DEMETER卫星记录到的电离层加热现象
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摘要
在法国DEMETER卫星运行期间,地基电离层加热装置SURA和HAARP开展了一系列加热试验,记录到各类电离层异常信息,发现电离层加热过程中卫星观测的电离层扰动信号包括HF发射泵波及边带泵波、VLF人工源增强及频谱拓展、ULF/ELF/VLF调制波、ELF电磁扰动、ULF谐振波、等离子体特征参量扰动及高能粒子沉降等.由于传播及耦合机制的差异,发射泵波可以穿透电离层直达卫星高度,其观测概率最高达到68%以上,其他扰动受发射调制模式及当地电磁环境等影响,观测概率相对较低,均在40%左右,有些甚至是某次试验中出现的个别事例.结合中国地震电磁监测试验卫星飞行轨道设计及载荷配置等,对未来开展加热试验进行了分析论证,并参考DEMETER,卫星试验结果给出了一些建议.
The phenomena of ionospheric perturbations during the experiments between SURA and HAARP heating facilities with DEMETER satellite have been summarized,and the main disturbed electromagnetic signals have been found,including the radiated HF pump wave and sideband pump wave,enhanced VLF transmitter signals and extended frequency band,modulated ULF/ELF/VLF wave,ELF electromagnetic emissions,ULF resonant wave,perturbations in plasma parameters and precipitation of high energy particles.Then the occurrence frequency of each kind of phenomenon is studied,in which the radiated pump waves were with high occurrence probability of larger than68%,while other disturbances detected by satellite were with low probability of smaller than 40%,and some even occurred occasionally under specific condition,owing to the effects of local ionosphere background and modulated mode,etc.Finally,combined with the orbit design and payload installation on China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES),some suggestions have been provided on future experiments between ionospheric heating facility with CSES on the basis of the statistical results,in order to avoid the problems and improve the successful experimental probability as much as possible.
The phenomena of ionospheric perturbations during the experiments between SURA and HAARP heating facilities with DEMETER satellite have been summarized,and the main disturbed electromagnetic signals have been found,including the radiated HF pump wave and sideband pump wave,enhanced VLF transmitter signals and extended frequency band,modulated ULF/ELF/VLF wave,ELF electromagnetic emissions,ULF resonant wave,perturbations in plasma parameters and precipitation of high energy particles.Then the occurrence frequency of each kind of phenomenon is studied,in which the radiated pump waves were with high occurrence probability of larger than68%,while other disturbances detected by satellite were with low probability of smaller than 40%,and some even occurred occasionally under specific condition,owing to the effects of local ionosphere background and modulated mode,etc.Finally,combined with the orbit design and payload installation on China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES),some suggestions have been provided on future experiments between ionospheric heating facility with CSES on the basis of the statistical results,in order to avoid the problems and improve the successful experimental probability as much as possible.
引文
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[2]BARR R,STUBBE P,KOPHA H.Long range detection of the VLF radiation produced by heating the auroral electrojet[J].Radio Sci.,1991,26(4):871-879
[3]KUO S P,LEE M C.Generation of ELF and VLF waves by HF heater modulated polar electrojet via a thermal instability process[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1993,20(2):189-192
[4]PLATINO M,INAN U S,BELL T F,et al.DEMETER observations of ELF waves injected with the HAARP HF transmitter[J].Geophys.Res.Lett,2006,33,L16101.DOI:10.1029/2006GL026462
[5]WANG Feng,ZHAO Zhengyu,ZHANG Yuannong.Numerical modeling of ionospheric current artificial modulation at low latitude[J].Chin.J.Geophys.,2009,52(4):887-894(汪枫,赵正予,张援农.低纬地区电离层电流的人工调制数值模拟.地球物理学报,2009,52(4):887-894)
[6]TANAKA Y,LAGOUTTE G,HAYAKAWA M,LEFEUVRE F,TAJIMA S.Spectral broadening of VLF transmitter signals and sideband structure observed on Aureol3 satellite at middle latitudes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1987,92:7551-7559
[7]BELL T F,INAN U S,LAUBEN D,et al.DE-1 and COSMOS 1809 observations of lower hybrid waves excited by VLF whistler mode waves[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21(8):653-656
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[9]RAPOPORT V O,FROLOV V L,KOMRAKOV G P,et al.Some results of measuring the characteristics of electromagnetic and plasma disturbances stimulated in the outer ionosphere by high-power high-frequency radio emission from the"Sura"facility[J].Radiophys.QuantElect,2007,50(8):645-656
[10]FROLOV V L,RAPOPORT V O,KOMRAKOV G P,et al.Satellite measurements of plasma-density perturbations induced in the topside ionosphere by high-power HF radio waves from the"SURA"heating facility[J].Radiophys.Quant Elect,2008,51(11):825-833
[11]CUSSAC T,CLAIR M A,ULTRE-GUERARD P,et al.The DEMETER microsatellite and ground segment[J].Planet.Space Sci.,2006,54(5):413-427
[12]BERTHELIER J J,GODEFROY M,LEBLANC F,et al.ICE,the electric field experiment on DEMETER[J].Planet.Space Sci.,2006,54(5):456-471
[13]PARROT M,BENOIST D,BERTHELIER J J,et al.The magnetic field experiment IMSC and its data processing onboard DEMETER:scientific objectives,description and first results[J].Planet Space Sci.,2006,54(5):441-455
[14]LEBRETON J P,STVERAK S,TRAVNICEK P,et al.The ISL Langmuir Probe experiment and its data processing onboard DEMETER:scientific objectives,description and first results[J].Planet.Space Sci.,2006,54(5):472-486
[15]BERTHELIER J J,GODEFROY M,LEBLANC F,et al.IAP,the thermal plasma analyzer on DEMETER[J].Planet Space Sci.,2006,54(5):487-501
[16]SAUVAUD J A,MOREAU T,MAGGIOLO R,T et al.High energy electron detection onboard DEMETER:the IDP spectrometer,description and first results on the inner belt[J].Planet Space Sci.,2006,54(5):502-511
[17]FROLOV V L,MITYAKOV N A,SHOROKHOVA E A,PARROT M.Structure of the electric field of a high-power radio wave in the outer ionosphere[J].Radiophys.Quant.Elect,2013,56(6):325-343
[18]PIDDYACHIY D,INAN U S.BELL T F,et al.DEMETER observations of an intense upgoing column of ELF/VLF radiation excited by the HAARP HF heater[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113,A10308.DOI:10.1029/2008JA013208
[19]PIDDYACHIY D,BELL T F,BERTHELIER J J,INAN U S,PARROT M.DEMETER observations of the ionospheric trough over HAARP in relation to HF heating experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116,A06304.DOI:10.1029/2010 JA016128
[20]RAPOPORT V O,FROLOV V L,POLYAKOV S V,et al.VLF electromagnetic field structures in ionosphere disturbed by Sura HF heating facility[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115,A10322.DOI:10.1029/2010JA015484
[21]COHEN M B,GOL-KOWSKI M,INAN U S.Orientation of the HAARP ELF ionospheric dipole and the auroral electrojet[J],Geophys.Res.Lett,2008,35,L02806.DOI:10.1029/2007GL032424
[22]SANTOLIK O,PARROT M,LEFEUVRE F.Singular value decomposition methods for wave propagation analysis[J].Radio Sci.,2003,38(1):1010
[23]COHEN M B,GOLKOWSKI M.100 days of ELF/VLF generation via HF heating with HAARP[J].J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,2013,118.DOI:10.1002/jgra.50558
[24]STUBBE P,KOPKA H,RIETVELD M T,DOWDEN R L.ELF and VLF wave generation by modulated HF heating of the current carrying lower ionosphere[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1982,44(12):1123-1135
[25]COHEN M B,INAN U S,GOLKOWSKI M.Geometric modulation:a more effective method of steerable ELF/VLF wave generation with continuous HF heating of the lower ionosphere[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35,L12101.DOI:10.1029/2008GL034061
[26]COHEN M B,INAN U S,GOLKOWSKI M,MCCARRICK M J.ELF/VLF wave generation via ionospheric HF heating:Experimental comparison of amplitude modulation,beam painting,and geometric modulation[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115,A02302.DOI:10.1029/2009JA014410
[27]COHEN M B,INAN U S,PIDDYACHIY D,LEHTINEN N G,GOLKOWSKI M.Magnetospheric injection of ELF/VLF waves with steerable HF heating of the lower ionosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116,A06308.DOI:10.1029/2010JA016194
[28]COHEN M B,GOLKOWSKI M,LEHTINEN N G,et al.HF beam parameters in ELF/VLF wave generation via modulated heating of the ionosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A05327.DOI:10.1029/2012JA017585
[29]HAO Shuji,LI Qingliang,YANG Jutao,WU Zhengsen.Theory of ELF/VLF wave directional radiation by modulated heating of ionosphere[J].Acta Phys.Sin.,2013,62(22):229402(郝书吉,李清亮,杨巨涛,吴振森.电离层调制加热产生极低频/甚低频波定向辐射的理论分析.物理学报,2013,62(22):229402)
[30]PAPADOPOULOS K,TESFAYE B,SHROFF H,et al.F-region magnetospheric ULF generation by modulated ionospheric heating[C]//Fall Meeting 2007.San Francisco:American Geophysical Union,2007
[31]PAPADOPOULOS K.Ionospheric current drive at low frequencies[C]//Fall Meeting 2009.San Francisco:American Geophysical Union,2009
[32]PAPADOPOULOS K,GUMEROV N A,SHAO X,DOXAS I,CHANG C L.HF-driven currents in the polar ionosphere[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38,L12103.DOI:10.1029/2011GL047368
[33]ELIASSON B,CHANG C L,PAPADOPOULOS K.Generation of ELF and ULF electromagnetic waves by modulated heating of the ionospheric F_2 region[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A10320.DOI:10.1029/2012JA017935
[34]STRELTSOV A V,CHANG C L,LABENSKI J,et al.Excitation of the ionospheric Alfven resonator from the ground:theory and experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116,A10221.DOL10.1029/2011JA016680
[35]HAO Shuji,WU Zhensen,YANG Jutao,LI Qingliang.Influences of ionospheric background states on effects of ionospheric heating by powerful HF radio waves[J].J.Elect.Inf.Tech.,2013,35(6):1502-1506(郝书吉,吴振森,杨巨涛,李清亮.电离层背景状态对大功率短波加热电离层效应的影响[J].电子与信息学报,2013,35(6):1502-1506)
[36]MILIKH G M,PAPADOPOULOS K,SHROFF H,et al.Formation of artificial ionospheric ducts[J].Geophys.Res.Lett,2008,35,L17104.DOI:10.1029/2008-GL034630
[37]VARTANYAN A,MILIKH G M,MISHIN E,et al.Artificial ducts caused by HF heating of the ionosphere by HAARP[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A10307.DOI:10.1029/2012 J A017563
[38]PIDDYACHIY D.Propagation of ELF Waves Generated by an HF Ionospheric Heater in the Earth's Plasma Environment[D].California:Stanford University,2012:1-176
[39]KUZNETSOV V D,RUZHIN Y.Anthropogenic trigger of substorms and energetic particles precipitations[J].Adv.Space Res.,2014,54:2549-2558
[2]BARR R,STUBBE P,KOPHA H.Long range detection of the VLF radiation produced by heating the auroral electrojet[J].Radio Sci.,1991,26(4):871-879
[3]KUO S P,LEE M C.Generation of ELF and VLF waves by HF heater modulated polar electrojet via a thermal instability process[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1993,20(2):189-192
[4]PLATINO M,INAN U S,BELL T F,et al.DEMETER observations of ELF waves injected with the HAARP HF transmitter[J].Geophys.Res.Lett,2006,33,L16101.DOI:10.1029/2006GL026462
[5]WANG Feng,ZHAO Zhengyu,ZHANG Yuannong.Numerical modeling of ionospheric current artificial modulation at low latitude[J].Chin.J.Geophys.,2009,52(4):887-894(汪枫,赵正予,张援农.低纬地区电离层电流的人工调制数值模拟.地球物理学报,2009,52(4):887-894)
[6]TANAKA Y,LAGOUTTE G,HAYAKAWA M,LEFEUVRE F,TAJIMA S.Spectral broadening of VLF transmitter signals and sideband structure observed on Aureol3 satellite at middle latitudes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1987,92:7551-7559
[7]BELL T F,INAN U S,LAUBEN D,et al.DE-1 and COSMOS 1809 observations of lower hybrid waves excited by VLF whistler mode waves[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21(8):653-656
[8]BELL T F,INAN U S,PLATINO M,et al.CLUSTER observations of lower hybrid waves excited at high altitudes by electromagnetic whistler mode signals from the HAARP facility[J).Geophys.Res.Lett,2004,31,L06811.DOI:10.1029/2003GL018855
[9]RAPOPORT V O,FROLOV V L,KOMRAKOV G P,et al.Some results of measuring the characteristics of electromagnetic and plasma disturbances stimulated in the outer ionosphere by high-power high-frequency radio emission from the"Sura"facility[J].Radiophys.QuantElect,2007,50(8):645-656
[10]FROLOV V L,RAPOPORT V O,KOMRAKOV G P,et al.Satellite measurements of plasma-density perturbations induced in the topside ionosphere by high-power HF radio waves from the"SURA"heating facility[J].Radiophys.Quant Elect,2008,51(11):825-833
[11]CUSSAC T,CLAIR M A,ULTRE-GUERARD P,et al.The DEMETER microsatellite and ground segment[J].Planet.Space Sci.,2006,54(5):413-427
[12]BERTHELIER J J,GODEFROY M,LEBLANC F,et al.ICE,the electric field experiment on DEMETER[J].Planet.Space Sci.,2006,54(5):456-471
[13]PARROT M,BENOIST D,BERTHELIER J J,et al.The magnetic field experiment IMSC and its data processing onboard DEMETER:scientific objectives,description and first results[J].Planet Space Sci.,2006,54(5):441-455
[14]LEBRETON J P,STVERAK S,TRAVNICEK P,et al.The ISL Langmuir Probe experiment and its data processing onboard DEMETER:scientific objectives,description and first results[J].Planet.Space Sci.,2006,54(5):472-486
[15]BERTHELIER J J,GODEFROY M,LEBLANC F,et al.IAP,the thermal plasma analyzer on DEMETER[J].Planet Space Sci.,2006,54(5):487-501
[16]SAUVAUD J A,MOREAU T,MAGGIOLO R,T et al.High energy electron detection onboard DEMETER:the IDP spectrometer,description and first results on the inner belt[J].Planet Space Sci.,2006,54(5):502-511
[17]FROLOV V L,MITYAKOV N A,SHOROKHOVA E A,PARROT M.Structure of the electric field of a high-power radio wave in the outer ionosphere[J].Radiophys.Quant.Elect,2013,56(6):325-343
[18]PIDDYACHIY D,INAN U S.BELL T F,et al.DEMETER observations of an intense upgoing column of ELF/VLF radiation excited by the HAARP HF heater[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113,A10308.DOI:10.1029/2008JA013208
[19]PIDDYACHIY D,BELL T F,BERTHELIER J J,INAN U S,PARROT M.DEMETER observations of the ionospheric trough over HAARP in relation to HF heating experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116,A06304.DOI:10.1029/2010 JA016128
[20]RAPOPORT V O,FROLOV V L,POLYAKOV S V,et al.VLF electromagnetic field structures in ionosphere disturbed by Sura HF heating facility[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115,A10322.DOI:10.1029/2010JA015484
[21]COHEN M B,GOL-KOWSKI M,INAN U S.Orientation of the HAARP ELF ionospheric dipole and the auroral electrojet[J],Geophys.Res.Lett,2008,35,L02806.DOI:10.1029/2007GL032424
[22]SANTOLIK O,PARROT M,LEFEUVRE F.Singular value decomposition methods for wave propagation analysis[J].Radio Sci.,2003,38(1):1010
[23]COHEN M B,GOLKOWSKI M.100 days of ELF/VLF generation via HF heating with HAARP[J].J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,2013,118.DOI:10.1002/jgra.50558
[24]STUBBE P,KOPKA H,RIETVELD M T,DOWDEN R L.ELF and VLF wave generation by modulated HF heating of the current carrying lower ionosphere[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1982,44(12):1123-1135
[25]COHEN M B,INAN U S,GOLKOWSKI M.Geometric modulation:a more effective method of steerable ELF/VLF wave generation with continuous HF heating of the lower ionosphere[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35,L12101.DOI:10.1029/2008GL034061
[26]COHEN M B,INAN U S,GOLKOWSKI M,MCCARRICK M J.ELF/VLF wave generation via ionospheric HF heating:Experimental comparison of amplitude modulation,beam painting,and geometric modulation[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115,A02302.DOI:10.1029/2009JA014410
[27]COHEN M B,INAN U S,PIDDYACHIY D,LEHTINEN N G,GOLKOWSKI M.Magnetospheric injection of ELF/VLF waves with steerable HF heating of the lower ionosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116,A06308.DOI:10.1029/2010JA016194
[28]COHEN M B,GOLKOWSKI M,LEHTINEN N G,et al.HF beam parameters in ELF/VLF wave generation via modulated heating of the ionosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A05327.DOI:10.1029/2012JA017585
[29]HAO Shuji,LI Qingliang,YANG Jutao,WU Zhengsen.Theory of ELF/VLF wave directional radiation by modulated heating of ionosphere[J].Acta Phys.Sin.,2013,62(22):229402(郝书吉,李清亮,杨巨涛,吴振森.电离层调制加热产生极低频/甚低频波定向辐射的理论分析.物理学报,2013,62(22):229402)
[30]PAPADOPOULOS K,TESFAYE B,SHROFF H,et al.F-region magnetospheric ULF generation by modulated ionospheric heating[C]//Fall Meeting 2007.San Francisco:American Geophysical Union,2007
[31]PAPADOPOULOS K.Ionospheric current drive at low frequencies[C]//Fall Meeting 2009.San Francisco:American Geophysical Union,2009
[32]PAPADOPOULOS K,GUMEROV N A,SHAO X,DOXAS I,CHANG C L.HF-driven currents in the polar ionosphere[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38,L12103.DOI:10.1029/2011GL047368
[33]ELIASSON B,CHANG C L,PAPADOPOULOS K.Generation of ELF and ULF electromagnetic waves by modulated heating of the ionospheric F_2 region[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A10320.DOI:10.1029/2012JA017935
[34]STRELTSOV A V,CHANG C L,LABENSKI J,et al.Excitation of the ionospheric Alfven resonator from the ground:theory and experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116,A10221.DOL10.1029/2011JA016680
[35]HAO Shuji,WU Zhensen,YANG Jutao,LI Qingliang.Influences of ionospheric background states on effects of ionospheric heating by powerful HF radio waves[J].J.Elect.Inf.Tech.,2013,35(6):1502-1506(郝书吉,吴振森,杨巨涛,李清亮.电离层背景状态对大功率短波加热电离层效应的影响[J].电子与信息学报,2013,35(6):1502-1506)
[36]MILIKH G M,PAPADOPOULOS K,SHROFF H,et al.Formation of artificial ionospheric ducts[J].Geophys.Res.Lett,2008,35,L17104.DOI:10.1029/2008-GL034630
[37]VARTANYAN A,MILIKH G M,MISHIN E,et al.Artificial ducts caused by HF heating of the ionosphere by HAARP[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A10307.DOI:10.1029/2012 J A017563
[38]PIDDYACHIY D.Propagation of ELF Waves Generated by an HF Ionospheric Heater in the Earth's Plasma Environment[D].California:Stanford University,2012:1-176
[39]KUZNETSOV V D,RUZHIN Y.Anthropogenic trigger of substorms and energetic particles precipitations[J].Adv.Space Res.,2014,54:2549-2558