Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Gd~(3+) doped TiO_2 and Gd_2O_3 modified TiO_2 prepared via ball milling method
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摘要
Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 and Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 nanoparticles were prepared by ball milling method.The effects of Gd~(3+)ion and Gd_2O_3 on the structure and optical property of TiO_2 were studied by XRD and UV-vis DRS.Specific surface area was determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)method.The morphology and elemental composition were characterized by SEM-EDS.XPS was used to determine the surface compositions and chemical character of elements.The sample sizes and microstructures were observed by TEM.The photocatalytic activities of TiO_2 nanoparticles modified with rare earth metal gadolinium(Gd~(3+)ion or Gd_2O_3)were evaluated by degradation of methylene blue(MB)under UV light.Experimental results indicate that 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 shows the best photocatalytic activity compared with Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2.The existence of gadolinium can exhibit the aggregation and induce lattice distortion of TiO_2 obtained from XRD,SEM and TEM results.The band gap energy of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 decreases to3.07 eV and it leads to visible light absorption response which can be seen from UV-vis absorption spectra.The surface area of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 equals to 85.8 m~2/g and average crystal size is 21.1 nm.EDS and XPS analyses reveal that gadolinium can be introduced either into TiO_2 lattice or adsorbed on the surface of TiO_2.The content of surface OH groups in 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 is 50,88%(1.55 times higher than that of pure TiO_2)and the content of lattice oxygen decreases to 11.26%.The MB(25 mg/L)degradation reaction rate constants of 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2 were0.0713,0.0588 and 0.0263 min~(-1),respectively.The degradation rates of rhodamine B(30 mg/L)in 60 min are 97,9%,90.1%and 84.6%for 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2,respectively.
Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 and Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 nanoparticles were prepared by ball milling method.The effects of Gd~(3+)ion and Gd_2O_3 on the structure and optical property of TiO_2 were studied by XRD and UV-vis DRS.Specific surface area was determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)method.The morphology and elemental composition were characterized by SEM-EDS.XPS was used to determine the surface compositions and chemical character of elements.The sample sizes and microstructures were observed by TEM.The photocatalytic activities of TiO_2 nanoparticles modified with rare earth metal gadolinium(Gd~(3+)ion or Gd_2O_3)were evaluated by degradation of methylene blue(MB)under UV light.Experimental results indicate that 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 shows the best photocatalytic activity compared with Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2.The existence of gadolinium can exhibit the aggregation and induce lattice distortion of TiO_2 obtained from XRD,SEM and TEM results.The band gap energy of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 decreases to3.07 eV and it leads to visible light absorption response which can be seen from UV-vis absorption spectra.The surface area of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 equals to 85.8 m~2/g and average crystal size is 21.1 nm.EDS and XPS analyses reveal that gadolinium can be introduced either into TiO_2 lattice or adsorbed on the surface of TiO_2.The content of surface OH groups in 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 is 50,88%(1.55 times higher than that of pure TiO_2)and the content of lattice oxygen decreases to 11.26%.The MB(25 mg/L)degradation reaction rate constants of 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2 were0.0713,0.0588 and 0.0263 min~(-1),respectively.The degradation rates of rhodamine B(30 mg/L)in 60 min are 97,9%,90.1%and 84.6%for 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2,respectively.
Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 and Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 nanoparticles were prepared by ball milling method.The effects of Gd~(3+)ion and Gd_2O_3 on the structure and optical property of TiO_2 were studied by XRD and UV-vis DRS.Specific surface area was determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)method.The morphology and elemental composition were characterized by SEM-EDS.XPS was used to determine the surface compositions and chemical character of elements.The sample sizes and microstructures were observed by TEM.The photocatalytic activities of TiO_2 nanoparticles modified with rare earth metal gadolinium(Gd~(3+)ion or Gd_2O_3)were evaluated by degradation of methylene blue(MB)under UV light.Experimental results indicate that 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 shows the best photocatalytic activity compared with Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2.The existence of gadolinium can exhibit the aggregation and induce lattice distortion of TiO_2 obtained from XRD,SEM and TEM results.The band gap energy of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 decreases to3.07 eV and it leads to visible light absorption response which can be seen from UV-vis absorption spectra.The surface area of 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 equals to 85.8 m~2/g and average crystal size is 21.1 nm.EDS and XPS analyses reveal that gadolinium can be introduced either into TiO_2 lattice or adsorbed on the surface of TiO_2.The content of surface OH groups in 2.5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2 is 50,88%(1.55 times higher than that of pure TiO_2)and the content of lattice oxygen decreases to 11.26%.The MB(25 mg/L)degradation reaction rate constants of 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2 were0.0713,0.0588 and 0.0263 min~(-1),respectively.The degradation rates of rhodamine B(30 mg/L)in 60 min are 97,9%,90.1%and 84.6%for 2,5 mol%Gd~(3+)/TiO_2,0.5 mol%Gd_2O_3/TiO_2 and pure TiO_2,respectively.
引文
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2.Miar Alipour S,Friedmann D,Scott J,Amal R.TiO_2/porous adsorbents:recent advances and novel applications.J Hazard Mater.2017;341:404.
3.Zhang YR,Li Q.Synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped TiO_2 films by electrophoretic method and its photocatalytic activity toward methyl orange.Solid State Sci.2013;16:16.
4.Guo Q,Zhou CY,Ma ZB,Ren ZF,Fan HJ,Yang XM.Elementary photocatalytic chemistry on TiO_2 surfaces.Chem Soc Rev.2016;45:3701.
5.Dorraj M,Goh BT,Sairi NA,Woi PM,Basirun WJ.Improved visible-light photocatalytic activity of TiO_2 co-doped with copper and iodine.Appl Surf Sci.2018;439:999.
6.Hu X,Hu XJ,Tang CF,Wen SZ,Wu XF,Long J,et al.Mechanism underlying degradation pathways of microcystin-LR with doped TiO_2 photocatalysis.Chem Eng J.2017;330:355.
7.Du P,Bueno-Lopez A,Verbaas M,Almeida AR,Makkee M,Moulijn JA,et al.The effect of surface OH-population on the photocatalytic activity of rare earthdoped P25-TiO2 in methylene blue degradation.J Catal.2008;260:75.
8.Peng SQ,Huang YH,Li YX.Rare earth doped TiO_2-CdS and TiO_2-CdS composites with improvement of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation.Mater Sci Semicond Process.201 3;16:62.
9.Yang X,Zhao H,Feng JF,Chen YN,Gao SY,Cao R.Visible-light-driven selective oxidation of alcohols using a dye-sensitized TiO_2-polyoxometalate catalyst.J Catal.2017;351:59.
10.Zhan CC,Chen F,Yang JT,Dai DX,Cao XH,Zhong MQ.Visible light responsive sulfated rare earth doped TiO_2@funed SiO_2 composites with mesoporosity:enhanced photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation.J Hazard Mater.2014;267:88.
11.Shi HX,Zhang TY,An TC,Li B,Wang X.Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of nano-scale TiO_2 particles co-doped by rare earth elements and heteropolyacids.J Colloid Interface Sci.2012;380:121.
12.Zhang J,Wu WC,Yan S,Chu G,Zhao SL,Wang X,et al.Enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B by TiO_2 modified with Gd_2O_3calcined at high temperature.Appl Surf Sci.2015;344:249.
13.Song L,Zhao XY,Cao LX,Moon JW,Gu BH,Wang W.Synthesis of rare earth doped TiO2nanorods as photocatalysts for lignin degradation.Nanoscale.2015;7:16695.
14.Zhou JW,Zhang M,Zhu YF.Photocatalytic enhancement of hybrid C_3N_4/TiO_2prepared via ball milling method.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2015;17:3647.
15.Zhang WJ,Liu YX,Pei XB,Chen XJ.Effects of indium doping on properties of xIn-0.1%Gd-TiO_2 photocatalysts synthesized by sol-gel method.J Phys Chem Solid.2017;104:45.
16.Jeon IY,Choi HJ,Jung SM,Seo JM,Kim MJ,Dai LM,et al.Large-scale production of edge-selectively functionalized graphene nanoplatelets via ball milling and their use as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction.J Am Chem Soc.2013;135:1386.
17.Ladam A,Biben N,Morthe CC,Aldon L,Fourcade JO,Jumas JC,et al.One-pot ball-milling synthesis of a Ni-Ti-Si based composite as anode material for Li-ion batteries.Electrochim Acta.201 7;245:497.
18.Zhang GZ,Zhang SO,Wang LL,Liu R,Zeng YX,Xia XN,et al.Facile synthesis of bird's nest-like TiO_2 microstructure with exposed(001)facets for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.Appl Surf Sci.2016;391:228.
19.Hu J,Li H,Muhammad S,Wu Q,Zhao Y,Jiao Q.Surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of TiO_2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites and their photocatalytic performances.J Solid State Chem.201 7;253:1 13.
20.Jiang HQ,Liu YD,Li JS,Wang HY.Synergetic effects of lanthanum,nitrogen and phosphorus tri-doping on visible-light photoactivity of TiO_2 fabricated by microwave-hydrothermal process.J Rare Earths.2016;34:604.
21.Zhang X,Xie YQ,Chen HX,Guo JX,Meng AL,Li CF.One-dimensional mesoporous Fe_2O_3CTiO_2 core-shell nanocomposites:rational design,synthesis and application as high-performance photocatalyst in visible and UV light region.Appl Surf Sci.2014;317:43.
22.Wang YJ,Shi R,Lin J,Zhu YF.Significant photocatalytic enhancement in methylene blue degradation of TiO_2 photocatalysts via graphene-like carbon in situ hybridization.Appl Catal B Environ.2010;100:1 79.
23.Soares OSGP,Rocha RP,Goncalves AG,Figureiredo JL,Orfao JJM,Pereira MFR.Highly active N-doped carbon nanotubes prepared by an easy ball milling method for advanced oxidation processes.Appl Catal B Environ.2016;192:296.
24.Liu J,Bai H,Wang Y,Liu Z,Zhang X,Sun DD.Self-assembling TiO_2 nanorods on large graphene oxide sheets at a two-phase interface and their antirecombination in photocatalytic applications.Adv Funct Mater.2010;20:41 75.
25.Wu D,Li C,Kong QS,Shi ZF,Zhang DS,Wang LL,et al.Photocatalytic activity of Lu~(3+)/TiO_2 prepared by ball milling method.J Rare Earths.2018;36:819.
26.Nguyen CH,Fu CC,Juang RS.Degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange by palladium-doped TiO_2 photocatalysis for water reuse:efficiency and degradation pathways.J Clean Prod.2018;202:413.
27.Chen X,Mao SS.Titanium dioxide nanomaterials:synthesis,properties,modifications,and applications.Chem Rev.2007;107:2891.
28.Hwang SH,Song J,Jung Y,Kweon OY,Song H,Jang J.Electrospun ZnO/TiO_2composite nanofibers as a bactericidal agent.Chem Commun.2011;47:9164.
29.Banerjee S,Benjwal P,Singh M,Kar KK.Graphene oxide(rGO)-metal oxide(TiO_2/Fe_3O_4)based nanocomposites for the removal of methylene blue.Appl Surf Sci.2018;439:560.
30.Bingham S,Daoud AW.Recent advances in making nano-sized TiO_2 visiblelight active through rare-earth metal doping.J Mater Chem.201 1;21:2041.
31.Zhang J,Xu Q,Feng ZC,Li MJ,Li C.Importance of the relationship between surface phases and photocatalytic activity of TiO_2.Angew Chem Int Ed.2008;47:1766.
32.Pan XY,Yang MQ,Fu XZ,Zhang N,Xu YJ.Defective TiO_2 with oxygen vacancies:synthesis,properties and photocatalytic applications.Nanoscale.2013;5:3601.
33.Baba K,Bulou S,Quesada-Gonzalez M,Bonot S,Collard D,Boscher ND,et al.Significance of a noble metal nanolayer on the UV and visible light photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO_2 thin films grown from a scalable PECVD/PVD approach.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces.201 7;9:41 200.
34.Reszczynska J,Grzyb T,Sobczak JW,Lisowski W,Gazda M,Ohtani B,et al.Visible light activity of rare earth metal doped(Er~(3+),Yb~(3+)or Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+))titania photocatalysts.Appl Catal B Environ.2015;163:40.
35.Zhu S,Xie X,Chen SC,Tong S,Lu G,Pui DYH,et al.Cu-Ni nanowire-based TiO_2hybrid for the dynamic photodegradation of acetaldehyde gas pollutant under visible light.Appl/Surf Sci.2017;408:117.
36.Cong Y,Tian BZ,Zhang JL.Improving the thermal stability and photocatalytic activity of nanosized titanium dioxide via La~(3+)and N co-doping.Appl Catal B Environ.2011;101:376.
37.Kim TW,Park M,Kim HY,Park SJ.Preparation of flower-like TiO_2 sphere/reduced graphene oxide composites for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.J Solid State Chem.2016;239:91.
38.Lin J,Zong RL,Zhou M,Zhu YF.Photoelectric catalytic degradation of methylene blue by C_(60)-modified TiO_2 nanotube array.Appl Catal B Environ.2009;89:425.
39.Zhang W,Li XJ,Jia G,Gao YF,Wang H,Cao ZZ,et al.Preparation,characterization,and photocatalytic activity of boron and lanthanum co-doped TiO_2.Catal Commun.2014;45:144.
40.Parnicka P,Mazierski P,Grzyb T,Wei ZS,Kowalska E,Ohtani B,et al.Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO_2 photocatalysts:insight into the excitation mechanism under visible light.J Catal.2017;353:211.
41.Trujillo-Navarrete B,Haro-Vazquez MP,Felix-Navarro RM,Paraguay-Delgado F,Alvarez-Huerta H,Perez-Sicairos,et al.Effect of Nd3+doping on structure,microstructure,lattice distortion and electronic properties of TiO_2 nanoparticle s.J Rare Earths.201 7;35:259.
42.Wang WK,Chen JJ,Gao M,Huang YX,Zhang X,Yu HQ.Photocatalytic degradation of atrazine by boron-doped TiO_2 with a tunable rutile/anatase ratio.Appl Catal B Environ.2016;195:69.
43.Korake PV,Kadam AN,Garadkar KM.Photocatalytic activity of Eu~(3+)-doped ZnO nanorods synthesized via microwave assisted technique.J Rare Earths.2014;32:306.
44.Li WJ,Liang R,Hu AM,Huang ZH,Zhou YN.Generation of oxygen vacancies invisible light activated one-dimensional iodine TiO_2 photocatalysts.RSC Adv.2014;4:36959.
45.Paul S,Chetri P,Choudhury B,Ahmed GA,Choudhury A.Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of Gadolinium doped nanocrystalline titania:an experimental and theoretical study.J Colloid Interface Sci.2015;439:54.
2.Miar Alipour S,Friedmann D,Scott J,Amal R.TiO_2/porous adsorbents:recent advances and novel applications.J Hazard Mater.2017;341:404.
3.Zhang YR,Li Q.Synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped TiO_2 films by electrophoretic method and its photocatalytic activity toward methyl orange.Solid State Sci.2013;16:16.
4.Guo Q,Zhou CY,Ma ZB,Ren ZF,Fan HJ,Yang XM.Elementary photocatalytic chemistry on TiO_2 surfaces.Chem Soc Rev.2016;45:3701.
5.Dorraj M,Goh BT,Sairi NA,Woi PM,Basirun WJ.Improved visible-light photocatalytic activity of TiO_2 co-doped with copper and iodine.Appl Surf Sci.2018;439:999.
6.Hu X,Hu XJ,Tang CF,Wen SZ,Wu XF,Long J,et al.Mechanism underlying degradation pathways of microcystin-LR with doped TiO_2 photocatalysis.Chem Eng J.2017;330:355.
7.Du P,Bueno-Lopez A,Verbaas M,Almeida AR,Makkee M,Moulijn JA,et al.The effect of surface OH-population on the photocatalytic activity of rare earthdoped P25-TiO2 in methylene blue degradation.J Catal.2008;260:75.
8.Peng SQ,Huang YH,Li YX.Rare earth doped TiO_2-CdS and TiO_2-CdS composites with improvement of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation.Mater Sci Semicond Process.201 3;16:62.
9.Yang X,Zhao H,Feng JF,Chen YN,Gao SY,Cao R.Visible-light-driven selective oxidation of alcohols using a dye-sensitized TiO_2-polyoxometalate catalyst.J Catal.2017;351:59.
10.Zhan CC,Chen F,Yang JT,Dai DX,Cao XH,Zhong MQ.Visible light responsive sulfated rare earth doped TiO_2@funed SiO_2 composites with mesoporosity:enhanced photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation.J Hazard Mater.2014;267:88.
11.Shi HX,Zhang TY,An TC,Li B,Wang X.Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of nano-scale TiO_2 particles co-doped by rare earth elements and heteropolyacids.J Colloid Interface Sci.2012;380:121.
12.Zhang J,Wu WC,Yan S,Chu G,Zhao SL,Wang X,et al.Enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B by TiO_2 modified with Gd_2O_3calcined at high temperature.Appl Surf Sci.2015;344:249.
13.Song L,Zhao XY,Cao LX,Moon JW,Gu BH,Wang W.Synthesis of rare earth doped TiO2nanorods as photocatalysts for lignin degradation.Nanoscale.2015;7:16695.
14.Zhou JW,Zhang M,Zhu YF.Photocatalytic enhancement of hybrid C_3N_4/TiO_2prepared via ball milling method.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2015;17:3647.
15.Zhang WJ,Liu YX,Pei XB,Chen XJ.Effects of indium doping on properties of xIn-0.1%Gd-TiO_2 photocatalysts synthesized by sol-gel method.J Phys Chem Solid.2017;104:45.
16.Jeon IY,Choi HJ,Jung SM,Seo JM,Kim MJ,Dai LM,et al.Large-scale production of edge-selectively functionalized graphene nanoplatelets via ball milling and their use as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction.J Am Chem Soc.2013;135:1386.
17.Ladam A,Biben N,Morthe CC,Aldon L,Fourcade JO,Jumas JC,et al.One-pot ball-milling synthesis of a Ni-Ti-Si based composite as anode material for Li-ion batteries.Electrochim Acta.201 7;245:497.
18.Zhang GZ,Zhang SO,Wang LL,Liu R,Zeng YX,Xia XN,et al.Facile synthesis of bird's nest-like TiO_2 microstructure with exposed(001)facets for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.Appl Surf Sci.2016;391:228.
19.Hu J,Li H,Muhammad S,Wu Q,Zhao Y,Jiao Q.Surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of TiO_2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites and their photocatalytic performances.J Solid State Chem.201 7;253:1 13.
20.Jiang HQ,Liu YD,Li JS,Wang HY.Synergetic effects of lanthanum,nitrogen and phosphorus tri-doping on visible-light photoactivity of TiO_2 fabricated by microwave-hydrothermal process.J Rare Earths.2016;34:604.
21.Zhang X,Xie YQ,Chen HX,Guo JX,Meng AL,Li CF.One-dimensional mesoporous Fe_2O_3CTiO_2 core-shell nanocomposites:rational design,synthesis and application as high-performance photocatalyst in visible and UV light region.Appl Surf Sci.2014;317:43.
22.Wang YJ,Shi R,Lin J,Zhu YF.Significant photocatalytic enhancement in methylene blue degradation of TiO_2 photocatalysts via graphene-like carbon in situ hybridization.Appl Catal B Environ.2010;100:1 79.
23.Soares OSGP,Rocha RP,Goncalves AG,Figureiredo JL,Orfao JJM,Pereira MFR.Highly active N-doped carbon nanotubes prepared by an easy ball milling method for advanced oxidation processes.Appl Catal B Environ.2016;192:296.
24.Liu J,Bai H,Wang Y,Liu Z,Zhang X,Sun DD.Self-assembling TiO_2 nanorods on large graphene oxide sheets at a two-phase interface and their antirecombination in photocatalytic applications.Adv Funct Mater.2010;20:41 75.
25.Wu D,Li C,Kong QS,Shi ZF,Zhang DS,Wang LL,et al.Photocatalytic activity of Lu~(3+)/TiO_2 prepared by ball milling method.J Rare Earths.2018;36:819.
26.Nguyen CH,Fu CC,Juang RS.Degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange by palladium-doped TiO_2 photocatalysis for water reuse:efficiency and degradation pathways.J Clean Prod.2018;202:413.
27.Chen X,Mao SS.Titanium dioxide nanomaterials:synthesis,properties,modifications,and applications.Chem Rev.2007;107:2891.
28.Hwang SH,Song J,Jung Y,Kweon OY,Song H,Jang J.Electrospun ZnO/TiO_2composite nanofibers as a bactericidal agent.Chem Commun.2011;47:9164.
29.Banerjee S,Benjwal P,Singh M,Kar KK.Graphene oxide(rGO)-metal oxide(TiO_2/Fe_3O_4)based nanocomposites for the removal of methylene blue.Appl Surf Sci.2018;439:560.
30.Bingham S,Daoud AW.Recent advances in making nano-sized TiO_2 visiblelight active through rare-earth metal doping.J Mater Chem.201 1;21:2041.
31.Zhang J,Xu Q,Feng ZC,Li MJ,Li C.Importance of the relationship between surface phases and photocatalytic activity of TiO_2.Angew Chem Int Ed.2008;47:1766.
32.Pan XY,Yang MQ,Fu XZ,Zhang N,Xu YJ.Defective TiO_2 with oxygen vacancies:synthesis,properties and photocatalytic applications.Nanoscale.2013;5:3601.
33.Baba K,Bulou S,Quesada-Gonzalez M,Bonot S,Collard D,Boscher ND,et al.Significance of a noble metal nanolayer on the UV and visible light photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO_2 thin films grown from a scalable PECVD/PVD approach.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces.201 7;9:41 200.
34.Reszczynska J,Grzyb T,Sobczak JW,Lisowski W,Gazda M,Ohtani B,et al.Visible light activity of rare earth metal doped(Er~(3+),Yb~(3+)or Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+))titania photocatalysts.Appl Catal B Environ.2015;163:40.
35.Zhu S,Xie X,Chen SC,Tong S,Lu G,Pui DYH,et al.Cu-Ni nanowire-based TiO_2hybrid for the dynamic photodegradation of acetaldehyde gas pollutant under visible light.Appl/Surf Sci.2017;408:117.
36.Cong Y,Tian BZ,Zhang JL.Improving the thermal stability and photocatalytic activity of nanosized titanium dioxide via La~(3+)and N co-doping.Appl Catal B Environ.2011;101:376.
37.Kim TW,Park M,Kim HY,Park SJ.Preparation of flower-like TiO_2 sphere/reduced graphene oxide composites for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.J Solid State Chem.2016;239:91.
38.Lin J,Zong RL,Zhou M,Zhu YF.Photoelectric catalytic degradation of methylene blue by C_(60)-modified TiO_2 nanotube array.Appl Catal B Environ.2009;89:425.
39.Zhang W,Li XJ,Jia G,Gao YF,Wang H,Cao ZZ,et al.Preparation,characterization,and photocatalytic activity of boron and lanthanum co-doped TiO_2.Catal Commun.2014;45:144.
40.Parnicka P,Mazierski P,Grzyb T,Wei ZS,Kowalska E,Ohtani B,et al.Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO_2 photocatalysts:insight into the excitation mechanism under visible light.J Catal.2017;353:211.
41.Trujillo-Navarrete B,Haro-Vazquez MP,Felix-Navarro RM,Paraguay-Delgado F,Alvarez-Huerta H,Perez-Sicairos,et al.Effect of Nd3+doping on structure,microstructure,lattice distortion and electronic properties of TiO_2 nanoparticle s.J Rare Earths.201 7;35:259.
42.Wang WK,Chen JJ,Gao M,Huang YX,Zhang X,Yu HQ.Photocatalytic degradation of atrazine by boron-doped TiO_2 with a tunable rutile/anatase ratio.Appl Catal B Environ.2016;195:69.
43.Korake PV,Kadam AN,Garadkar KM.Photocatalytic activity of Eu~(3+)-doped ZnO nanorods synthesized via microwave assisted technique.J Rare Earths.2014;32:306.
44.Li WJ,Liang R,Hu AM,Huang ZH,Zhou YN.Generation of oxygen vacancies invisible light activated one-dimensional iodine TiO_2 photocatalysts.RSC Adv.2014;4:36959.
45.Paul S,Chetri P,Choudhury B,Ahmed GA,Choudhury A.Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of Gadolinium doped nanocrystalline titania:an experimental and theoretical study.J Colloid Interface Sci.2015;439:54.