Centrifugal model tests and numerical simulations for barrier dam break due to overtopping
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摘要
The present study focuses on the breaching process and failure of barrier dams due to overtopping. In this work, a series of centrifugal model tests is presented to examine the failure mechanisms of landslide dams. Based on the experimental results, failure process and mechanism of barrier dam due to overtopping are analyzed and further verified by simulating the experimental overtopping failure process. The results indicate that the barrier dam will develop during the entire process of overtopping in the width direction, whereas the breach will cease to develop at an early stage in the depth direction because of the large particles that accumulate on the downstream slope. Moreover, headcut erosion can be clearly observed in the first two stages of overtopping, and coarsening on the downstream slope occurs in the last stage of overtopping. Thus, the bottom part of the barrier dam can survive after dam breaching and full dam failure becomes relatively rare for a barrier dam. Furthermore, the remaining breach would be smaller than that of a homogeneous cohesive dam under the same conditions.
The present study focuses on the breaching process and failure of barrier dams due to overtopping. In this work, a series of centrifugal model tests is presented to examine the failure mechanisms of landslide dams. Based on the experimental results, failure process and mechanism of barrier dam due to overtopping are analyzed and further verified by simulating the experimental overtopping failure process. The results indicate that the barrier dam will develop during the entire process of overtopping in the width direction, whereas the breach will cease to develop at an early stage in the depth direction because of the large particles that accumulate on the downstream slope. Moreover, headcut erosion can be clearly observed in the first two stages of overtopping, and coarsening on the downstream slope occurs in the last stage of overtopping. Thus, the bottom part of the barrier dam can survive after dam breaching and full dam failure becomes relatively rare for a barrier dam. Furthermore, the remaining breach would be smaller than that of a homogeneous cohesive dam under the same conditions.
The present study focuses on the breaching process and failure of barrier dams due to overtopping. In this work, a series of centrifugal model tests is presented to examine the failure mechanisms of landslide dams. Based on the experimental results, failure process and mechanism of barrier dam due to overtopping are analyzed and further verified by simulating the experimental overtopping failure process. The results indicate that the barrier dam will develop during the entire process of overtopping in the width direction, whereas the breach will cease to develop at an early stage in the depth direction because of the large particles that accumulate on the downstream slope. Moreover, headcut erosion can be clearly observed in the first two stages of overtopping, and coarsening on the downstream slope occurs in the last stage of overtopping. Thus, the bottom part of the barrier dam can survive after dam breaching and full dam failure becomes relatively rare for a barrier dam. Furthermore, the remaining breach would be smaller than that of a homogeneous cohesive dam under the same conditions.
引文
Andrea M,Marco P,Massimo T(2017)Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Side Weir Flows in a Converging Channel.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 143(7).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001296
Becker JS,Johnson DM,Paton D(2007)Response to landslide dam failure emergencies:Issues resulting from the October 1999Mount Adams landslide and dam-break flood in the Poerua River,Westland,New Zealand.Natural Hazards Review 2(8):35-42.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2007)8:2(35)
Bruijn KD,Klijn F,?lfert A,et al.(2009)Flood risk assessment and flood risk management.An introduction and guidance based on experiences and findings of FLOOD site(an EU-funded Integrated Project).Deltares.
Cao Z,Yue Z,Pender G(2011)Landslide dam failure and flood hydraulics.Part I:experimental investigation.Natural Hazards59(2):1003-1019.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9814-8.Chen S,Xu G,Zhong Q,Gu X(2012)Development and application of centrifugal model test system for break of earthrock dams.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 43(2):241-245.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13243/j.cnki.slxb.2012.02.006
Chen Y,Zhou F,Feng Y,et al.(1992)Breach of a naturally embanked dam on Yalong River.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19(5):811-818.https://doi.org/10.1139/l92-092
Corns CF(2010)Status Report on the National Dam Safety Program.Paper read at Safety of Small Dams.pp 4-7.
Cui P,Zhu Y,Han Y,et al.(2009)The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes:distribution and preliminary risk evaluation.Landslides 6(3):209-223.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0160-9
Davies TR(2002)Landslide-dambreak floods at Franz Josef Glacier township,Westland,New Zealand:a risk assessment.Journal of Hydrology(New Zealand)41(1):1-17.
Davies TR,Manville V,Kunz M,et al.(2007)Modeling landslide dambreak flood magnitudes:Case study.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 133(7):713-720.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:7(713)
Fread DL(1988)BREACH:An erosion model for earthen dam failure.US National Weather Service Report,Silver Spring.
Gregoretti C,Maltauro A,Lanzoni S(2010)Laboratory experiments on the failure of coarse homogeneous sediment natural dams on a sloping bed.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 136(11):868-879.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000259Hu X,Lu X,Huang R,et al.(2009)Developmental features and evaluation of blocking dangers of Dashui ditch debris flow in Tangjiashan dammed lake.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics&Engineering 28(4):850-858.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2009.04.026
Jiang H(2007)Study on process of barrier dam break and the flow change.Technology of Soil and Water Conservation(1):24-26.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5366.2007.01.009Kuang S(1993)Formation Mechanisms and Prediction Models of Debris Flow due to Natural Dam Failures.Journal of Sediment Research(4):42-57.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16239/j.cnki.0468-155x.1993.04.006
Li T,Schuster R,Wu J(1986)Landslide dams in south central China.Landslide Dams Processes Risk&Mitigation.Schuster RL(ed.).American Society of Civil Engineers,Geotechnical Special Publication,3:146-162.
Li Y,Li J(2009)Review on experimental study on dam-break.Advances in Water Science 20(2):304-310.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-6791.2009.02.024
Liu N,Chen Z,Zhang J,et al.(2010)Draining the Tangjiashan Barrier Lake.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 136(11):914-923.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000241
Lobovsky L,Botia E,Castellana F,et al.(2013)Experimental investigation of dynamic pressure loads during dam break.Journal of Fluids and Structures 48:407-434.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2014.03.009
Mizuyama T,Tabata S,Mori T,et al.(2008)The dam break and prevention of barrier dam.Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering 39(7):97-99.
Morris MW(2000)CADAM:Concerted Action on Dambreak Modelling.HR Wallingford Limited.Report No.571,HRWallingford Limited,Oxfordshire.
Morris MW,Hassan M(2005)IMPACT:Investigation of extreme flood processes and uncertainty.No.EVG1-CT-2001-00037,Final technical report,Wallingford Ltd.http://www.impactproject.net
Padulano R,Giudice GD(2016)Transitional and weir flow in a vented drop shaft with a sharp-edged intake.Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering 142(5):6016002.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001011
Peng M,Zhang L(2012)Breaching parameters of landslide dams.Landslides 9(1):13-31.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0271-y
Schuster RL,Costa JE(1986)A Perspective on Landslide Dams.Paper read at Landslide Dams:Processes,Risk,and Mitigation.Geotechnical Special Publication,No.3,ASCE,New York.pp 1-20
Tacconi C,Segoni S,Casagli N,et al.(2016)Geomorphic indexing of landslide dams evolution.Engineering Geology 208:1-10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.024
Wan C,Fell R(2004)Investigation of Rate of Erosion of Soils in Embankment Dams.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 130(4):373-380.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:4(373)
Wang Q,Chen Z,Sui H,et al.(2011)Modelling seepage flow velocity in centrifuge models.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering(08):1235-1239.(In Chinese)
Wang W,Chen G,Zhang Y,et al.(2017)Dynamic simulation of landslide dam behavior considering kinematic characteristics using a coupled DDA-SPH method.Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 80:172-183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2017.02.016
Wang X,Liang Z(2008)Experimental study on barrier dam break.Technology of Soil and Water Conservation:8-9.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5366.2008.02.004
Xuan K,Kim M,Nguyen H,et al.(2016)Analysis of Landslide Dam Failure Caused by Overtopping.Procedia Engineering 154:990-994.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.587.
Yan Z,Wei Y,Cai H(2009)Formation Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Barrier Dam.The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control 20(04):55-59.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-8035.2009.04.012
Yang F,Zhou X,Liu X,et al.(2011)Experimental study of breach growth processes in sand dams of quake lakes.Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05(05):445-459.https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431111001182
Yang Y,Cao S,Yang K,et al.(2015)Experimental study of breach process of landslide dams by overtopping and its initiation mechanisms.Journal of Hydrodynamics,Ser.B 27(6):872-883.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(15)60550-9
Zhao T,Chen S,Fu C,et al.(2017)Centrifugal model tests overtopping failure of barrier dams.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 39(10):1943-1948.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201611005
Zhong Q,Chen S,Deng Z(2018)Breach mechanism and numericalmodeling of barrier dam due to overtopping failure.SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 48:959-968.(In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.1360/N092017-00213
Becker JS,Johnson DM,Paton D(2007)Response to landslide dam failure emergencies:Issues resulting from the October 1999Mount Adams landslide and dam-break flood in the Poerua River,Westland,New Zealand.Natural Hazards Review 2(8):35-42.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2007)8:2(35)
Bruijn KD,Klijn F,?lfert A,et al.(2009)Flood risk assessment and flood risk management.An introduction and guidance based on experiences and findings of FLOOD site(an EU-funded Integrated Project).Deltares.
Cao Z,Yue Z,Pender G(2011)Landslide dam failure and flood hydraulics.Part I:experimental investigation.Natural Hazards59(2):1003-1019.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9814-8.Chen S,Xu G,Zhong Q,Gu X(2012)Development and application of centrifugal model test system for break of earthrock dams.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 43(2):241-245.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13243/j.cnki.slxb.2012.02.006
Chen Y,Zhou F,Feng Y,et al.(1992)Breach of a naturally embanked dam on Yalong River.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19(5):811-818.https://doi.org/10.1139/l92-092
Corns CF(2010)Status Report on the National Dam Safety Program.Paper read at Safety of Small Dams.pp 4-7.
Cui P,Zhu Y,Han Y,et al.(2009)The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes:distribution and preliminary risk evaluation.Landslides 6(3):209-223.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0160-9
Davies TR(2002)Landslide-dambreak floods at Franz Josef Glacier township,Westland,New Zealand:a risk assessment.Journal of Hydrology(New Zealand)41(1):1-17.
Davies TR,Manville V,Kunz M,et al.(2007)Modeling landslide dambreak flood magnitudes:Case study.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 133(7):713-720.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:7(713)
Fread DL(1988)BREACH:An erosion model for earthen dam failure.US National Weather Service Report,Silver Spring.
Gregoretti C,Maltauro A,Lanzoni S(2010)Laboratory experiments on the failure of coarse homogeneous sediment natural dams on a sloping bed.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 136(11):868-879.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000259Hu X,Lu X,Huang R,et al.(2009)Developmental features and evaluation of blocking dangers of Dashui ditch debris flow in Tangjiashan dammed lake.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics&Engineering 28(4):850-858.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2009.04.026
Jiang H(2007)Study on process of barrier dam break and the flow change.Technology of Soil and Water Conservation(1):24-26.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5366.2007.01.009Kuang S(1993)Formation Mechanisms and Prediction Models of Debris Flow due to Natural Dam Failures.Journal of Sediment Research(4):42-57.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16239/j.cnki.0468-155x.1993.04.006
Li T,Schuster R,Wu J(1986)Landslide dams in south central China.Landslide Dams Processes Risk&Mitigation.Schuster RL(ed.).American Society of Civil Engineers,Geotechnical Special Publication,3:146-162.
Li Y,Li J(2009)Review on experimental study on dam-break.Advances in Water Science 20(2):304-310.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-6791.2009.02.024
Liu N,Chen Z,Zhang J,et al.(2010)Draining the Tangjiashan Barrier Lake.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 136(11):914-923.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000241
Lobovsky L,Botia E,Castellana F,et al.(2013)Experimental investigation of dynamic pressure loads during dam break.Journal of Fluids and Structures 48:407-434.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2014.03.009
Mizuyama T,Tabata S,Mori T,et al.(2008)The dam break and prevention of barrier dam.Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering 39(7):97-99.
Morris MW(2000)CADAM:Concerted Action on Dambreak Modelling.HR Wallingford Limited.Report No.571,HRWallingford Limited,Oxfordshire.
Morris MW,Hassan M(2005)IMPACT:Investigation of extreme flood processes and uncertainty.No.EVG1-CT-2001-00037,Final technical report,Wallingford Ltd.http://www.impactproject.net
Padulano R,Giudice GD(2016)Transitional and weir flow in a vented drop shaft with a sharp-edged intake.Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering 142(5):6016002.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001011
Peng M,Zhang L(2012)Breaching parameters of landslide dams.Landslides 9(1):13-31.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0271-y
Schuster RL,Costa JE(1986)A Perspective on Landslide Dams.Paper read at Landslide Dams:Processes,Risk,and Mitigation.Geotechnical Special Publication,No.3,ASCE,New York.pp 1-20
Tacconi C,Segoni S,Casagli N,et al.(2016)Geomorphic indexing of landslide dams evolution.Engineering Geology 208:1-10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.024
Wan C,Fell R(2004)Investigation of Rate of Erosion of Soils in Embankment Dams.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 130(4):373-380.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:4(373)
Wang Q,Chen Z,Sui H,et al.(2011)Modelling seepage flow velocity in centrifuge models.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering(08):1235-1239.(In Chinese)
Wang W,Chen G,Zhang Y,et al.(2017)Dynamic simulation of landslide dam behavior considering kinematic characteristics using a coupled DDA-SPH method.Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 80:172-183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2017.02.016
Wang X,Liang Z(2008)Experimental study on barrier dam break.Technology of Soil and Water Conservation:8-9.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5366.2008.02.004
Xuan K,Kim M,Nguyen H,et al.(2016)Analysis of Landslide Dam Failure Caused by Overtopping.Procedia Engineering 154:990-994.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.587.
Yan Z,Wei Y,Cai H(2009)Formation Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Barrier Dam.The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control 20(04):55-59.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-8035.2009.04.012
Yang F,Zhou X,Liu X,et al.(2011)Experimental study of breach growth processes in sand dams of quake lakes.Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05(05):445-459.https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431111001182
Yang Y,Cao S,Yang K,et al.(2015)Experimental study of breach process of landslide dams by overtopping and its initiation mechanisms.Journal of Hydrodynamics,Ser.B 27(6):872-883.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(15)60550-9
Zhao T,Chen S,Fu C,et al.(2017)Centrifugal model tests overtopping failure of barrier dams.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 39(10):1943-1948.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201611005
Zhong Q,Chen S,Deng Z(2018)Breach mechanism and numericalmodeling of barrier dam due to overtopping failure.SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 48:959-968.(In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.1360/N092017-00213