地理与历史双重视角下的历史GIS数据模型
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摘要
近年来,越来越多的历史、历史地理学者开始关注和使用GIS技术,在历史GIS数据库和信息系统研究和建设方面进行了大量的探索。但是,这些研究多是技术主导应用,对历史、历史地理信息的组织多是面向特定专题或应用,且通用性差,亟需遵循历史、历史地理学科的知识体系,发展历史GIS基础软件层面的通用数据模型。本文从地理与历史双重视角出发,以时间、地点、人物、事件(始末)历史4个要素为基础,融合地理学强调"人地关系"的思想,将历史信息抽象为历史人物、历史事件、历史地物和历史场景,以及关系和经历/过程等要素,提出并设计了一种基础的、通用的历史GIS数据模型,探讨了该数据模型的时空对象组成、时空对象的属性以及时空对象之间的关系,设计了时空对象的存储方案,并在应用系统中以典型历史人物、事件、地物和场景等要素的存储和可视化等为例,验证了模型的有效性。
In recent years, more and more historians and historical geographers have begun to focus on applying GIS technology, and conducted extensive explorations in the research and construction of historical GIS databases and information systems. However, most of these researches are technology-dominated applications.The organization of historical information and historical geographic information mostly focuses on specific topics or applications, lacking data model for the historical GIS basic software. From the dual perspectives of geography and history, this paper is based on the four elements of history: time, place, person, and event(from beginning to the end), integrating geography to emphasize the idea of the "man-earth relationship" and abstracting historical information into historical figures, events, features and scenes, as well as the relationships and experiences/processes. This paper proposed and designed a general historical GIS data model, discussed the composition, attribute, storage scheme of space-temporal objects, the relationship between spatial-temporal objects in the data model. In the application system, the validity of the model was verified by taking the storage and visualization of typical historical figures, events, features and scenes as examples.
In recent years, more and more historians and historical geographers have begun to focus on applying GIS technology, and conducted extensive explorations in the research and construction of historical GIS databases and information systems. However, most of these researches are technology-dominated applications.The organization of historical information and historical geographic information mostly focuses on specific topics or applications, lacking data model for the historical GIS basic software. From the dual perspectives of geography and history, this paper is based on the four elements of history: time, place, person, and event(from beginning to the end), integrating geography to emphasize the idea of the "man-earth relationship" and abstracting historical information into historical figures, events, features and scenes, as well as the relationships and experiences/processes. This paper proposed and designed a general historical GIS data model, discussed the composition, attribute, storage scheme of space-temporal objects, the relationship between spatial-temporal objects in the data model. In the application system, the validity of the model was verified by taking the storage and visualization of typical historical figures, events, features and scenes as examples.
引文
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[3]Knowles A K.Reports on national historical GIS projects[J].Historical Geography,2005,33:293-314.
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[15]闾国年,陈旻,温永宁,等.华夏家谱GIS平台构建研究[C]//空间综合人文学与社会科学研究.北京:科学出版社,2010:114-118.[Lv G N,Chen M,Wen Y N,et al.Study on the construction of Huaxia genealogy GIS platform[C].Synthetical humanities and social science research.Beijing:Science Press,2010:114-118.]
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[17]黄秉维,郑度,赵名茶,等.现代自然地理[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.[Huang B W,Zheng D,Zhao M C,et al.The modern physical geography[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.]
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[19]叶长青.编修家谱的历史渊源和现实作用[J].中国地方志,2015(9):54-56.[Ye C Q.Historical origins and practical effect of compiling genealogy[J].Chinese Journal of Local History,2015(9):54-56.]
[20]张山山.面向对象的时空概念建模方法[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2003,28(2):191-196.[Zhang S S.Spatiotemporal conceptual modeling:An object oriented approach[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2003,28(2):191-196.]
[2]Knowles A K.Special issue:Historical GIS:The spatial turn in social science history-Introduction[J].Social Science History,2000,24(3):451-470.
[3]Knowles A K.Reports on national historical GIS projects[J].Historical Geography,2005,33:293-314.
[4]王大学.国际学界国家历史地理信息系统建设与利用的现状及启示[J].江苏师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,42(3):98-104.[Wang D X.The status quo and tendency of NHGIS in international academia[J].Journal of Jiangsu Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2016,42(3):98-104.]
[5]廖泫铭,范毅军.中华文明时空基础架构:历史学与信息化结合的设计理念及技术应用[J].科研信息化技术与应用,2012,3(4):17-27.[Liao H M,Fan I C.Chinese civilization in time and space:The design and application of China historical geographic information system[J].E-science Technology&Application,2012,3(4):17-27.]
[6]葛剑雄.中国历史地图:从传统到数字化[J].历史地理,2002,18:1-11.[Ge J X.Historical map of China:From tradition to digitization[J].Historical Geography,2002,18:1-11.]
[7]满志敏.走进数字化:中国历史地理信息系统的一些概念和方法[J].历史地理,2002(18):12-22.[Man Z M.Into digitization:Some concepts and methods of Chinese historical geographic information system[J].Historical Geography,2002(18):12-22.]
[8]满志敏.小区域研究的信息化:数据架构及模型[J].中国历史地理论丛,2008(2):5-11.[Man Z M.Spacial and temporal data structure for local study[J].Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,2008(2):5-11.]
[9]陈刚.超媒体地理信息技术在六朝建康历史地理研究中的应用刍议[J].南京晓庄学院学报,2004,20(3):41-46.[Chen G.A talk on the application of hypermedia geographic information technology in the research of historical geography in Jiankang in the six dynasties[J].Journal of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University,2004,20(3):41-46.]
[10]李凡,符国强,齐志新.基于GIS的佛山城市文化遗产景观风险性的评估[J].地理科学,2008,28(3):431-438.[Li F,Fu G Q,Qi Z X.Risk evaluation of urban culture heritage landscape in Foshan based on GIS[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(3):431-438.]
[11]蔡磊.北京历史文化地理信息系统的设计与原型实现[C].第七届京港澳测绘技术交流会论文集,2011:199-207.[Cai L.Design and prototype implementation of Beijing historical,cultural and geographical information system[C].Proceedings of the 7thBeijing-Hong Kong-Macau-Mapping Technology Conference,2011:199-207.]
[12]张萍.丝绸之路历史地理信息系统建设的构想及其价值与意义[J].陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,45(1):5-11.[Zhang P.Proposition of construction of historical geographical information system about the silk road and its value and significance[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2016,45(1):5-11.]
[13]张萍.丝绸之路历史地理信息平台:设计、理念与应用[J].云南大学学报(社会科学版),2017,16(5):50-54.[Zhang P.Historical geographic information platform for the silk road:Design,concept and application[J].Journal of Yunnan University(Social Sciences Edition),2017,16(5):50-54.]
[14]杨申茂,张萍,张玉坤.明长城军事聚落历史地理信息系统体系结构研究[J].建筑学报,2012(S2):53-57.[Yang SM,Zhang P,Zhang Y K.Research of the structure of the historical geographic information system of the military settlements along the Great Wall in Ming dynasty[J].Architectural Journal,2012(S2):53-57.]
[15]闾国年,陈旻,温永宁,等.华夏家谱GIS平台构建研究[C]//空间综合人文学与社会科学研究.北京:科学出版社,2010:114-118.[Lv G N,Chen M,Wen Y N,et al.Study on the construction of Huaxia genealogy GIS platform[C].Synthetical humanities and social science research.Beijing:Science Press,2010:114-118.]
[16]胡迪,温永宁,闾国年,等.基于GIS的家谱资源整合集成研究[J].人文地理,2012(1):50-53.[Hu D,Wen Y N,Lv G N,et al.GIS-based family tree resources integration[J].Human Geography,2012(1):50-53.]
[17]黄秉维,郑度,赵名茶,等.现代自然地理[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.[Huang B W,Zheng D,Zhao M C,et al.The modern physical geography[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.]
[18]庞卓恒,李学智,吴英.史学概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.[Pang Z H,Li X Z,Wu Y.An introduction to historiography[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.]
[19]叶长青.编修家谱的历史渊源和现实作用[J].中国地方志,2015(9):54-56.[Ye C Q.Historical origins and practical effect of compiling genealogy[J].Chinese Journal of Local History,2015(9):54-56.]
[20]张山山.面向对象的时空概念建模方法[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2003,28(2):191-196.[Zhang S S.Spatiotemporal conceptual modeling:An object oriented approach[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2003,28(2):191-196.]