The current status of nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency and future research directions for the Australian cotton industry
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摘要
Fifty years of sustained investment in research and development has left the Australian cotton industry well placed to manage nitrogen(N) fertiliser. The average production in the Australian cotton industry today is greater than two tonnes of lint per hectare due to improved plant genetics and crop management. However, this average yield is well below the yield that would be expected from the amount of N fertiliser used. It is clear from the recent studies that across all growing regions, conversion of fertiliser N into lint is not uniformly occurring at application rates greater than 200-240 kg·hm~(-2) of N. This indicates that factors other than N availability are limiting yield, and that the observed nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency(NFUE) values may be caused by subsoil constraints such as sodicity and compaction. There is a need to investigate the impact of subsoil constraints on yield and NFUE.Gains in NFUE will be made through improved N fertiliser application timing, better targeting the amount of fertiliser applied for the expected yield, and improved soil N management. There is also a need to improve the ability and confidence of growers to estimate the contribution of soil N mineralisation to the crop N budget. Many Australian studies including data that could theoretically be collated in a meta-analysis suggest relative NFUE values as a function of irrigation technique; however, with the extensive list of uncontrolled variables and few studies using non-furrow irrigation, this would be a poor substitute for a single field-based study directly measuring their efficacies. In irrigated cotton, a re-examination of optimal NFUE is due because of the availability of new varieties and the potential management and long-term soil resilience implications of the continued removal of mineralised soil N suggested by high NFUE values. NFUE critical limits still need to be derived for dryland systems.
Fifty years of sustained investment in research and development has left the Australian cotton industry well placed to manage nitrogen(N) fertiliser. The average production in the Australian cotton industry today is greater than two tonnes of lint per hectare due to improved plant genetics and crop management. However, this average yield is well below the yield that would be expected from the amount of N fertiliser used. It is clear from the recent studies that across all growing regions, conversion of fertiliser N into lint is not uniformly occurring at application rates greater than 200-240 kg·hm~(-2) of N. This indicates that factors other than N availability are limiting yield, and that the observed nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency(NFUE) values may be caused by subsoil constraints such as sodicity and compaction. There is a need to investigate the impact of subsoil constraints on yield and NFUE.Gains in NFUE will be made through improved N fertiliser application timing, better targeting the amount of fertiliser applied for the expected yield, and improved soil N management. There is also a need to improve the ability and confidence of growers to estimate the contribution of soil N mineralisation to the crop N budget. Many Australian studies including data that could theoretically be collated in a meta-analysis suggest relative NFUE values as a function of irrigation technique; however, with the extensive list of uncontrolled variables and few studies using non-furrow irrigation, this would be a poor substitute for a single field-based study directly measuring their efficacies. In irrigated cotton, a re-examination of optimal NFUE is due because of the availability of new varieties and the potential management and long-term soil resilience implications of the continued removal of mineralised soil N suggested by high NFUE values. NFUE critical limits still need to be derived for dryland systems.
Fifty years of sustained investment in research and development has left the Australian cotton industry well placed to manage nitrogen(N) fertiliser. The average production in the Australian cotton industry today is greater than two tonnes of lint per hectare due to improved plant genetics and crop management. However, this average yield is well below the yield that would be expected from the amount of N fertiliser used. It is clear from the recent studies that across all growing regions, conversion of fertiliser N into lint is not uniformly occurring at application rates greater than 200-240 kg·hm~(-2) of N. This indicates that factors other than N availability are limiting yield, and that the observed nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency(NFUE) values may be caused by subsoil constraints such as sodicity and compaction. There is a need to investigate the impact of subsoil constraints on yield and NFUE.Gains in NFUE will be made through improved N fertiliser application timing, better targeting the amount of fertiliser applied for the expected yield, and improved soil N management. There is also a need to improve the ability and confidence of growers to estimate the contribution of soil N mineralisation to the crop N budget. Many Australian studies including data that could theoretically be collated in a meta-analysis suggest relative NFUE values as a function of irrigation technique; however, with the extensive list of uncontrolled variables and few studies using non-furrow irrigation, this would be a poor substitute for a single field-based study directly measuring their efficacies. In irrigated cotton, a re-examination of optimal NFUE is due because of the availability of new varieties and the potential management and long-term soil resilience implications of the continued removal of mineralised soil N suggested by high NFUE values. NFUE critical limits still need to be derived for dryland systems.
引文
Anon. Nutrition case study:The nitrogen challenge:Trial results show cost savings. 2013. https://www.cottoninfo.com.au/sites/default/files/documents/Nutrition%20case%20study.pdf.Cottontnfo. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Anon. The Australian cotton year book The Australia Cotton Grower. Toowoomba:Greenmount Press. 2017.
Antille DL,Bennett JM, Jensen TA. Soil compaction and controlled traffic considerations in Australian cotton-farming systems. Crop and Pasture Science. 2016a;67:1-28.
Antille DL, Huth NI, Eberhard J, et al.The effects of coal seam gas infrastructure development on arable land in southern Queensland, Australia:field investigations and modeling. Transactions of the ASABE 2016b; 59(4):879-901.
Antille DL, McCarthy A, Field scale evaluation of furrow fertigation using liquid nitrogen. our fibre, our focus, our future. In:Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 17th Australian Cotton Conference. 5-7 August2016, Gold Coast, Australia.
Barakat M, Cheviron B, Angulo-Jaramillo R. Influence of the irrigation technique and strategies on the nitrogen cycle and budget:a review. Agric Water Manag. 2016;178:225-38.
Bennett JM, Woodhouse NP, Keller T, et al. Advances in cotton harverting technology:a review and implications for the John deere round baler cotton picker. The Journal of Cotton Science. 2015;19:225-49.
Boyce Chartered Accountants:The 2017 Australian cotton comparative analysis.2017. https://www.boyceca.com/boyce-newsfeed/category/australiancotton-comparative-analysis. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Bronson KF, Hunsaker DJ, Mon J, et al. improving nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in surface-and overhead sprinkler-irrigated cotton in the desert southwest Soil Sci Soc Am J. 2017;81:1401-12.
Broughton KJ, Bange MP, Duursma RA,et al. The effect of elevated atmospheric[CO_2] and increased temperatures on an older and modem cotton cultivar.Funct Plant Biol. 2017;44:1207-18.
Constable GA, Bange MP. The yield potential of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L).Field Crop Res. 2015;182:98-106.
Constable GA, Rochester IJ. Nitrogen application to cotton on a clay soil:timing and soil testing. Agron J. 1988;80:498-502.
Constable GA, Rochester IJ. Can we be more accurate with N rates? In:Australian Cotton Growers'Research Association. Fifth Australian Cotton Conference:Genes to jeans. 12-14 August 1992, Broadbeach, Queensland, Australia.
Cotton Australia. Cotton library statistics. 2017. https://cottonaustralia.com.au/cotton-library/statistics. Accessed 19 Oct 2017.
Crowther F. Studies in growth analysis of the cotton plant under irrigation in the Sudan. I. the effects of different combinations of nitrogen applications and water-supply. Ann Bot. 1934;48:877-913.
Daniells IG. Degradation and restoration of soil structure in a cracking clay used for cotton production. Aust J Soil Res. 1989;27:455-69.
Dodd K, Guppy CN, Lockwood PV, Rochester IJ. The effect of sodicity on cotton:does soil chemistry or soil physical condition have the greater role? Crop and Pasture Science. 2013;64(8):806-15.
Grace P, Shcherbak I, Macdonald B, et al. Emission factors for estimating fertiliserinduced nitrous oxide emissions from clay soils in Australia's irrigated cotton industry. Soil Research. 2016;54:598.
Haim D, Shechter M, Berliner P. Assessing the impact of climate change on representative field crops of israeli agriculture:a case study of wheat and cotton. Climate Change. 2008;86:425-40.
Hulugalle NR, Scott F. A review of the changes in soil quality and profitability accomplished by sowing rotation crops after cotton in Australian vertosols from 1970 to 2006. Aust J Soil Res. 2008;46:173-90.
Humphreys E, Freney JR, Constable GA, et al. The fate of your N fertiliser. In:Australian Cotton Growers'Research Association. Fourth Australian Cotton Conference:the Australian Cotton Industry under the Microscope. 8-9August 1990, Broadbeach. p. 161-70.
Kruizinga J, Wells T. Varietal response to irrigation and nitrogen. In:Australian Cotton Growers'Research Association. Fifth Australian Cotton Conference:Genes to jeans. 12-14 August 1992, Broadbeach. p. 492.
Macdonald B, Ringrose-Voase A, Nadelko A, et al. Dissolved organic nitrogen contributes significantly to leaching from furrow-irrigated cotton-wheatmaize rotations. Soil Research. 2017;55:70-7. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16047.
Macdonald BCT, Chang YF, Warneke S. Potential contributions of surface and ground water to nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated cotton production systems. Agric Water Manag. 2016a;168:78-84. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.018.
Macdonald BCT, Nadelko A, Chang Y, et al. Contribution of the cotton irrigation network to farm nitrous oxide emissions. Soil Research. 2016b;54:651-8.https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15273.
Macdonald BCT, Chang YF, Nadelko A, et al. Tracking fertiliser and soil nitrogen in irrigated cotton:uptake, losses and the soil N stock. Soil Research. 2016c;55:264-72. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16167.
Macdonald BCT, Rochester IJ, Nadelko A. High yielding cotton produced without excessive nitrous oxide emissions. Agron J. 2015;107:1673-81.
Marshall J, Thomson S, Rochester I, et al. The benefits of rotation cropping to cotton. In:Australian Cotton Growers Research Assoication Inc. Eighth Australian Cotton Conference:Cotton on to the future. 14-16 August 1996,Gold Coast. p. 463-7.
McHugh AD, Bhattarai S, Lotz G, Midmore DJ. Effects of subsurface drip irrigation rates and furrow irrigation for cotton grown on a vertisol on off-site movement of sediments, nutrients and pesticides. Agron Sustain Dev. 2008;28:507-19.
Pettigrew WT, Dowd MK. Nitrogen fertility and irrigation effects on cottonseed composition. Journal of Cotton Science. 2014;18:410-9.
Reddy KR, Doma PR, Mearns LO, et al. Simulating the impacts of climate change on cotton production in the Mississippi delta. Clim Res. 2002;2:271-81.
Reddy KR, Hodges HF, McKinion JM. A comparison of scenarios for the effect of global climate change on cotton growth and yield. Aust J Plant Physiol.1997;24:707-17.
Rochester IJ. Growing high-yielding nitrogen-efficient cotton. In:Cotton Research and Development Corporation. 17th Australian Cotton Conference. 5-7August 2014, Gold Coast, Australia.
Rochester IJ. Efficient nitrogen management in cotton In:Australian Cotton Growers Research Assoication Inc. 7th Australian Cotton Conference:The fabric of success. 10-12 August 1994, Gold Coast. p. 323-326.
Rochester IJ. Nutripak-A practical guide to cotton nutrition. Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre. 2001.
Rochester IJ. Assessing internal crop nitrogen use efficiency in high-yielding irrigated cotton. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst. 2011a;90:147-56.
Rochester IJ. Sequestering carbon in minimum-tilled clay soils used for irrigated cotton and grain production. Soil Tillage Res. 2011b;112:1-7.
Rochester IJ. Using seed nitrogen concentration to esitmate crop N use-efficiency in high-yielding irrigated cotton. Field Crop Res. 2012;127:140-5.
Rochester IJ, Bange M. Nitrogen fertiliser requirements of high-yielding irrigated transgenic cotton. Crop&Pasture Science. 2016;67:641-8.
Rochester IJ, Constable GA. Improvements in nutrient uptake and nutrient use-efficiency in cotton cultivars released between 1973 and 2006. Field Crop Res. 2015;173:14-21.
Rochester IJ, Peoples MB. Optimising cotton nutrition. In:Australian Cotton Growers Research Assoication Inc. 9th Australian Cotton Conference:Cotton covering our future. 12-14 August 1998, Broadbeach. p. 139-144.
Roth G. Economic, environmental and soical sustainability indicators of the australian cotton industry. Narrabri;2010. https://www.crdc.com.au/sites/default/files/pdf/Economic%2C%20social%20and%20environmental%20indicartors%20report.pdf.Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Roth Rural. Cotton growing practices 2014:findings of CRDCs survey of cotton growers. Narrabri, NSW, Australia:Cotton Research and Development Corporation. 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1/4089. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Sankaranarayanan K, Praharaj CS, Nalayini P, et al. Climate change and its impact on cotton(Gossypium sp.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2010;80:561-75.
Scheer C, Rowlings DW, Grace PR. Non-linear response of soil N_2O emissions to nitrogen fertiliser in a cotton-fallow rotation in sub-tropical Australia. Soil Research. 2016;54:494-9.
Schwenke GD. Final report-CRDC-determining optimum nitrogen strategies for abatement of emission from different irrigated cotton systems. Canberra;2017.https://www.crdc.com.au/. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Sparks M. Grower survey 2017.2017. http://www.jnsidecotton.com/xmlui/handle/1/4541.Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Todd L. Qualitative report on the 2015-2016 cotton season:a survey of consultants. Narrabri:CRDC. 2016.
Vitousek PM, Naylor R, Crews T, et al. Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development. Science. 2009;324:1519-20.
Welsh J, Smith J, Dickinson S, et al. Cottoninfo on-farm nitrogen trials and nitrogen use practices. Toowoomba; 2017. https://www.cottoninfo.com.au/publications/cottoninfo-nitrogen-trials-report. Accessed 28 Sep 2018.
Anon. The Australian cotton year book The Australia Cotton Grower. Toowoomba:Greenmount Press. 2017.
Antille DL,Bennett JM, Jensen TA. Soil compaction and controlled traffic considerations in Australian cotton-farming systems. Crop and Pasture Science. 2016a;67:1-28.
Antille DL, Huth NI, Eberhard J, et al.The effects of coal seam gas infrastructure development on arable land in southern Queensland, Australia:field investigations and modeling. Transactions of the ASABE 2016b; 59(4):879-901.
Antille DL, McCarthy A, Field scale evaluation of furrow fertigation using liquid nitrogen. our fibre, our focus, our future. In:Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 17th Australian Cotton Conference. 5-7 August2016, Gold Coast, Australia.
Barakat M, Cheviron B, Angulo-Jaramillo R. Influence of the irrigation technique and strategies on the nitrogen cycle and budget:a review. Agric Water Manag. 2016;178:225-38.
Bennett JM, Woodhouse NP, Keller T, et al. Advances in cotton harverting technology:a review and implications for the John deere round baler cotton picker. The Journal of Cotton Science. 2015;19:225-49.
Boyce Chartered Accountants:The 2017 Australian cotton comparative analysis.2017. https://www.boyceca.com/boyce-newsfeed/category/australiancotton-comparative-analysis. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Bronson KF, Hunsaker DJ, Mon J, et al. improving nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in surface-and overhead sprinkler-irrigated cotton in the desert southwest Soil Sci Soc Am J. 2017;81:1401-12.
Broughton KJ, Bange MP, Duursma RA,et al. The effect of elevated atmospheric[CO_2] and increased temperatures on an older and modem cotton cultivar.Funct Plant Biol. 2017;44:1207-18.
Constable GA, Bange MP. The yield potential of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L).Field Crop Res. 2015;182:98-106.
Constable GA, Rochester IJ. Nitrogen application to cotton on a clay soil:timing and soil testing. Agron J. 1988;80:498-502.
Constable GA, Rochester IJ. Can we be more accurate with N rates? In:Australian Cotton Growers'Research Association. Fifth Australian Cotton Conference:Genes to jeans. 12-14 August 1992, Broadbeach, Queensland, Australia.
Cotton Australia. Cotton library statistics. 2017. https://cottonaustralia.com.au/cotton-library/statistics. Accessed 19 Oct 2017.
Crowther F. Studies in growth analysis of the cotton plant under irrigation in the Sudan. I. the effects of different combinations of nitrogen applications and water-supply. Ann Bot. 1934;48:877-913.
Daniells IG. Degradation and restoration of soil structure in a cracking clay used for cotton production. Aust J Soil Res. 1989;27:455-69.
Dodd K, Guppy CN, Lockwood PV, Rochester IJ. The effect of sodicity on cotton:does soil chemistry or soil physical condition have the greater role? Crop and Pasture Science. 2013;64(8):806-15.
Grace P, Shcherbak I, Macdonald B, et al. Emission factors for estimating fertiliserinduced nitrous oxide emissions from clay soils in Australia's irrigated cotton industry. Soil Research. 2016;54:598.
Haim D, Shechter M, Berliner P. Assessing the impact of climate change on representative field crops of israeli agriculture:a case study of wheat and cotton. Climate Change. 2008;86:425-40.
Hulugalle NR, Scott F. A review of the changes in soil quality and profitability accomplished by sowing rotation crops after cotton in Australian vertosols from 1970 to 2006. Aust J Soil Res. 2008;46:173-90.
Humphreys E, Freney JR, Constable GA, et al. The fate of your N fertiliser. In:Australian Cotton Growers'Research Association. Fourth Australian Cotton Conference:the Australian Cotton Industry under the Microscope. 8-9August 1990, Broadbeach. p. 161-70.
Kruizinga J, Wells T. Varietal response to irrigation and nitrogen. In:Australian Cotton Growers'Research Association. Fifth Australian Cotton Conference:Genes to jeans. 12-14 August 1992, Broadbeach. p. 492.
Macdonald B, Ringrose-Voase A, Nadelko A, et al. Dissolved organic nitrogen contributes significantly to leaching from furrow-irrigated cotton-wheatmaize rotations. Soil Research. 2017;55:70-7. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16047.
Macdonald BCT, Chang YF, Warneke S. Potential contributions of surface and ground water to nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated cotton production systems. Agric Water Manag. 2016a;168:78-84. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.018.
Macdonald BCT, Nadelko A, Chang Y, et al. Contribution of the cotton irrigation network to farm nitrous oxide emissions. Soil Research. 2016b;54:651-8.https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15273.
Macdonald BCT, Chang YF, Nadelko A, et al. Tracking fertiliser and soil nitrogen in irrigated cotton:uptake, losses and the soil N stock. Soil Research. 2016c;55:264-72. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16167.
Macdonald BCT, Rochester IJ, Nadelko A. High yielding cotton produced without excessive nitrous oxide emissions. Agron J. 2015;107:1673-81.
Marshall J, Thomson S, Rochester I, et al. The benefits of rotation cropping to cotton. In:Australian Cotton Growers Research Assoication Inc. Eighth Australian Cotton Conference:Cotton on to the future. 14-16 August 1996,Gold Coast. p. 463-7.
McHugh AD, Bhattarai S, Lotz G, Midmore DJ. Effects of subsurface drip irrigation rates and furrow irrigation for cotton grown on a vertisol on off-site movement of sediments, nutrients and pesticides. Agron Sustain Dev. 2008;28:507-19.
Pettigrew WT, Dowd MK. Nitrogen fertility and irrigation effects on cottonseed composition. Journal of Cotton Science. 2014;18:410-9.
Reddy KR, Doma PR, Mearns LO, et al. Simulating the impacts of climate change on cotton production in the Mississippi delta. Clim Res. 2002;2:271-81.
Reddy KR, Hodges HF, McKinion JM. A comparison of scenarios for the effect of global climate change on cotton growth and yield. Aust J Plant Physiol.1997;24:707-17.
Rochester IJ. Growing high-yielding nitrogen-efficient cotton. In:Cotton Research and Development Corporation. 17th Australian Cotton Conference. 5-7August 2014, Gold Coast, Australia.
Rochester IJ. Efficient nitrogen management in cotton In:Australian Cotton Growers Research Assoication Inc. 7th Australian Cotton Conference:The fabric of success. 10-12 August 1994, Gold Coast. p. 323-326.
Rochester IJ. Nutripak-A practical guide to cotton nutrition. Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre. 2001.
Rochester IJ. Assessing internal crop nitrogen use efficiency in high-yielding irrigated cotton. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst. 2011a;90:147-56.
Rochester IJ. Sequestering carbon in minimum-tilled clay soils used for irrigated cotton and grain production. Soil Tillage Res. 2011b;112:1-7.
Rochester IJ. Using seed nitrogen concentration to esitmate crop N use-efficiency in high-yielding irrigated cotton. Field Crop Res. 2012;127:140-5.
Rochester IJ, Bange M. Nitrogen fertiliser requirements of high-yielding irrigated transgenic cotton. Crop&Pasture Science. 2016;67:641-8.
Rochester IJ, Constable GA. Improvements in nutrient uptake and nutrient use-efficiency in cotton cultivars released between 1973 and 2006. Field Crop Res. 2015;173:14-21.
Rochester IJ, Peoples MB. Optimising cotton nutrition. In:Australian Cotton Growers Research Assoication Inc. 9th Australian Cotton Conference:Cotton covering our future. 12-14 August 1998, Broadbeach. p. 139-144.
Roth G. Economic, environmental and soical sustainability indicators of the australian cotton industry. Narrabri;2010. https://www.crdc.com.au/sites/default/files/pdf/Economic%2C%20social%20and%20environmental%20indicartors%20report.pdf.Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Roth Rural. Cotton growing practices 2014:findings of CRDCs survey of cotton growers. Narrabri, NSW, Australia:Cotton Research and Development Corporation. 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1/4089. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Sankaranarayanan K, Praharaj CS, Nalayini P, et al. Climate change and its impact on cotton(Gossypium sp.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2010;80:561-75.
Scheer C, Rowlings DW, Grace PR. Non-linear response of soil N_2O emissions to nitrogen fertiliser in a cotton-fallow rotation in sub-tropical Australia. Soil Research. 2016;54:494-9.
Schwenke GD. Final report-CRDC-determining optimum nitrogen strategies for abatement of emission from different irrigated cotton systems. Canberra;2017.https://www.crdc.com.au/. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Sparks M. Grower survey 2017.2017. http://www.jnsidecotton.com/xmlui/handle/1/4541.Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Todd L. Qualitative report on the 2015-2016 cotton season:a survey of consultants. Narrabri:CRDC. 2016.
Vitousek PM, Naylor R, Crews T, et al. Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development. Science. 2009;324:1519-20.
Welsh J, Smith J, Dickinson S, et al. Cottoninfo on-farm nitrogen trials and nitrogen use practices. Toowoomba; 2017. https://www.cottoninfo.com.au/publications/cottoninfo-nitrogen-trials-report. Accessed 28 Sep 2018.