光电催化水处理技术研究新进展剖析
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摘要
光电催化技术是一种新型的电化学辅助光催化技术,即通过施加阳极偏压抑制光生电子和空穴的复合,达到提高光催化效率的目的。近年来,光电催化技术在水处理技术研究领域受到广泛关注。简述了光电催化技术的基本原理,总结了可见光响应光阳极的研制进展;从光电反应器的构型、原理和主要特点3个方面分别介绍了悬浮型、负载型和复合光电催化反应器系统;归纳了光电催化技术在水处理和污染物资源化回收方面的应用;探讨了光电催化水处理技术在实际应用方面存在的问题,并展望了其研究前景。
Photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)technology is a new electrochemical-assisted photocatalytic(PC)technology which inhibits the recombination of photoelectron and photohole by adding anode bias resulting in enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. Recently,PEC technology has attracted wide attention since it shows a great application prospect in water treatment. The mechanisms of PEC technology were sketched,and the developments of visible light-responsive photoanode were summarized. PEC reactors classified as slurry PEC reactors,immobilized PEC reactors and composite PEC reactors were separately introduced,followed by their configurations,mechanisms,and features. Moreover,the applications in water treatment and pollutants PEC conversion were also summarized. The shortcomings of PEC technology in water treatment application were discussed and the outlook of this technology was predicted.
Photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)technology is a new electrochemical-assisted photocatalytic(PC)technology which inhibits the recombination of photoelectron and photohole by adding anode bias resulting in enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. Recently,PEC technology has attracted wide attention since it shows a great application prospect in water treatment. The mechanisms of PEC technology were sketched,and the developments of visible light-responsive photoanode were summarized. PEC reactors classified as slurry PEC reactors,immobilized PEC reactors and composite PEC reactors were separately introduced,followed by their configurations,mechanisms,and features. Moreover,the applications in water treatment and pollutants PEC conversion were also summarized. The shortcomings of PEC technology in water treatment application were discussed and the outlook of this technology was predicted.
引文
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[7]任秋红,龚建宇,杨昌柱,等.电沉积Zn O膜光电催化降解4-硝基酚研究[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(5):43-46.Ren Qiuhong,Gong Jianyu,Yang Changzhu,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic treatment of p-nitrophenol using electrodeposited Zn O thin-film electrode[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,33(5):43-46.(in Chinese)
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[11]Dai G,Yu J,Liu G.Synthesis and enhanced visible-light photoelectrocatalytic activity of p-n junction Bi OI/Ti O2nanotube arrays[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2011,115(15):7339-7346.
[12]Mohite SV,Ganbavle VV,Rajpure KY.Solar photoelectrocatalytic activities of rhodamine-B using sprayed WO3photoelectrode[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016(655):106-113.
[13]Guaraldo TT,Gon ales VR,Silva BF,et al.Hydrogen production and simultaneous photoelectrocatalytic pollutant oxidation using a Ti O2/WO3nanostructured photoanode under visible light irradiation[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2015,7:34.
[14]Sun S,Wang W,Zhang L.Efficient contaminant removal by Bi2WO6films with nanoleaflike structures through a photoelectrocatalytic process[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2012,116(36):19413-19418.
[15]Zhao X,Qu J,Liu H,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of triazine-containing azo dyes atγ-Bi2Mo O6film electrode under visible light irradiation(λ>420 nm)[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41(19):6802-6807.
[16]Zhao X,Zhang J,Qiao M,et al.Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic decomposition of copper cyanide complexes and simultaneous recovery of copper with a Bi2Mo O6electrode under visible light by EDTA/K4P2O7[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(7):4567-4574.
[17]Liang F,Zhu Y.Enhancement of mineralization ability for phenol via synergetic effect of photoelectrocatalysis of gC3N4film[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2016(180):324-329.
[18]An T,Zhu X,Xiong Y.Feasibility study of photoelectrochemical degradation of methylene blue with three-dimensional electrode-photocatalytic reactor[J].Chemosphere,2002,46(6):897-903.
[19]An T,Xiong Y,Li G,et al.Synergetic effect in degradation of formic acid using a new photoelectrochemical reactor[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2002,152(1/2/3):155-165.
[20]Zhang W,An T,Xiao X,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of reactive brilliant orange K-R in a new continuous flow photoelectrocatalytic reactor[J].Applied Catalysis A:General,2003,255(2):221-229.
[21]An T,Zhang W,Xiao X,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of quinoline with a novel three-dimensional electrode-packed bed photocatalytic reactor[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2004,161(2/3):233-242.
[22]Waldner G,Brüger A,Gaikwad NS,et al.WO3thin films for photoelectrochemical purification of water[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(4):779-784.
[23]Paschoal FMM,Pepping G,Zanoni MVB,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic removal of bromate using Ti/Ti O2coated as a photocathode[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(19):7496-7502.
[24]Bai J,Liu Y,Li J,et al.A novel thin-layer photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor with double-faced titania nanotube arrays electrode for effective degradation of tetracycline[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2010,98(3/4):154-160.
[25]Pablos C,Marugán J,van Grieken R,et al.Correlation between photoelectrochemical behaviour and photoelectrocatalytic activity and scaling-up of P25-Ti O2electrodes[J].Electrochimica Acta,2014(130):261-270.
[26]Xu Y,Jia J,Zhong D,et al.Degradation of dye wastewater in a thin-film photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor with slantplaced Ti O2/Ti anode[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2009,150(2/3):302-307.
[27]Xu YL,He Y,Cao XD,et al.Ti O2/Ti rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor:a combination of highly effective thin-film PEC and conventional PEC processes on a single electrode[J].Environmental Science and Technolo gy,2008,42(7):2612-2617.
[28]Xu YL,He Y,Jia JP,et al.Cu-Ti O2/Ti dual rotating disk photocatalytic(PC)reactor:dual electrode degradation facilitated by spontaneous electron transfer[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(16):6289-6294.
[29]Li K,Yang C,Wang Y,et al.A high-efficient rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor with macro light harvesting pyramid-surface electrode[J].AICh E Journal,2012,58(8):2448-2455.
[30]Li K,He Y,Xu YL,et al.Degradation of rhodamine B using an unconventional graded photoelectrode with wedge structure[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(17):7401-7407.
[31]Yuan S J,Sheng G P,Li W W,et al.Degradation of organic pollutants in a photoelectrocatalytic system enhanced by a microbial fuel cell[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(14):5575-5580.
[32]Liu Y,Li J,Zhou B,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of refractory organic compounds enhanced by a photocatalytic fuel cell[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2012(111/112):485-491.
[33]Olya ME,Pirkarami A.Cost-effective photoelectrocatalytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solar cells[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2013(118):557-566.
[34]Olya ME,Pirkarami A,Soleimani M,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of acid dye using Ni-Ti O2with the energy supplied by solar cell:mechanism and economical studies[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013(121):210-219.
[35]Almeida LC,Silva BF,Zanoni MVB.Photoelectrocatalytic/photoelectro-Fenton coupling system using a nanostructured photoanode for the oxidation of a textile dye:kinetics study and oxidation pathway[J].Chemosphere,2015(136):63-71.
[36]Wang G,Chen S,Yu H,et al.Integration of membrane filtration and photoelectrocatalysis using a Ti O2/carbon/Al2O3membrane for enhanced water treatment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015(299):27-34.
[37]Bessegato GG,Cardoso JC,da Silva BF,et al.Combination of photoelectrocatalysis and ozonation:a novel and powerful approach applied in Acid Yellow 1 mineralization[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2016(180):161-168.
[38]Yang L,Li Z,Jiang H,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of bisphenol A over mesh of Ti O2/graphene/Cu2O[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2016(183):75-85.
[39]Cheng X,Cheng Q,Deng X,et al.A facile and novel strategy to synthesize reduced Ti O2nanotubes photoelectrode for photoelectrocatalytic degradation of diclofenac[J].Chemosphere,2016(144):888-894.
[40]Sun H,Li G,An T,et al.Unveiling the photoelectrocatalytic inactivation mechanism of Escherichia coli:convincing evidence from responses of parent and anti-oxidation single gene knockout mutants[J].Water Research,2016(88):135-143.
[41]Zhang J,Zhou B,Zheng Q,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic COD determination method using highly ordered Ti O2nanotube array[J].Water Research,2009,43(7):1986-1992.
[42]Zhang Z,Chang X,Chen A.Determination of chemical oxygen demand based on photoelectrocatalysis of nanoporous Ti O2electrodes[J].Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical,2016(223):664-670.
[43]Xie S,Zhang Q,Liu G,et al.Photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2using heterogeneous catalysts with controlled nanostructures[J].Chemical Communications,2016,52(1):35-59.
[44]Shen Q,Chen Z,Huang X,et al.High-yield and selective photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2to formate by metallic copper decorated Co3O4nanotube arrays[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(9):5828-5835.
[2]Daghrir R,Drogui P,Robert D.Photoelectrocatalytic technologies for environmental applications[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2012(238):41-52.
[3]Meng X,Zhang Z,Li X.Synergetic photoelectrocatalytic reactors for environmental remediation:a review[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C:Photochemistry Reviews,2015(24):83-101.
[4]刘亚子,孙成,洪军.Ti O2光电催化技术降解有机污染物研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2006(4):109-111,121.
[5]Zhang Y,Xiong X,Han Y,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants using Ti O2film electrodes:an overview[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(2):145-154.
[6]Hoffmann MR,Martin ST,Choi W,et al.Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis[J].Chemical Reviews,1995,95(1):69-96.
[7]任秋红,龚建宇,杨昌柱,等.电沉积Zn O膜光电催化降解4-硝基酚研究[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(5):43-46.Ren Qiuhong,Gong Jianyu,Yang Changzhu,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic treatment of p-nitrophenol using electrodeposited Zn O thin-film electrode[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,33(5):43-46.(in Chinese)
[8]龚建宇,张敬东,濮文虹,等.铬掺杂Ti O2液相沉积膜可见光下降解甲基橙研究[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(10):35-38.
[9]Li J,Lu N,Quan X,et al.Facile method for fabricating boron-doped Ti O2nanotube array with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic properties[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2008,47(11):3804-3808.
[10]Chen L C,Ho Y C,Guo W S,et al.Enhanced visible lightinduced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of phenol by carbon nanotube-doped Ti O2electrodes[J].Electrochimica Acta,2009,54(15):3884-3891.
[11]Dai G,Yu J,Liu G.Synthesis and enhanced visible-light photoelectrocatalytic activity of p-n junction Bi OI/Ti O2nanotube arrays[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2011,115(15):7339-7346.
[12]Mohite SV,Ganbavle VV,Rajpure KY.Solar photoelectrocatalytic activities of rhodamine-B using sprayed WO3photoelectrode[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016(655):106-113.
[13]Guaraldo TT,Gon ales VR,Silva BF,et al.Hydrogen production and simultaneous photoelectrocatalytic pollutant oxidation using a Ti O2/WO3nanostructured photoanode under visible light irradiation[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2015,7:34.
[14]Sun S,Wang W,Zhang L.Efficient contaminant removal by Bi2WO6films with nanoleaflike structures through a photoelectrocatalytic process[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2012,116(36):19413-19418.
[15]Zhao X,Qu J,Liu H,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of triazine-containing azo dyes atγ-Bi2Mo O6film electrode under visible light irradiation(λ>420 nm)[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41(19):6802-6807.
[16]Zhao X,Zhang J,Qiao M,et al.Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic decomposition of copper cyanide complexes and simultaneous recovery of copper with a Bi2Mo O6electrode under visible light by EDTA/K4P2O7[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(7):4567-4574.
[17]Liang F,Zhu Y.Enhancement of mineralization ability for phenol via synergetic effect of photoelectrocatalysis of gC3N4film[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2016(180):324-329.
[18]An T,Zhu X,Xiong Y.Feasibility study of photoelectrochemical degradation of methylene blue with three-dimensional electrode-photocatalytic reactor[J].Chemosphere,2002,46(6):897-903.
[19]An T,Xiong Y,Li G,et al.Synergetic effect in degradation of formic acid using a new photoelectrochemical reactor[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2002,152(1/2/3):155-165.
[20]Zhang W,An T,Xiao X,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of reactive brilliant orange K-R in a new continuous flow photoelectrocatalytic reactor[J].Applied Catalysis A:General,2003,255(2):221-229.
[21]An T,Zhang W,Xiao X,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of quinoline with a novel three-dimensional electrode-packed bed photocatalytic reactor[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2004,161(2/3):233-242.
[22]Waldner G,Brüger A,Gaikwad NS,et al.WO3thin films for photoelectrochemical purification of water[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(4):779-784.
[23]Paschoal FMM,Pepping G,Zanoni MVB,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic removal of bromate using Ti/Ti O2coated as a photocathode[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(19):7496-7502.
[24]Bai J,Liu Y,Li J,et al.A novel thin-layer photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor with double-faced titania nanotube arrays electrode for effective degradation of tetracycline[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2010,98(3/4):154-160.
[25]Pablos C,Marugán J,van Grieken R,et al.Correlation between photoelectrochemical behaviour and photoelectrocatalytic activity and scaling-up of P25-Ti O2electrodes[J].Electrochimica Acta,2014(130):261-270.
[26]Xu Y,Jia J,Zhong D,et al.Degradation of dye wastewater in a thin-film photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor with slantplaced Ti O2/Ti anode[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2009,150(2/3):302-307.
[27]Xu YL,He Y,Cao XD,et al.Ti O2/Ti rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor:a combination of highly effective thin-film PEC and conventional PEC processes on a single electrode[J].Environmental Science and Technolo gy,2008,42(7):2612-2617.
[28]Xu YL,He Y,Jia JP,et al.Cu-Ti O2/Ti dual rotating disk photocatalytic(PC)reactor:dual electrode degradation facilitated by spontaneous electron transfer[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(16):6289-6294.
[29]Li K,Yang C,Wang Y,et al.A high-efficient rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)reactor with macro light harvesting pyramid-surface electrode[J].AICh E Journal,2012,58(8):2448-2455.
[30]Li K,He Y,Xu YL,et al.Degradation of rhodamine B using an unconventional graded photoelectrode with wedge structure[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(17):7401-7407.
[31]Yuan S J,Sheng G P,Li W W,et al.Degradation of organic pollutants in a photoelectrocatalytic system enhanced by a microbial fuel cell[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(14):5575-5580.
[32]Liu Y,Li J,Zhou B,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of refractory organic compounds enhanced by a photocatalytic fuel cell[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2012(111/112):485-491.
[33]Olya ME,Pirkarami A.Cost-effective photoelectrocatalytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solar cells[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2013(118):557-566.
[34]Olya ME,Pirkarami A,Soleimani M,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of acid dye using Ni-Ti O2with the energy supplied by solar cell:mechanism and economical studies[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013(121):210-219.
[35]Almeida LC,Silva BF,Zanoni MVB.Photoelectrocatalytic/photoelectro-Fenton coupling system using a nanostructured photoanode for the oxidation of a textile dye:kinetics study and oxidation pathway[J].Chemosphere,2015(136):63-71.
[36]Wang G,Chen S,Yu H,et al.Integration of membrane filtration and photoelectrocatalysis using a Ti O2/carbon/Al2O3membrane for enhanced water treatment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015(299):27-34.
[37]Bessegato GG,Cardoso JC,da Silva BF,et al.Combination of photoelectrocatalysis and ozonation:a novel and powerful approach applied in Acid Yellow 1 mineralization[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2016(180):161-168.
[38]Yang L,Li Z,Jiang H,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of bisphenol A over mesh of Ti O2/graphene/Cu2O[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2016(183):75-85.
[39]Cheng X,Cheng Q,Deng X,et al.A facile and novel strategy to synthesize reduced Ti O2nanotubes photoelectrode for photoelectrocatalytic degradation of diclofenac[J].Chemosphere,2016(144):888-894.
[40]Sun H,Li G,An T,et al.Unveiling the photoelectrocatalytic inactivation mechanism of Escherichia coli:convincing evidence from responses of parent and anti-oxidation single gene knockout mutants[J].Water Research,2016(88):135-143.
[41]Zhang J,Zhou B,Zheng Q,et al.Photoelectrocatalytic COD determination method using highly ordered Ti O2nanotube array[J].Water Research,2009,43(7):1986-1992.
[42]Zhang Z,Chang X,Chen A.Determination of chemical oxygen demand based on photoelectrocatalysis of nanoporous Ti O2electrodes[J].Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical,2016(223):664-670.
[43]Xie S,Zhang Q,Liu G,et al.Photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2using heterogeneous catalysts with controlled nanostructures[J].Chemical Communications,2016,52(1):35-59.
[44]Shen Q,Chen Z,Huang X,et al.High-yield and selective photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2to formate by metallic copper decorated Co3O4nanotube arrays[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(9):5828-5835.