Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:A case report and literature review
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摘要
Rationale: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum is rarely reported in immunocompetent hosts.Patient concerns: A 59 year old male patient complained of painful soft tissue swellings and fever for two days.Diagnosis: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum. Interventions: Initial antimicrobial therapy with imipenem and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was switched to 6 weeks of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, linezolid and tigecycline after sensitivity test results were available. Thereafter, the patient was switched to maintenance trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and moxifloxacin. Prednisolone was gradually tapered.Outcomes: Soft tissue swelling and pain disappeared and the patient was discharged uneventfully.Lessons: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum should be suspected in immunocompetent hosts with risk factors such as medication with prednisolone. Early identification of the causative species and susceptibility results is crucial given the diverse resistance patterns amongst various Nocardia species.
Rationale: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum is rarely reported in immunocompetent hosts.Patient concerns: A 59 year old male patient complained of painful soft tissue swellings and fever for two days.Diagnosis: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum. Interventions: Initial antimicrobial therapy with imipenem and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was switched to 6 weeks of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, linezolid and tigecycline after sensitivity test results were available. Thereafter, the patient was switched to maintenance trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and moxifloxacin. Prednisolone was gradually tapered.Outcomes: Soft tissue swelling and pain disappeared and the patient was discharged uneventfully.Lessons: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum should be suspected in immunocompetent hosts with risk factors such as medication with prednisolone. Early identification of the causative species and susceptibility results is crucial given the diverse resistance patterns amongst various Nocardia species.
Rationale: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum is rarely reported in immunocompetent hosts.Patient concerns: A 59 year old male patient complained of painful soft tissue swellings and fever for two days.Diagnosis: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum. Interventions: Initial antimicrobial therapy with imipenem and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was switched to 6 weeks of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, linezolid and tigecycline after sensitivity test results were available. Thereafter, the patient was switched to maintenance trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and moxifloxacin. Prednisolone was gradually tapered.Outcomes: Soft tissue swelling and pain disappeared and the patient was discharged uneventfully.Lessons: Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum should be suspected in immunocompetent hosts with risk factors such as medication with prednisolone. Early identification of the causative species and susceptibility results is crucial given the diverse resistance patterns amongst various Nocardia species.
引文
[1]Brown-Elliott BA,Brown JM,Conville PS,Wallace RJ Jr.Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp.based on current molecular taxonomy.Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19(2):259-282.
[2]Conville PS,Brown-Elliot BA,Smith T,Zelazny AM.The complexities of Nocardia taxonomy and identification.J Clin Microbiol 2017;56(1):e01419-17.
[3]Marin M,Ruiz A,Iglesias C,Quiroga L,Cercenado E,Martin-Rabadan P,et al.Identification of Nocardia species from clinical isolates using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.Clin Microbiol Infect 2018;24(12):1342.e5-1342.e8.
[4]Xiao M,Pang L,Chen SC,Fan X,Zhang L,Li HX,et al.Accurate identification of common pathogenic Norcadia species:Evaluation of a multilocus sequence analysis platform and matrix-assisted laser desorption isonization-time of flight mass spectrometry.PLoS One2016;11(1):e0147487.
[5]Princess I,Ebenezer R,Ramakrishnan N,Nandini S.Pulmonary nocardiosis and scrub typhus in an immunocompromised host.J Glob Infect Dis 2018;10(2):108-111.
[6]Thirouvengadame S,Muthusamy S,Balaji VK,Easow JM.Unfolding of a clinically suspected case of pulmonary tuberculosis.J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11(8):1-3.
[7]Liu C,Feng M,Zhu J,Tao Y,Kang M,Chen L.Severe pneumonia due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum identified by mass spectrometry in a cotton farmer.A case report and literature review.Medicine(Baltimore)2017;96(13):e6526.
[8]Sadamatsu H,Takahashi K,Tashiro H,Komiya K,Nakamura T,Sueoka-Aragane N.Successful treatment of pulmonary nocardiosis with fluoroquinolone in bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis.Respirol Case Rep 2017;5(3):e00229.
[9]Mahgoub A,Gumaa SA,Joseph MR,Saleh MS,Elsheikh AH,Elkhalifa Al,et al.Pulmonary nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an adult asthmatic female patient:The presence of acid-fast branching filaments is always significant.S Afr Med J 2016;107(1):43-45.
[10]Jiang Y,Huang A,Fang Q.Disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an immunocompetent host:A case report and literature review.Exp Ther Med 2016;12(5):3339-3346.
[11]Deepa R,Banu ST,Jayalakshmi G,Parveen JD.Pleuropulmonary nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a debilitated host.Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2016;59(2):240-242.
[12]Eren E,Ulu-Kilic A,Atalay A,DemiraslanH,Parkan O,Koc N.Report of an immunocompetent case with disseminated infection due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Infez Med 2016;24(1):71-76.
[13]Ishihara M,Takada D,Sugimoto K,Oguro H,Gonoi T,Akiyama Y,et al.Primary brain abscess caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.Intern Med 2014;53(17):2007-2012.
[14]Huang CH,Hsueh PR,Chen YH.Empyema thoracis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2015;48(5):580-581.
[15]Shahapur PR,Peerapur BV,Honnutagi RM,Biradar MS.Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Acase report and review of literature.J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014;5(1):197-201.
[16]Taj-Aldeen SJ,Deshmukh A,Doiphode S,Wahab AA,Allangawi M,Almuzrkchi A,et al.Molecular identification and susceptibility pattern of clinical Nocardia species:Emergence of Nocardia crassostreae as an agent of invasive nocardiosis.Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2013;24(2):e33-e38.
[17]Ramamoorthi K,Pruthvi BC,Rao NR,Belle J,Chawla K.Pulmonary nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an immunocompetent host-A rare case report.Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011;4(5):414-416.
[18]Betran A,Villuendas MC,Rezusta A,Moles B,Rubio MC,Revillo MJ,et al.Cavitatory pneumonia caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.Braz J Microbiol 2010;41(2):329-332.
[19]Tan CK,Lai CC,Lin SH,Liao CH,Chou CH,Hsu HL,et al.Clinical and microbiological characteristics of Nocardiosis including those caused by emerging Nocardia species in Taiwan,1998-2008.Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16(7):966-972.193
[20]Reddy AK,Garg P,Kaur I.Speciation and susceptibility of Nocardia isolated from ocular infections.Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16(8):1168-1171.
[21]Minero MV,Marin M,Cercenado E,Rabadan PM,Bouza E,Munoz P.Nocardiosis at the turn of the century.Medicine(Baltimore)2009;88(4):250-261.
[22]Chawla K,Mukhopadhyay C,Payyanur P,Bairy I.Pulmonary nocardiosis from a tertiary care hospital in Southern India.Trop Doct2009;39(3):163-165.
[23]Pelaez AI,Garcia-Suarez MDM,Manteca A,Melon O,Aranaz C,Cimadevilla R,et al.A fatal case of Nocardia otitidiscaviarum pulmonary infection and brain abscess:Taxonomic characterization by molecular techniques.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2009;8:11.
[24]Maraki S,Scoulica E,Nioti E,Tselentis Y.Nocardial infection in Crete,Greece:Review of fifteen cases from 2003 to 2007.Scan J Infect Dis 2009;41(2):122-127.
[25]Thoms KM,Zimmermann O,Schupp P,Thoms S,Emmert S.Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Cause of long-term cutaneous abscesses on the leg of an immunocompetent man.Arch Dermatol 2007;143(8):1086-1087.
[26]Munoz J,Mirelis B,Aragon LM,Gutierrez N,Sanchez F,Espanol M,et al.Clinical and microbiological features of nocardiosis 1997-2003.JMed Microbiol 2007;56(Pt 4):545-550.
[27]Bonifaz A,Flores P,Saul A,Carrasco-Gerard E,Ponce RM.Treatment of actinomycetoma due to Nocardia spp.with amoxicillin-clavulanate.Br J Dermatol 2007;156(2):308-311.
[28]Fabre S,Gibert C,Lechiche C,Jorgensen C,Sany J.Primary cutaneous Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab.J Rheumatol 2005;32(12):2432-2433.
[29]Yoshida K,Bandoh S,Fujita J,Tokuda M,Negayama K,Ishida T.Pyothorax caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a patient with rheumatoid vasculitis.Intern Med 2004;43(7):615-619.
[30]Hemmersbach-Miller M,Martel AC,Benítez AB,Sosa AO.Brain abscess due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Report of a case and review.Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36(5):381-384.
[31]Kageyama A,Yazawa K,Ishikawa J,Hotta K,Nishimura K,Mikami Y.Nocardial infections in Japan from 1992 to 2001,including the first report of infection by Nocardia transvalensis.Eur J Epidemiol 2004;19(4):383-389.
[32]Sharma M,Gilbert BC,Benz RL,Santoro J.Disseminated Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in a woman with sickle cell anemia and endstage renal disease.Am J Med Sci 2007;333(6):372-375.
[33]Shivaprakash MR,Rao P,Mandal J,Biswal M,Gupta S,Ray P,et al.Nocardiosis in a tertiary care hospital in North India and review of patients reported from India.Mycopathologia 2007;163(5):267-274.
[34]Dikensoy O,Filiz A,Bayram N,Balci I,Zer Y,Celik G,et al.194First report of pulmonary Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in an immunocompetent patient from Turkey.Int J Clin Pract 2004;58(2):210-213.
[35]Wada A,Matsuda S,Kubota H,Miura H,Iwamoto Y.Primary lymphocutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.Hand Surg 2002;7(2):285-287.
[36]Mari B,Monton C,Mariscal D,Lujan M,Sala M,Domingo C.Pulmonary nocardiosis:Clinical experience in ten cases.Respiration2001;68(4):382-388.
[37]Saarinen KA,Lestringant GG,Czechowski J,Frossard PM.Cutaneous nocardiosis of the chest wall and pleura-10-year consequences of a hand actinomycetoma.Dermatology 2001;202(2):131-133.
[38]Duran E,Lopez L,Martinez A,Comunas F,Boiron P,Rubio MC.Primary brain abscess with Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an intravenous drug abuser.J Med Microbiol 2001;50(1):101-103.
[39]Hartmann A,Halvorsen CE,Jenssen T,Bjorneklett A,Brekke IB,Bakke SJ,et al.Intracerebral abscess caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a renal transplant patient-cured by evacuation plus antibiotic therapy.Nephron 2000;86(1):79-83.
[40]Taniguchi H,Mukae H,Ashitani J,Ihi T,Sakamoto A,Kohno S,et al.Pulmonary Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in a patient with chronic respiratory infection.Intern Med 1998;37(10):872-876.
[41]Sandre RM,Summerbell RC.Disseminated Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a patient with AIDS.Can J Infect Dis 1997;8(6):347-350.
[42]Mereghetti L,van der Mee-Marquet N,Dubost AF,Boiron P.Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection of a traumatic skin wound.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;16(5):383-384.
[43]Freland C,Fur JL,Nemirovsky-Trebucq B,Lelong P,Boiron P.Primary cutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:two cases and a review of the literature.J Trop Med Hyg 1995;98(6):395-403.
[44]Poonwan N,Kusum M,Mikami Y,Yazawa K,Tanaka Y,Gonoi T,et al.Pathogenic Nocardia isolated from clinical specimens including those of AIDS patients in Thailand.Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11(5):507-512.
[45]Suzuki Y,Toyama K,Utsugi K,Yazawa K,Mikami Y,Fujita M,et al.Primary lymphocutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:the first case report from Japan.J Dermatol 1995;22(5):344-347.
[46]Clark NM,Braun DK,Pasternak A,Chenoweth CE.Primary cutaneous Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection:Case report and review.Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(5):1266-1270.
[47]Castelli L,Zlotnik H,Ponti R,Vidotto V.First reported Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in an AIDS patient in Italy.Mycopathologia1994;126(3):131-136.
[48]Wei M,Wang P,Qu J,Li R,Liu Y,Gu L,et al.Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Nocardia species in a tertiary hospital in China.J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017;11:183-187.
[49]Hakawi AM,Al Rabiah FA.Clinical pattern of nocardiosis in Saudi Arabia:A case series.East Mediterr Health J 2018;14(4):966-971.
[50]Mc Taggart LR,Doucet J,Witkowska M,Richardson SE.Antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical Nocardia species identified by multilocus sequence analysis.Antimicrob Agents Chermother 2015;59(1):269-275.
[51]Lai CC,Liu WL,Ko WC,Chen YH,Tan HR,Huang YT,et al.Multicenter study in Taiwan of the in vitro activities of nemonoxacin,tigecycline,doripenem,and other antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of various Nocardia species.Antimicrob Agents Chermother2011;55(5):2084-2091.
[52]Hashemi-Shahraki A,Heidarieh P,Bostanabad SZ,Hashemzadeh M,Feizabadi MM,Schraufnagel D,et al.Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Nocardia species among patients with nocardiosis.Sci Rep 2015;5:17862.
[53]Valdezate S,Garrido N,Carrasco G,Medina-Pascual MJ,Villalon P,Navarro AM,et al.Epidemiology and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of the main Nocardia species in Spain.J Antimicrob Chemother2017;72:754-761.
[54]Lalitha P,Tiwari M,Prajna M,Gilpin C,Prakash K,Srinivasan M.Nocadia keratitis:Species,drug sensitivities,and clinical correlation.Cornea 2007;26(3):255-259.
[2]Conville PS,Brown-Elliot BA,Smith T,Zelazny AM.The complexities of Nocardia taxonomy and identification.J Clin Microbiol 2017;56(1):e01419-17.
[3]Marin M,Ruiz A,Iglesias C,Quiroga L,Cercenado E,Martin-Rabadan P,et al.Identification of Nocardia species from clinical isolates using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.Clin Microbiol Infect 2018;24(12):1342.e5-1342.e8.
[4]Xiao M,Pang L,Chen SC,Fan X,Zhang L,Li HX,et al.Accurate identification of common pathogenic Norcadia species:Evaluation of a multilocus sequence analysis platform and matrix-assisted laser desorption isonization-time of flight mass spectrometry.PLoS One2016;11(1):e0147487.
[5]Princess I,Ebenezer R,Ramakrishnan N,Nandini S.Pulmonary nocardiosis and scrub typhus in an immunocompromised host.J Glob Infect Dis 2018;10(2):108-111.
[6]Thirouvengadame S,Muthusamy S,Balaji VK,Easow JM.Unfolding of a clinically suspected case of pulmonary tuberculosis.J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11(8):1-3.
[7]Liu C,Feng M,Zhu J,Tao Y,Kang M,Chen L.Severe pneumonia due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum identified by mass spectrometry in a cotton farmer.A case report and literature review.Medicine(Baltimore)2017;96(13):e6526.
[8]Sadamatsu H,Takahashi K,Tashiro H,Komiya K,Nakamura T,Sueoka-Aragane N.Successful treatment of pulmonary nocardiosis with fluoroquinolone in bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis.Respirol Case Rep 2017;5(3):e00229.
[9]Mahgoub A,Gumaa SA,Joseph MR,Saleh MS,Elsheikh AH,Elkhalifa Al,et al.Pulmonary nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an adult asthmatic female patient:The presence of acid-fast branching filaments is always significant.S Afr Med J 2016;107(1):43-45.
[10]Jiang Y,Huang A,Fang Q.Disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an immunocompetent host:A case report and literature review.Exp Ther Med 2016;12(5):3339-3346.
[11]Deepa R,Banu ST,Jayalakshmi G,Parveen JD.Pleuropulmonary nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a debilitated host.Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2016;59(2):240-242.
[12]Eren E,Ulu-Kilic A,Atalay A,DemiraslanH,Parkan O,Koc N.Report of an immunocompetent case with disseminated infection due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Infez Med 2016;24(1):71-76.
[13]Ishihara M,Takada D,Sugimoto K,Oguro H,Gonoi T,Akiyama Y,et al.Primary brain abscess caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.Intern Med 2014;53(17):2007-2012.
[14]Huang CH,Hsueh PR,Chen YH.Empyema thoracis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2015;48(5):580-581.
[15]Shahapur PR,Peerapur BV,Honnutagi RM,Biradar MS.Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Acase report and review of literature.J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014;5(1):197-201.
[16]Taj-Aldeen SJ,Deshmukh A,Doiphode S,Wahab AA,Allangawi M,Almuzrkchi A,et al.Molecular identification and susceptibility pattern of clinical Nocardia species:Emergence of Nocardia crassostreae as an agent of invasive nocardiosis.Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2013;24(2):e33-e38.
[17]Ramamoorthi K,Pruthvi BC,Rao NR,Belle J,Chawla K.Pulmonary nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an immunocompetent host-A rare case report.Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011;4(5):414-416.
[18]Betran A,Villuendas MC,Rezusta A,Moles B,Rubio MC,Revillo MJ,et al.Cavitatory pneumonia caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.Braz J Microbiol 2010;41(2):329-332.
[19]Tan CK,Lai CC,Lin SH,Liao CH,Chou CH,Hsu HL,et al.Clinical and microbiological characteristics of Nocardiosis including those caused by emerging Nocardia species in Taiwan,1998-2008.Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16(7):966-972.193
[20]Reddy AK,Garg P,Kaur I.Speciation and susceptibility of Nocardia isolated from ocular infections.Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16(8):1168-1171.
[21]Minero MV,Marin M,Cercenado E,Rabadan PM,Bouza E,Munoz P.Nocardiosis at the turn of the century.Medicine(Baltimore)2009;88(4):250-261.
[22]Chawla K,Mukhopadhyay C,Payyanur P,Bairy I.Pulmonary nocardiosis from a tertiary care hospital in Southern India.Trop Doct2009;39(3):163-165.
[23]Pelaez AI,Garcia-Suarez MDM,Manteca A,Melon O,Aranaz C,Cimadevilla R,et al.A fatal case of Nocardia otitidiscaviarum pulmonary infection and brain abscess:Taxonomic characterization by molecular techniques.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2009;8:11.
[24]Maraki S,Scoulica E,Nioti E,Tselentis Y.Nocardial infection in Crete,Greece:Review of fifteen cases from 2003 to 2007.Scan J Infect Dis 2009;41(2):122-127.
[25]Thoms KM,Zimmermann O,Schupp P,Thoms S,Emmert S.Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Cause of long-term cutaneous abscesses on the leg of an immunocompetent man.Arch Dermatol 2007;143(8):1086-1087.
[26]Munoz J,Mirelis B,Aragon LM,Gutierrez N,Sanchez F,Espanol M,et al.Clinical and microbiological features of nocardiosis 1997-2003.JMed Microbiol 2007;56(Pt 4):545-550.
[27]Bonifaz A,Flores P,Saul A,Carrasco-Gerard E,Ponce RM.Treatment of actinomycetoma due to Nocardia spp.with amoxicillin-clavulanate.Br J Dermatol 2007;156(2):308-311.
[28]Fabre S,Gibert C,Lechiche C,Jorgensen C,Sany J.Primary cutaneous Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab.J Rheumatol 2005;32(12):2432-2433.
[29]Yoshida K,Bandoh S,Fujita J,Tokuda M,Negayama K,Ishida T.Pyothorax caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a patient with rheumatoid vasculitis.Intern Med 2004;43(7):615-619.
[30]Hemmersbach-Miller M,Martel AC,Benítez AB,Sosa AO.Brain abscess due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:Report of a case and review.Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36(5):381-384.
[31]Kageyama A,Yazawa K,Ishikawa J,Hotta K,Nishimura K,Mikami Y.Nocardial infections in Japan from 1992 to 2001,including the first report of infection by Nocardia transvalensis.Eur J Epidemiol 2004;19(4):383-389.
[32]Sharma M,Gilbert BC,Benz RL,Santoro J.Disseminated Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in a woman with sickle cell anemia and endstage renal disease.Am J Med Sci 2007;333(6):372-375.
[33]Shivaprakash MR,Rao P,Mandal J,Biswal M,Gupta S,Ray P,et al.Nocardiosis in a tertiary care hospital in North India and review of patients reported from India.Mycopathologia 2007;163(5):267-274.
[34]Dikensoy O,Filiz A,Bayram N,Balci I,Zer Y,Celik G,et al.194First report of pulmonary Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in an immunocompetent patient from Turkey.Int J Clin Pract 2004;58(2):210-213.
[35]Wada A,Matsuda S,Kubota H,Miura H,Iwamoto Y.Primary lymphocutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum.Hand Surg 2002;7(2):285-287.
[36]Mari B,Monton C,Mariscal D,Lujan M,Sala M,Domingo C.Pulmonary nocardiosis:Clinical experience in ten cases.Respiration2001;68(4):382-388.
[37]Saarinen KA,Lestringant GG,Czechowski J,Frossard PM.Cutaneous nocardiosis of the chest wall and pleura-10-year consequences of a hand actinomycetoma.Dermatology 2001;202(2):131-133.
[38]Duran E,Lopez L,Martinez A,Comunas F,Boiron P,Rubio MC.Primary brain abscess with Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an intravenous drug abuser.J Med Microbiol 2001;50(1):101-103.
[39]Hartmann A,Halvorsen CE,Jenssen T,Bjorneklett A,Brekke IB,Bakke SJ,et al.Intracerebral abscess caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a renal transplant patient-cured by evacuation plus antibiotic therapy.Nephron 2000;86(1):79-83.
[40]Taniguchi H,Mukae H,Ashitani J,Ihi T,Sakamoto A,Kohno S,et al.Pulmonary Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in a patient with chronic respiratory infection.Intern Med 1998;37(10):872-876.
[41]Sandre RM,Summerbell RC.Disseminated Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in a patient with AIDS.Can J Infect Dis 1997;8(6):347-350.
[42]Mereghetti L,van der Mee-Marquet N,Dubost AF,Boiron P.Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection of a traumatic skin wound.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;16(5):383-384.
[43]Freland C,Fur JL,Nemirovsky-Trebucq B,Lelong P,Boiron P.Primary cutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:two cases and a review of the literature.J Trop Med Hyg 1995;98(6):395-403.
[44]Poonwan N,Kusum M,Mikami Y,Yazawa K,Tanaka Y,Gonoi T,et al.Pathogenic Nocardia isolated from clinical specimens including those of AIDS patients in Thailand.Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11(5):507-512.
[45]Suzuki Y,Toyama K,Utsugi K,Yazawa K,Mikami Y,Fujita M,et al.Primary lymphocutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:the first case report from Japan.J Dermatol 1995;22(5):344-347.
[46]Clark NM,Braun DK,Pasternak A,Chenoweth CE.Primary cutaneous Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection:Case report and review.Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(5):1266-1270.
[47]Castelli L,Zlotnik H,Ponti R,Vidotto V.First reported Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in an AIDS patient in Italy.Mycopathologia1994;126(3):131-136.
[48]Wei M,Wang P,Qu J,Li R,Liu Y,Gu L,et al.Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Nocardia species in a tertiary hospital in China.J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017;11:183-187.
[49]Hakawi AM,Al Rabiah FA.Clinical pattern of nocardiosis in Saudi Arabia:A case series.East Mediterr Health J 2018;14(4):966-971.
[50]Mc Taggart LR,Doucet J,Witkowska M,Richardson SE.Antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical Nocardia species identified by multilocus sequence analysis.Antimicrob Agents Chermother 2015;59(1):269-275.
[51]Lai CC,Liu WL,Ko WC,Chen YH,Tan HR,Huang YT,et al.Multicenter study in Taiwan of the in vitro activities of nemonoxacin,tigecycline,doripenem,and other antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of various Nocardia species.Antimicrob Agents Chermother2011;55(5):2084-2091.
[52]Hashemi-Shahraki A,Heidarieh P,Bostanabad SZ,Hashemzadeh M,Feizabadi MM,Schraufnagel D,et al.Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Nocardia species among patients with nocardiosis.Sci Rep 2015;5:17862.
[53]Valdezate S,Garrido N,Carrasco G,Medina-Pascual MJ,Villalon P,Navarro AM,et al.Epidemiology and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of the main Nocardia species in Spain.J Antimicrob Chemother2017;72:754-761.
[54]Lalitha P,Tiwari M,Prajna M,Gilpin C,Prakash K,Srinivasan M.Nocadia keratitis:Species,drug sensitivities,and clinical correlation.Cornea 2007;26(3):255-259.