改进间接电弧焊过程中电磁交互作用对7075铝合金显微组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响（英文）
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摘要
研究低强度电磁交互作用(EMILI)对改进间接电弧(MIEA)焊7075-T651铝合金板(厚度为13 mm)的显微组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响。焊接过程为单道次,热输入约为1.5k J/mm。通过测量显微硬度和电化学阻抗谱分别研究EMILI对局部力学性能和天然海水中耐蚀性的影响,并将其与焊缝的显微组织观察结果相关联。焊缝的显微组织表征表明,在电磁搅拌作用下,3mT的EMILI使焊缝金属的晶粒细化。此外,扫描电镜观察表明,热影响区(HAZ)的富铜相析出和共晶偏析也因受到EMILI的影响而减少。使用3 mT的EMILI焊接可以减少7075-T651焊缝在天然海水中的腐蚀溶解性和热影响区的过时效程度。因此,EMILI结合MIEA技术可使焊接接头具有更好的显微组织特征,能改善热影响区的力学性能,降低电化学活性。
The effects of applying an electromagnetic interaction of low intensity(EMILI) on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of 7075-T651 Al alloy plates(13 mm in thickness) during modified indirect electric arc(MIEA) welding were investigated. The welding process was conducted in a single pass with a heat input of ～1.5 kJ/mm. The microstructural observations of the welds were correlated with the effect of EMILI on the local mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance in natural seawater by means of microhardness measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Microstructural characterization of the welds revealed a grain refinement in the weld metal due to the electromagnetic stirring induced by EMILI of 3 mT during welding. In addition, observations in the scanning electron microscope showed that the precipitation of Cu-rich phases and segregation of eutectics were reduced in the heat affected zone(HAZ) also as an effect of EMILI. The high corrosion dissolution of the 7075-T651 welds in natural seawater and the extent of overaging in the HAZ were reduced when welding with EMILI of 3 mT. Thus, EMILI along with the MIEA technique may lead to welded joints with better microstructural characteristics, improved mechanical properties in the HAZ and reduced electrochemical activity.
The effects of applying an electromagnetic interaction of low intensity(EMILI) on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of 7075-T651 Al alloy plates(13 mm in thickness) during modified indirect electric arc(MIEA) welding were investigated. The welding process was conducted in a single pass with a heat input of ～1.5 kJ/mm. The microstructural observations of the welds were correlated with the effect of EMILI on the local mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance in natural seawater by means of microhardness measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Microstructural characterization of the welds revealed a grain refinement in the weld metal due to the electromagnetic stirring induced by EMILI of 3 mT during welding. In addition, observations in the scanning electron microscope showed that the precipitation of Cu-rich phases and segregation of eutectics were reduced in the heat affected zone(HAZ) also as an effect of EMILI. The high corrosion dissolution of the 7075-T651 welds in natural seawater and the extent of overaging in the HAZ were reduced when welding with EMILI of 3 mT. Thus, EMILI along with the MIEA technique may lead to welded joints with better microstructural characteristics, improved mechanical properties in the HAZ and reduced electrochemical activity.
引文
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[19]HUANG C,KOU S.Partially melted zone in Aluminum weldsliquation mechanism and directional soldification[J].Welding Journal,2000,79(5):113-120.
[20]JIANG Fu-lin,ZHANG Hui,WENG Shu-chu,FU Ding-fa.Characterization of dynamic microstructural evolution of AA7150aluminum alloy at high strain rate during hot deformation[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26(1):51-62.
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[31]LI Jin-feng,PENG Zhuo-wei,LI Chao-xing,JIA Zhi-qiang,CHENWen-jing,ZHENG Zi-qiao.Mechanical properties,corrosion behaviors and microstructures of 7075 aluminium alloy with various aging treatments[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2008,18(4):755-762.
[32]YAN Shao-hua,CHEN Hui,MA Chuan-ping,NIE Yuan,WANGXiao-min,QIN Qing.Local corrosion behaviour of hybrid laser-MIGwelded Al-Zn-Mg alloy joints[J].Materials&Design,2015,88:1353-1365.
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[34]KUMAR P V,REDDY G M,SRINIVASA R K.Microstructure,mechanical and corrosion behavior of high strength AA7075aluminium alloy friction stir welds-Effect of post weld heat treatment[J].Defence Technology,2015,11(4):362-369.
[35]?AM G,KO?AK M.Microstructural and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded Al-alloy 7020[J].Journal of Materials Science,2007,42(17):7154-7161.
[36]?AM G,MISTIKOGLU S.Recent developments in friction stir welding of Al-alloys[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2014,23(6):1936-1953.
[37]WAHID M A,KHAN Z A,SIDDIQUEE A N.Review on underwater friction stir welding:A variant of friction stir welding with great potential of improving joint properties[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2018,28(2):193-219.
[38]AMBRIZ R R,BARRERA G,GARCíA R,LóPEZ V H.Acomparative study of the mechanical properties of 6061-T6 GMAwelds obtained by the indirect electric arc(IEA)and the modified indirect electric arc(MIEA)[J].Materials&Design,2009,30(7):2446-2453.
[39]MOUSAVI M G,HERMANS M J M,RICHARDSON I M,DEN-OUDEN G.Grain refinement due to grain detachment in electromagnetically stirred AA7020 welds[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2003,8(4):309-312.
[40]SUNDARESAN S,RAM G D JANAKI,MURUGESAN R,VISWANATHAN N.Combined effect of inoculation and magnetic arc oscillation on microstructure and tensile behaviour of type 2090Al-Li alloy weld fusion zones[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2013,18(4):257-264.
[41]GARCíA-R M A,LóPEZ-M V H,GARCíA-H R,CURIEL F F,AMBRíZ R R.Preliminary assessment of the effects of the application of an axial magnetic field during GMA welding of Al-6063-T6[C]//Structural and Chemical Characterization of Metals,Alloys and Compounds.Warrendale,PA:Materials Research Society2010:99-106.
[42]CHEN Rong,WANG Chun-ming,JIANG Ping,SHAO Xin-yu,ZHAO Ze-yang,GAO Zhong-mei,YUE Chen.Effect of axial magnetic field in the laser beam welding of stainless steel to aluminum alloy[J].Materials&Design,2016,109:146-152.
[43]LIU Y B,SUN Q J,WANG H,ZHANG H M,CAI S J,FENG J C.Effect of the axial external magnetic field on copper/aluminium arc weld joining[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2016,21(6):460-465.
[44]LIU Yi-bo,SUN Qing-jie,LIU Jin-ping,WANG Shi-jie,FENG Ji-cai.Effect of axial external magnetic field on cold metal transfer welds of aluminum alloy and stainless steel[J].Materials Letters,2015,152:29-31.
[45]LIPPOLD J C.Welding metallurgy and weldability[M].New Jersey,USA:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,2014.
[46]DAVIS J R.Corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys[M].Materials Park,Novelty:ASM International,1999.
[47]LASIA A.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and its applications[M].Boston,MA:Springer,2002.
[48]WU Xiao-juan,MA Hou-yi,CHEN Shen-hao,XU Zhi-yuan,SUIAi-fen.General equivalent circuits for faradaic electrode processes under electrochemical reaction control[J].Journal of Electrochemical Society,1999,146(5):1847-1853.
[49]PAJKOSSY T.Impedance of rough capacitive electrodes[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,1994,364(1-2):111-125.
[50]ZOLTOWSKI P.On the electrical capacitance of interfaces exhibiting constant phase element behaviour[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,1998,443(1):149-154.
[51]MA Hou-yi,CHENG Xiao-liang,LI Gui-qiu,CHEN Shen-hao,QUAN Zhen-lan,ZHAO Shi-yong,NIU Lin.The influence of hydrogen sulfide on corrosion of iron under different conditions[J].Corrosion Science,2000,42(10):1669-1683.
[2]L?FFLER H,KOVáCS I,LENDVAI J.Decomposition processes in Al-Zn-Mg alloys[J].Journal of Materials Science,1983,18(8):2215-2240.
[3]ROMETSCH P A,ZHANG Y,KNIGHT S.Heat treatment of 7xxx series aluminium alloys-Some recent developments[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24(7):2003-2017.
[4]MONDOLFO L F.Aluminum alloys:Structure and properties[M].London:Butterworth&Co.Ltd.,1979.
[5]YANG Rong-xian,LIU Zhi-yi,YING Pu-you,LI Jun-lin,LINLiang-hua,ZENG Su-min.Multistage-aging process effect on formation of GP zones and mechanical properties in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26(5):1183-1190.
[6]?AM G,?PEKO?LU G.Recent developments in joining of aluminum alloys[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2017,91(5):1851-1866.
[7]TALBOT D E J.Effects of hydrogen in aluminium,magnesium,copper,and their alloys[J].International Metallurgical Reviews,1975,20(1):166-184.
[8]LIN R Y,HOCH M.The solubility of hydrogen in molten aluminum alloys[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1989,20(9):1785-1791.
[9]WU S C,YU X,ZUO R Z,ZHANG W H,XIE H L,JIANG J Z.Porosity,element loss,and strength model on softening behavior of hybrid laser arc welded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with synchrotron radiation analysis[J].Welding Journal,2013,92:64-71.
[10]WU S C,YU C,ZHANG W H,FU Y N,HELFEN L.Porosity induced fatigue damage of laser welded 7075-T6 joints investigated via synchrotron X-ray microtomography[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2015,20(1):11-19.
[11]LI Kai,LU Feng-gui,GUO Song-tao,CUI Hai-chao,TANG Xin-hua.Porosity sensitivity of A356 Al alloy during fiber laser welding[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25(8):2516-2523.
[12]LI Quan,WU Ai-ping,LI Yan-jun,WANG Guo-qing,QI Bo-jin,YAN Dong-yang,XIONG Lin-yu.Segregation in fusion weld of2219 aluminum alloy and its influence on mechanical properties of weld[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(2):258-271.
[13]CHENG C M,CHOU C P,LEE I K,LIN H Y.Hot cracking of welds on heat treatable aluminium alloys[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2005,10(3):344-352.
[14]KOU S.Solidification and liquation cracking issues in welding[J].JOM,2003,55(6):37-42.
[15]CHANG C C.Microstructure in hot cracking mechanism of welded aluminium alloys[J].Materials Science and Technology,2013,29(4):504-510.
[16]ASHTON R F,WESLEY R P,DIXON C R.The effect of porosity on5086-H116 aluminum alloy welds[J].Welding Journal,1975,54(3):96-98.
[17]RUDY J F,RUPERT E J.Effects of porosity on mechanical properties of aluminum welds[J].Welding Journal,1970,49(7):322-336.
[18]HUANG C,KOU S.Partially melted zone in aluminum weldsSolute segregation and mechanical behavior[J].Welding Journal,2001,80(1):9-17.
[19]HUANG C,KOU S.Partially melted zone in Aluminum weldsliquation mechanism and directional soldification[J].Welding Journal,2000,79(5):113-120.
[20]JIANG Fu-lin,ZHANG Hui,WENG Shu-chu,FU Ding-fa.Characterization of dynamic microstructural evolution of AA7150aluminum alloy at high strain rate during hot deformation[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26(1):51-62.
[21]MA T,OUDEN G D.Softening behaviour of Al-Zn-Mg alloys due to welding[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,1999,266(1-2):198-204.
[22]FU G,TIAN F,WANG H.Studies on softening of heat-affected zone of pulsed-current GMA welded Al-Zn-Mg alloy[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2006,180(1):216-220.
[23]HWANG R Y,CHOU C P.The study on microstructural and mechanical properties of weld heat affected zone of 7075-T651aluminum alloy[J].Scripta Materialia,1997,38(2):215-221.
[24]DONATUS U,THOMPSON G E,OMOTOYINBO J A,ALANEMEK K,ARIBO S,AGBABIAKA O G.Corrosion pathways in aluminium alloys[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(1):55-62.
[25]ELABAR D,NěMCOVáA,HASHIMOTO T,SKELDON P,THOMPSON G E.Effect of sulphate impurity in chromic acid anodizing of aluminium[J].Corrosion Science,2015,100:377-385.
[26]MIRHASHEMIHAGHIGHI S,?WIATOWSKA J,SEYEUX V M A,SALMI S Z E,RITALA M,MARCUS P.Corrosion protection of aluminium by ultra-thin atomic layer deposited alumina coatings[J].Corrosion Science,2016,106:16-24.
[27]DENG Ying,YE Rui,XU Guo-fu,YANG Ji-dong,PAN Qing-lin,PENG Bing,CAO Xiao-wu,DUAN Yu-lu,WANG Ying-jun,LULi-ying,YIN Zhi-min.Corrosion behaviour and mechanism of new aerospace Al-Zn-Mg alloy friction stir welded joints and the effects of secondary Al3ScxZr1-x nanoparticles[J].Corrosion Science,2015,90:359-374.
[28]UMAMAHESHWER R A C,VASU V,GOVINDARAJU M,SRINADH K V S.Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 7xxx aluminum alloys:A literature review[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26(6):1447-1471.
[29]SZKLARSKA-SMIALOWSKA Z.Pitting corrosion of aluminum[J].Corrosion Science,1999,41(9):1743-1767.
[30]MCCAFFERTY E.Sequence of steps in the pitting of aluminum by chloride ions[J].Corrosion Science,2003,45(7):1421-1438.
[31]LI Jin-feng,PENG Zhuo-wei,LI Chao-xing,JIA Zhi-qiang,CHENWen-jing,ZHENG Zi-qiao.Mechanical properties,corrosion behaviors and microstructures of 7075 aluminium alloy with various aging treatments[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2008,18(4):755-762.
[32]YAN Shao-hua,CHEN Hui,MA Chuan-ping,NIE Yuan,WANGXiao-min,QIN Qing.Local corrosion behaviour of hybrid laser-MIGwelded Al-Zn-Mg alloy joints[J].Materials&Design,2015,88:1353-1365.
[33]SRINIVASA R K,PRASAD R K.Pitting corrosion of heat-treatable aluminium alloys and welds:A review[J].Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals,2004,57(6):593-610.
[34]KUMAR P V,REDDY G M,SRINIVASA R K.Microstructure,mechanical and corrosion behavior of high strength AA7075aluminium alloy friction stir welds-Effect of post weld heat treatment[J].Defence Technology,2015,11(4):362-369.
[35]?AM G,KO?AK M.Microstructural and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded Al-alloy 7020[J].Journal of Materials Science,2007,42(17):7154-7161.
[36]?AM G,MISTIKOGLU S.Recent developments in friction stir welding of Al-alloys[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2014,23(6):1936-1953.
[37]WAHID M A,KHAN Z A,SIDDIQUEE A N.Review on underwater friction stir welding:A variant of friction stir welding with great potential of improving joint properties[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2018,28(2):193-219.
[38]AMBRIZ R R,BARRERA G,GARCíA R,LóPEZ V H.Acomparative study of the mechanical properties of 6061-T6 GMAwelds obtained by the indirect electric arc(IEA)and the modified indirect electric arc(MIEA)[J].Materials&Design,2009,30(7):2446-2453.
[39]MOUSAVI M G,HERMANS M J M,RICHARDSON I M,DEN-OUDEN G.Grain refinement due to grain detachment in electromagnetically stirred AA7020 welds[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2003,8(4):309-312.
[40]SUNDARESAN S,RAM G D JANAKI,MURUGESAN R,VISWANATHAN N.Combined effect of inoculation and magnetic arc oscillation on microstructure and tensile behaviour of type 2090Al-Li alloy weld fusion zones[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2013,18(4):257-264.
[41]GARCíA-R M A,LóPEZ-M V H,GARCíA-H R,CURIEL F F,AMBRíZ R R.Preliminary assessment of the effects of the application of an axial magnetic field during GMA welding of Al-6063-T6[C]//Structural and Chemical Characterization of Metals,Alloys and Compounds.Warrendale,PA:Materials Research Society2010:99-106.
[42]CHEN Rong,WANG Chun-ming,JIANG Ping,SHAO Xin-yu,ZHAO Ze-yang,GAO Zhong-mei,YUE Chen.Effect of axial magnetic field in the laser beam welding of stainless steel to aluminum alloy[J].Materials&Design,2016,109:146-152.
[43]LIU Y B,SUN Q J,WANG H,ZHANG H M,CAI S J,FENG J C.Effect of the axial external magnetic field on copper/aluminium arc weld joining[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2016,21(6):460-465.
[44]LIU Yi-bo,SUN Qing-jie,LIU Jin-ping,WANG Shi-jie,FENG Ji-cai.Effect of axial external magnetic field on cold metal transfer welds of aluminum alloy and stainless steel[J].Materials Letters,2015,152:29-31.
[45]LIPPOLD J C.Welding metallurgy and weldability[M].New Jersey,USA:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,2014.
[46]DAVIS J R.Corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys[M].Materials Park,Novelty:ASM International,1999.
[47]LASIA A.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and its applications[M].Boston,MA:Springer,2002.
[48]WU Xiao-juan,MA Hou-yi,CHEN Shen-hao,XU Zhi-yuan,SUIAi-fen.General equivalent circuits for faradaic electrode processes under electrochemical reaction control[J].Journal of Electrochemical Society,1999,146(5):1847-1853.
[49]PAJKOSSY T.Impedance of rough capacitive electrodes[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,1994,364(1-2):111-125.
[50]ZOLTOWSKI P.On the electrical capacitance of interfaces exhibiting constant phase element behaviour[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,1998,443(1):149-154.
[51]MA Hou-yi,CHENG Xiao-liang,LI Gui-qiu,CHEN Shen-hao,QUAN Zhen-lan,ZHAO Shi-yong,NIU Lin.The influence of hydrogen sulfide on corrosion of iron under different conditions[J].Corrosion Science,2000,42(10):1669-1683.