Woody species composition and structure of Kuandisha afromontane forest fragment in northwestern Ethiopia
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摘要
To investigate the woody species composition,diversity and structure of Kuandisha Afromontane forest,vegetation and environmental data were collected from 53 plots of 10 m 9 50 m for trees and shrubs and 265 subplots of 2 m 9 4 m for seedlings were laid along eight transect lines. The local name, scientific name, abundance,DBH, height and percentage foliage cover of species were recorded. Environmental variables, namely altitude, latitude and longitude as well as disturbance levels were also recorded in each plot. Structure, basal area, importance value index(IVI) and species prioritization were analyzed using spreadsheet programs. Correlation coefficients, frequency, relative frequency, Shannon diversity index,Shannon evenness and vegetation classification were analyzed using an R package. Sixty-six species belonging to40 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most diverse family consisting of seven species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae. In terms of habit, 29 species were trees, 28 were shrubs, and 9 were lianas. The overall Shannon diversity index was 2.5. The frequency and relative frequency of woody species with DBH C2.5 cm ranged from 1.9 to 92.5 and 0.1 to 5, respectively. Seedling density varied among species ranging from five to 9938 individuals ha-1. The total basal area of woody species having DBH C2.5 cm is 15.3 m2ha-1. The IVI of species ranged from 0.13 for Solanum giganteum Jacq. to 28.4 for Croton macrostachyus Del. The woody vegetation was classified into five community types. Species richness,diversity and evenness of communities were strongly positively correlated. On the other hand, the correlation between disturbance and seedling density, and species richness was strongly negative. Thus, among the recorded woody species, a significant portion was either lacking regeneration or selectively removed for various purposes.The lack of seedlings of those species is mainly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances particularly free grazing. As a result, 14 tree, seven shrub and one liana species were prioritized for conservation and management interventions.
To investigate the woody species composition,diversity and structure of Kuandisha Afromontane forest,vegetation and environmental data were collected from 53 plots of 10 m 9 50 m for trees and shrubs and 265 subplots of 2 m 9 4 m for seedlings were laid along eight transect lines. The local name, scientific name, abundance,DBH, height and percentage foliage cover of species were recorded. Environmental variables, namely altitude, latitude and longitude as well as disturbance levels were also recorded in each plot. Structure, basal area, importance value index(IVI) and species prioritization were analyzed using spreadsheet programs. Correlation coefficients, frequency, relative frequency, Shannon diversity index,Shannon evenness and vegetation classification were analyzed using an R package. Sixty-six species belonging to40 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most diverse family consisting of seven species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae. In terms of habit, 29 species were trees, 28 were shrubs, and 9 were lianas. The overall Shannon diversity index was 2.5. The frequency and relative frequency of woody species with DBH C2.5 cm ranged from 1.9 to 92.5 and 0.1 to 5, respectively. Seedling density varied among species ranging from five to 9938 individuals ha-1. The total basal area of woody species having DBH C2.5 cm is 15.3 m2ha-1. The IVI of species ranged from 0.13 for Solanum giganteum Jacq. to 28.4 for Croton macrostachyus Del. The woody vegetation was classified into five community types. Species richness,diversity and evenness of communities were strongly positively correlated. On the other hand, the correlation between disturbance and seedling density, and species richness was strongly negative. Thus, among the recorded woody species, a significant portion was either lacking regeneration or selectively removed for various purposes.The lack of seedlings of those species is mainly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances particularly free grazing. As a result, 14 tree, seven shrub and one liana species were prioritized for conservation and management interventions.
To investigate the woody species composition,diversity and structure of Kuandisha Afromontane forest,vegetation and environmental data were collected from 53 plots of 10 m 9 50 m for trees and shrubs and 265 subplots of 2 m 9 4 m for seedlings were laid along eight transect lines. The local name, scientific name, abundance,DBH, height and percentage foliage cover of species were recorded. Environmental variables, namely altitude, latitude and longitude as well as disturbance levels were also recorded in each plot. Structure, basal area, importance value index(IVI) and species prioritization were analyzed using spreadsheet programs. Correlation coefficients, frequency, relative frequency, Shannon diversity index,Shannon evenness and vegetation classification were analyzed using an R package. Sixty-six species belonging to40 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most diverse family consisting of seven species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae. In terms of habit, 29 species were trees, 28 were shrubs, and 9 were lianas. The overall Shannon diversity index was 2.5. The frequency and relative frequency of woody species with DBH C2.5 cm ranged from 1.9 to 92.5 and 0.1 to 5, respectively. Seedling density varied among species ranging from five to 9938 individuals ha-1. The total basal area of woody species having DBH C2.5 cm is 15.3 m2ha-1. The IVI of species ranged from 0.13 for Solanum giganteum Jacq. to 28.4 for Croton macrostachyus Del. The woody vegetation was classified into five community types. Species richness,diversity and evenness of communities were strongly positively correlated. On the other hand, the correlation between disturbance and seedling density, and species richness was strongly negative. Thus, among the recorded woody species, a significant portion was either lacking regeneration or selectively removed for various purposes.The lack of seedlings of those species is mainly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances particularly free grazing. As a result, 14 tree, seven shrub and one liana species were prioritized for conservation and management interventions.
引文
Alelign A,Teketay D,Yemshaw Y,Edwards S(2007)Diversity an status of regeneration of woody plants on the Peninsula of Zegie northwestern Ethiopia.Trop Ecol 48(1):37-49
Awas T,Bekele T,Demissew S(2001)An ecological study of th vegetation of Gambella region,southwestern Ethiopia.SINET24(2):213-228
Ayalew A(2003)A floristic composition and structural analysis of th Denkoro Forest,south Wello.MSc Thesis,Addis Abab University,Addis Ababa pp 1-92
Bamps P(1989)Araliaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards S(eds)Flora o Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.3):Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae.Th National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 532-547
Bantiwalu S(2010)Floristic composition,structure and regeneration status of plant species in Sanka Meda Forest,Guna District,Ars Zone of Oromia Region,Southeast Ethiopia.M.Sc.Thesis Addis Ababa University,Addis Ababa pp 1-117
Beche D(2011)Floristic composition,diversity and structure o woody plant species in Menagesha Suba State Forest,Centra Ethiopia.MSc.Thesis.Addis Ababa University,Addis Abab pp 1-61
Bekele T(1993)Vegetation ecology of remnant Afromontane forest on the central plateau of Shewa,Ethiopia.Ph.D.Dissertation Opulus press,Uppsala pp 1-64
Bekele T(2005)Recruitment,survival and growth of Olea europaea subsp.cuspidata seedlings and juveniles in dry Afromontan forests of northern Ethiopia.Trop Ecol 46(1):113-126
Bekele T,Haase H,Soromessa T(1999)Forest genetic resources o Ethiopia:status and proposed actions.In:Edwards S,Demissi A,Bekele T,Haase G(eds)Proceedings of Forest Geneti Resources Conservation:principles,strategies and actions Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research,Addi Ababa,pp 49-72
Brown JH,Lomolino MV(1998)Biogeography,2nd edn.Courie Companies,Sunderland,pp 1-704
Dalle G(2015)Floristic composition,population structure an conservation status of woody species in Shashemene-Muness Natural Forest,Ethiopia.Ethiop J Biodivers 1(1):21-44
Dalle G,Fetene M(2004)Gap-fillers in Munessa-Shashemene forest Ethiop J Biol Sci 3:1-14
DCR-DNH(2011)Outline of procedures for data collection using th standard DCR-DNH plot form.Virginia Department of Conser vation and Recreation/Division of Natural Heritage,Richmond pp 1-15
Demissew S,Friis I(2009)Natural vegetation of the flora area.In Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritre(vol.8).General part and index to volumes 1-7.The Nationa Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 27-32
Edwards S,Demissew S,Tadesse M,Hedberg I(1995)Flora o Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.2:1):Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-532
Edwards S,Demissew S,Hedberg I(1997)Flora of Ethiopia an Eritrea(vol.6):Hydrocharitaceae to Arecaceae.The Nationa Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-586
Friis I(2009)Cupressaceae.In:Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(eds Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.1):Lycopodiaceae t Pinaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 193-199
Friis I,Demissew S,Breugel PV(2010)Atlas of the potentia vegetation of Ethiopia.The Royal Danish Acadamy of Science and Letters(Natural habitats),Addis Ababa,pp 1-307
Gemechu D(1977)Aspects of climate and water budget in Ethiopia Addis Ababa University,Addis Ababa,pp 1-71
Gilbert MG(1995)Euphorbiaceae.In:Edwards S,Tadesse MHedberg I(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.2-2)Canellaceae to Euphorbiaceae.The National Herbarium,Addi Ababa,pp 265-380
Green P(2003)Oleaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards S,Nemomissa S(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.4-1):Apiaceae t Dipsacaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 79-87
GSE(2010)Geology of Ethiopia.Ethiopian Ministry of Mines an Geological Survey of Ethiopia,Addis Ababa,pp 1-3
GTZ(2003)Forest Inventory report for Zege Peninsula,Kibra Gebriel and Daga Estifanos monasteries,Lake Tana.Addis GTZIBCR Forest Genetic Resources Conservation Project,Institut of Biodiversity Conservation and Research,Ababa,pp 1-24
Hedberg I(1989)Rosaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards S(eds)Flora o Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol 3):Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae.Th National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 31-45
Hedberg I,Edwards S,Nemomissa S.2003.Flora of Ethiopia an Eritrea(vol 4-1):Apiaceae to Dipsacaceae.Addis Ababa an Uppsala:The National Herbarium,p.1-352
Hedberg I,Kelbessa E,Edwards S,Demissew S,Persson E(2006Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.5):Gentianaceae t Cyclocheilaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa pp 1-690
Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(2009a)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritre(vol.1):Lycopodiaceae to Pinaceae.The National Herbarium Addis Ababa,pp 1-305
Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(2009b)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea General part and index to volumes 1-7(vol.8).The Nationa Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-331
Kent M,Coker P(1992)Vegetation description and analysis.Apractical approach.Wiley,New York,pp 1-363
Kharkwal GP,Mehrotra P,Rawat YS,Pangtey YPS(2007)Phyto diversity and growth form in relation to altitudinal gradient in th central Himalayan(Kumaun)region of India.Curr Sc89(5):873-878
Krebs CJ(1999)Ecological methodology.Addison Wiseley Long man,New York,pp 1-694
Laurance WF(2008)Theory meets reality:how habitat fragmentation research has transcended Island Biogeographic Theory.Bio Conserv 141:1731-1744
Laurance WF,Ferreira LV,Merona JM,Laurance SG(1998)Rai forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tre communities.Ecology 79(6):2032-2040
Laurance WF,Camargo WFJ,Luiza?o RCC,Laurance SG,Pimmd SLBruna EM,Stouffer PC,Williamson GB,Ben?′tez-Malvido JVasconcelos HL,Houtan KSV,Zartman CE,Boyle SADidhamm RK,Andrade A,Lovejoy TE(2010)The fate o Amazonian forest fragments:a 32-year investigation.Bio Conserv 44(1):56-67
Leeuwenberg AJM(2003)Apocynaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards SNemomissa S(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol 4-1)Apiaceae to Dipsacaceae.The National Herbarium,Addi Ababa,pp 87-98
Maguran AE(1988)Ecological diversity and its measurement Princeton University Press,Princeton,pp 1-177
Maria EJ,Miquel R,Javier R(1995)Patterns of seedling recruitmen in West-Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests influenced by canopy development.J Veg Sci 6:465-472
?kland RH(1990)Vegetation ecology:theory,methods and appli cation with reference to Fennoscandia.University of Oslo,Oslo pp 1-233 Sommerfeltia Suppl
Oksanen J,Blanchet FG,Kindt R,Legendre P,Minchin PR,O’Har RB,Simpson GL,Solymos P,Henry M,Stevens H,Wagner H(2014)Vegan:community ecology package.R package versio2.0-7.http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
R Core Team(2014)R:a language and environment for statistica computing.R foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna http://www.R-project.org
Scheibler D,Schneider W(1985)Monte Car Ro tests of the accuracy of cluster analysis algorithms:a comparison of hierarchical an nonhierarchical methods.Multivar Behav Res 20:283-304
Singh W(2008)Robustness of three hierarchical agglomerativ clustering techniques for ecological data.MSc.Thesis.Univer sity of Iceland,Reykjavik pp 1-100
Stirling G,Wilsey B(2001)Empirical relationships between specie richness,evenness,and proportional diversity.Am Na158(3):286-299
Tadele D,Lulekal E,Damtie D,Assefa A(2014)Floristic diversit and regeneration status of woody plants in Zengena forest,remnant montane forest patch in northwestern Ethiopia.J Fo Res 25(2):329-336
Tadesse M(2004)Asteraceae(Compositae).In:Hedberg I,Friis IEdwards S(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea,vol(vol 4-2).Th National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-408
Teketay D(2005a)Seed and regeneration ecology in dry Afromon tane forests of Ethiopia:I.Seed production-population struc tures.J Trop Ecol 46(1):29-44
Teketay D(2005b)Seed and regeneration ecology in dry Afromon tane forests of Ethiopia:II.Forest disturbances and succession J Trop Ecol 46(1):45-64
Teketay D,Bekele T(1995)Floristic composition of Wof-Wash natural forest,central Ethiopia:implications for the conservatio of biodiversity.Feddes Repert 106:127-147
Tesfaye G,Berhanu A(2006)Regeneration of indigenous wood species in the understory of exotic tree plantations in south western Ethiopia.Ethiop J Biol Sci 5(1):31-43
Vollesen K(1995)Sterculiaceae.In:Edwards S,Tadesse M,Hedber I(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol 2-2):Canellaceae t Euphorbiaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa pp 165-185
Wassie A,Teketay D,Powell N(2005)Church forests in nort Gonder administrative zone,northern Ethiopia.For Tree Livelihoods 15:349-373
Wassie A,Sterck FJ,Teketay D,Bongers F(2009)Effects o livestock exclusion on tree regeneration in Church forests o Ethiopia.For Ecol Manag 257:765-772
Woldu Z(1999)Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and thei status in the geographical context.In:Edwards S,Demissie ABekele T,Haase G(eds)forest genetic resources conservation principles,strategies and actions.Proceedings of the Nationa Forest Genetic Resources Conservation Strategy Developmen Workshop.Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research Addis Ababa,pp 1-38
Woldu Z(2014)Comprehensive analysis of vegetation and ecologica data:concepts and methods.Addis Ababa University Press Addis Ababa,pp 1-386
Yalden DW(1983)The extent of high ground in Ethiopia compare to the rest of Africa.SINET 6:35-39
Yineger H,Kelbessa E,Bekele T,Lulekal E(2008)Floristi composition and structure of the dry Afromontane forest at Bal Mountains National Park,Ethiopia.SINET 31(2):103-120
Zegeye H,Teketay D,Kelbessa E(2011)Diversity and regeneratio status of woody species in Tara Gedam and Abebaye forests northwestern Ethiopia.J For Res 22(3):315-328
Zewdie A(2007)Comparative floristic study on Menagesha Sub state forest on years 1980 and 2006.M.Sc.Thesis.Addis Abab University,Addis Ababa,pp 1-88
Awas T,Bekele T,Demissew S(2001)An ecological study of th vegetation of Gambella region,southwestern Ethiopia.SINET24(2):213-228
Ayalew A(2003)A floristic composition and structural analysis of th Denkoro Forest,south Wello.MSc Thesis,Addis Abab University,Addis Ababa pp 1-92
Bamps P(1989)Araliaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards S(eds)Flora o Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.3):Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae.Th National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 532-547
Bantiwalu S(2010)Floristic composition,structure and regeneration status of plant species in Sanka Meda Forest,Guna District,Ars Zone of Oromia Region,Southeast Ethiopia.M.Sc.Thesis Addis Ababa University,Addis Ababa pp 1-117
Beche D(2011)Floristic composition,diversity and structure o woody plant species in Menagesha Suba State Forest,Centra Ethiopia.MSc.Thesis.Addis Ababa University,Addis Abab pp 1-61
Bekele T(1993)Vegetation ecology of remnant Afromontane forest on the central plateau of Shewa,Ethiopia.Ph.D.Dissertation Opulus press,Uppsala pp 1-64
Bekele T(2005)Recruitment,survival and growth of Olea europaea subsp.cuspidata seedlings and juveniles in dry Afromontan forests of northern Ethiopia.Trop Ecol 46(1):113-126
Bekele T,Haase H,Soromessa T(1999)Forest genetic resources o Ethiopia:status and proposed actions.In:Edwards S,Demissi A,Bekele T,Haase G(eds)Proceedings of Forest Geneti Resources Conservation:principles,strategies and actions Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research,Addi Ababa,pp 49-72
Brown JH,Lomolino MV(1998)Biogeography,2nd edn.Courie Companies,Sunderland,pp 1-704
Dalle G(2015)Floristic composition,population structure an conservation status of woody species in Shashemene-Muness Natural Forest,Ethiopia.Ethiop J Biodivers 1(1):21-44
Dalle G,Fetene M(2004)Gap-fillers in Munessa-Shashemene forest Ethiop J Biol Sci 3:1-14
DCR-DNH(2011)Outline of procedures for data collection using th standard DCR-DNH plot form.Virginia Department of Conser vation and Recreation/Division of Natural Heritage,Richmond pp 1-15
Demissew S,Friis I(2009)Natural vegetation of the flora area.In Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritre(vol.8).General part and index to volumes 1-7.The Nationa Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 27-32
Edwards S,Demissew S,Tadesse M,Hedberg I(1995)Flora o Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.2:1):Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-532
Edwards S,Demissew S,Hedberg I(1997)Flora of Ethiopia an Eritrea(vol.6):Hydrocharitaceae to Arecaceae.The Nationa Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-586
Friis I(2009)Cupressaceae.In:Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(eds Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.1):Lycopodiaceae t Pinaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 193-199
Friis I,Demissew S,Breugel PV(2010)Atlas of the potentia vegetation of Ethiopia.The Royal Danish Acadamy of Science and Letters(Natural habitats),Addis Ababa,pp 1-307
Gemechu D(1977)Aspects of climate and water budget in Ethiopia Addis Ababa University,Addis Ababa,pp 1-71
Gilbert MG(1995)Euphorbiaceae.In:Edwards S,Tadesse MHedberg I(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.2-2)Canellaceae to Euphorbiaceae.The National Herbarium,Addi Ababa,pp 265-380
Green P(2003)Oleaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards S,Nemomissa S(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.4-1):Apiaceae t Dipsacaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 79-87
GSE(2010)Geology of Ethiopia.Ethiopian Ministry of Mines an Geological Survey of Ethiopia,Addis Ababa,pp 1-3
GTZ(2003)Forest Inventory report for Zege Peninsula,Kibra Gebriel and Daga Estifanos monasteries,Lake Tana.Addis GTZIBCR Forest Genetic Resources Conservation Project,Institut of Biodiversity Conservation and Research,Ababa,pp 1-24
Hedberg I(1989)Rosaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards S(eds)Flora o Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol 3):Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae.Th National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 31-45
Hedberg I,Edwards S,Nemomissa S.2003.Flora of Ethiopia an Eritrea(vol 4-1):Apiaceae to Dipsacaceae.Addis Ababa an Uppsala:The National Herbarium,p.1-352
Hedberg I,Kelbessa E,Edwards S,Demissew S,Persson E(2006Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol.5):Gentianaceae t Cyclocheilaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa pp 1-690
Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(2009a)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritre(vol.1):Lycopodiaceae to Pinaceae.The National Herbarium Addis Ababa,pp 1-305
Hedberg I,Friis I,Persson E(2009b)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea General part and index to volumes 1-7(vol.8).The Nationa Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-331
Kent M,Coker P(1992)Vegetation description and analysis.Apractical approach.Wiley,New York,pp 1-363
Kharkwal GP,Mehrotra P,Rawat YS,Pangtey YPS(2007)Phyto diversity and growth form in relation to altitudinal gradient in th central Himalayan(Kumaun)region of India.Curr Sc89(5):873-878
Krebs CJ(1999)Ecological methodology.Addison Wiseley Long man,New York,pp 1-694
Laurance WF(2008)Theory meets reality:how habitat fragmentation research has transcended Island Biogeographic Theory.Bio Conserv 141:1731-1744
Laurance WF,Ferreira LV,Merona JM,Laurance SG(1998)Rai forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tre communities.Ecology 79(6):2032-2040
Laurance WF,Camargo WFJ,Luiza?o RCC,Laurance SG,Pimmd SLBruna EM,Stouffer PC,Williamson GB,Ben?′tez-Malvido JVasconcelos HL,Houtan KSV,Zartman CE,Boyle SADidhamm RK,Andrade A,Lovejoy TE(2010)The fate o Amazonian forest fragments:a 32-year investigation.Bio Conserv 44(1):56-67
Leeuwenberg AJM(2003)Apocynaceae.In:Hedberg I,Edwards SNemomissa S(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol 4-1)Apiaceae to Dipsacaceae.The National Herbarium,Addi Ababa,pp 87-98
Maguran AE(1988)Ecological diversity and its measurement Princeton University Press,Princeton,pp 1-177
Maria EJ,Miquel R,Javier R(1995)Patterns of seedling recruitmen in West-Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests influenced by canopy development.J Veg Sci 6:465-472
?kland RH(1990)Vegetation ecology:theory,methods and appli cation with reference to Fennoscandia.University of Oslo,Oslo pp 1-233 Sommerfeltia Suppl
Oksanen J,Blanchet FG,Kindt R,Legendre P,Minchin PR,O’Har RB,Simpson GL,Solymos P,Henry M,Stevens H,Wagner H(2014)Vegan:community ecology package.R package versio2.0-7.http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
R Core Team(2014)R:a language and environment for statistica computing.R foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna http://www.R-project.org
Scheibler D,Schneider W(1985)Monte Car Ro tests of the accuracy of cluster analysis algorithms:a comparison of hierarchical an nonhierarchical methods.Multivar Behav Res 20:283-304
Singh W(2008)Robustness of three hierarchical agglomerativ clustering techniques for ecological data.MSc.Thesis.Univer sity of Iceland,Reykjavik pp 1-100
Stirling G,Wilsey B(2001)Empirical relationships between specie richness,evenness,and proportional diversity.Am Na158(3):286-299
Tadele D,Lulekal E,Damtie D,Assefa A(2014)Floristic diversit and regeneration status of woody plants in Zengena forest,remnant montane forest patch in northwestern Ethiopia.J Fo Res 25(2):329-336
Tadesse M(2004)Asteraceae(Compositae).In:Hedberg I,Friis IEdwards S(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea,vol(vol 4-2).Th National Herbarium,Addis Ababa,pp 1-408
Teketay D(2005a)Seed and regeneration ecology in dry Afromon tane forests of Ethiopia:I.Seed production-population struc tures.J Trop Ecol 46(1):29-44
Teketay D(2005b)Seed and regeneration ecology in dry Afromon tane forests of Ethiopia:II.Forest disturbances and succession J Trop Ecol 46(1):45-64
Teketay D,Bekele T(1995)Floristic composition of Wof-Wash natural forest,central Ethiopia:implications for the conservatio of biodiversity.Feddes Repert 106:127-147
Tesfaye G,Berhanu A(2006)Regeneration of indigenous wood species in the understory of exotic tree plantations in south western Ethiopia.Ethiop J Biol Sci 5(1):31-43
Vollesen K(1995)Sterculiaceae.In:Edwards S,Tadesse M,Hedber I(eds)Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(vol 2-2):Canellaceae t Euphorbiaceae.The National Herbarium,Addis Ababa pp 165-185
Wassie A,Teketay D,Powell N(2005)Church forests in nort Gonder administrative zone,northern Ethiopia.For Tree Livelihoods 15:349-373
Wassie A,Sterck FJ,Teketay D,Bongers F(2009)Effects o livestock exclusion on tree regeneration in Church forests o Ethiopia.For Ecol Manag 257:765-772
Woldu Z(1999)Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and thei status in the geographical context.In:Edwards S,Demissie ABekele T,Haase G(eds)forest genetic resources conservation principles,strategies and actions.Proceedings of the Nationa Forest Genetic Resources Conservation Strategy Developmen Workshop.Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research Addis Ababa,pp 1-38
Woldu Z(2014)Comprehensive analysis of vegetation and ecologica data:concepts and methods.Addis Ababa University Press Addis Ababa,pp 1-386
Yalden DW(1983)The extent of high ground in Ethiopia compare to the rest of Africa.SINET 6:35-39
Yineger H,Kelbessa E,Bekele T,Lulekal E(2008)Floristi composition and structure of the dry Afromontane forest at Bal Mountains National Park,Ethiopia.SINET 31(2):103-120
Zegeye H,Teketay D,Kelbessa E(2011)Diversity and regeneratio status of woody species in Tara Gedam and Abebaye forests northwestern Ethiopia.J For Res 22(3):315-328
Zewdie A(2007)Comparative floristic study on Menagesha Sub state forest on years 1980 and 2006.M.Sc.Thesis.Addis Abab University,Addis Ababa,pp 1-88