisions.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):688-700.]
[7]Macleod G,Goodwin M.Space,scale and state strategy:Rethinking urban and regional governance.Progress in Human Geography,1999,23(4):503-527.
[8]刘卫东.经济地理学与空间治理.地理学报,2014,69(8):1109-1116.[Liu Weidong.Economic geography for spatial governance.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1109-1116.]
[9]Salamon L M,Elliott O V.The Tools of Government:A Guide to the New Governance.New York:Oxford University Press,2002.
[10]李丹舟.“文化转向”:都市空间治理的斡旋逻辑与民间路径:基于台北市宝藏岩历史聚落的对岸视角.上海城市管理,2015,(3):67-72.[Li Danzhou.Cultural turn:Mediatory logic and the folk way of city space governance.Shanghai Urban Management,2015,(3):67-72.]
[11]Manzo L C,Perkins D D.Finding common ground:The importance of place attachment to community participation and planning.Journal of Planning Literature,2006,20(4):335-350.
[12]Moore-Cherry N.Beyond art in'meanwhile spaces':Temporary parks,urban governance and the co-production of urban space.In:Murzyn-Kupisz M,Dzia?ek J.The Impact of Artists on Contemporary Urban Development in Europe.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing,2017:207-224.
[13]McCall M K,Dunn C E.Geo-information tools for participatory spatial planning:Fulfilling the criteria for'good'governance?.Geoforum,2012,43(1):81-94.
[14]黄耿志,薛德升.非正规经济的正规化:广州城市摊贩空间治理模式与效应.城市发展研究,2015,22(3):51-57.[Huang Gengzhi,Xue Desheng.Formalization of informal economy:Effects of the policy of permitted vending places for street vendors in Guangzhou.Urban Development Studies,2015,22(3):51-57.]
[15]Polese A,Rekhviashvili L,Morris J.Informal governance in urban spaces:Power,negotiation and resistance among Georgian street vendors.Geography Research Forum,2016,36:15-32.
[16]马翠军.国家治理与地方性知识:政策执行的双重逻辑:兼论“政策执行”研究现状.中共福建省委党校学报,2015,(8):4-10.[Ma Cuijun.National governance and local knowledge:The dual logic of policy enforcement.Journal of Fujian Provincial Committee Party School of CPC,2015,(8):4-10.]
[17]克利福德·吉尔兹.地方性知识:阐释人类学论文集.王海龙,张家瑄译.北京:中央编译出版社,2000:70-92.[Geertz C.Local Knowledge:Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology.Translated by Wang Hailong,Zhang Jiaxuan.Beijing:Central Compilation&Translation Press,2000:70-92.]
[18]布隆尼斯劳·马林诺夫斯基.一本严格意义上的日记.卞思梅,何源远,余昕译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2015.[Malinowski B.A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term.Translated by Bian Simei,He Yuanyuan,Yu Xin.Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press Group,2015.]
[19]Heyd T.Indigenous knowledge,emancipation and alienation.Knowledge and Policy,1995,8(1):63-73.
[20]安维复,郭荣茂.科学知识的合理重建:在地方知识和普遍知识之间.社会科学,2010,(9):99-109,190.[An Weifu,Guo Rongmao.Extremes meet:Between local knowledge and universal knowledge.Social Science,2010,(9):99-109,190.]
[21]Nygren A.Local knowledge in the environment-development discourse:From dichotomies to situated knowledges.Critique of Anthropology,1999,19(3):267-288.
[22]陈毅峰.原住民传统知识体系及生态空间保护区策略.台湾原住民研究论业,2009,12(6):1-26.[Chen Yifeng.Indigenous traditional knowledge system and the strategy of ecological space reserve.Taiwan Indigenous Studies Review,2009,12(6):1-26.]
[23]Retnowati A,Anantasari E,Marfai MA,et al.Environmental ethics in local knowledge responding to climate change:An understanding of seasonal traditional calendar PranotoMongso and its phenology in karst area of GunungKidul,Yogyakarta,Indonesia.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2014,20:785-794.
[24]Clack I,Brake L.Using local knowledge to improve understanding of groundwater supplies in parts of arid South Australia.GeoJournal,2009,74(5):441-450.
[25]Smith D,Woodrow M,Vodden K.A boat perspective:Local geographic knowledge of fish harvesters in Change Islands,Newfoundland.Journal of Cultural Geography,2016,33(1):1-26.
[26]王海龙.导读之一:对阐释人类学的阐释.见:克利福德·吉尔兹.地方性知识:阐释人类学论文集.王海龙,张家瑄译.北京:中央编译出版社,2000:6.[Wang Hailong.Guide reading(Ⅰ):The interpretation of interpretive anthropology.In:Geertz C.Local Knowledge:Further Essays In Interpretive Anthropology.Translated by Wang Hailong,Zhang Jiaxuan.Beijing:Central Compilation&Translation Press,2000:6.]
[27]范玫芳,张简妙琳.科学知识与水政治:旗山溪水争议之个案研究.人文及社会科学集刊,2014,26(1):133-173.[Fan Meifang,Zhang Jian Miao-lin.Scientific knowledge and the politics of water:The controversy on the Cishan River flood control.Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy,2014,26(1):133-173.]
[28]Giessen L,B?cher M.Rural governance,forestry,and the promotion of local knowledge:The case of the German rural development program'Active Regions'.Small-scale Forestry,2009,8(2):211-230.
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