Effect of wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) on fine particle(PM_(2.5)) emission from coal-fired boilers
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摘要
In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.
In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.
In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.
引文
Antonio,G.,Norberto,F.,Alfredo,T.,2007.Detailed modeling of a flue-gas desulfurisation plant.Comput.Chem.Eng.31(11),1419-1431.
Baird,C.,Cann,M.,2005.Environmental Chemistry.Macmillan.
Bao,J.,Yang,L.,Yan,J.,Liu,J.,Song,S.,2009.Performance of removal of fine particles by WFGD system.J.Chem.Ind.Eng.60,1260-1267.
Chen,M.Q.,He,B.S.,Chen,G.H.,Fan,L.J.,Liu,S.M.,2005.Chemical kinetics based analyses on SO2 removal reactions by ammonia scrubbing.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 25(7),886-890.
Chow,J.C.,Watson,J.G.,Chen,L.,Arnott,W.P.,Moosmuller,H.,Fung,K.,2004.Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols.Environ.Sci.Technol.38(16),4414-4422.
Diaz-Somoano,M.,Unterberger,S.,Hein,K.R.G.,2007.Mercury emission control in coal-fired plants:The role of wet scrubbers[J].Fuel Process.Technol.88(3),259-263.
Englert,N.,2004.Fine particles and human health-a review of epidemiological studies.Toxicol.Lett.149,235-242.
Forzatti,P.,Nova,I.,Beretta,A.,2000.Catalytic properties in deNOx,and SO2-SO3,reactions.Catal.Today 56(4),431-441.
Fu,Q.,Zhuang,G.,Wang,J.,Xu,C.,Huang,K.,Li,J.,et al.,2008.Mechanism of formation of the heaviest pollution episode ever recorded in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Atmos.Environ.42(9),2023-2036.
Garea,A.,Marques,J.A.,Irabien,A.,2005.Mechanistical and nonlinear modelling approaches to in-duct desulfurization.Chem.Eng.Process.44(7),709-715.
He,B.,Zheng,X.,Chang,D.,Chen,C.,2002.Experimental study of the temperature impacts on the SO2reduction ratio by ammonia gas scrubbing.Acta Scientic Circumstantance.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 22,412-416.
He,K.,Zhao,Q.,Ma,Y.,Duan,F.,Yang,F.,Shi,Z.,et al.,2012.Spatial and seasonal variability of PM2.5 acidity at two Chinese megacities:insights into the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12(3),1377-1395.
Huang,R.J.,Zhang,Y.,Bozzetti,C.,Ho,K.,Cao,J.,Han,Yet,et al.,2014.High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China.Nature 514(7521),218-222.
J?rvinen,A.,Aitomaa,M.,Rostedt,A.,Keskinen,J.,Yli-Ojanper?,J.,2014.Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor(ELPI+).J.Aerosol Sci.69,150-159.
Jiang,X.,Hong,C.,Zheng,Y.,Zheng,B.,Guan,D.,Gouldson,A.,et al.,2015.To what extent can China's near-term air pollution control policy protect air quality and human health?A case study of the Pearl River Delta region.Environ.Res.Lett.10(10),104006.
Lelieveld,J.,Evans,J.S.,Fnais,M.,Giannadaki,D.,Pozzer,A.,2015.The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale.Nature 525(7569),367-371.
Li,Y.,Surlyawong,A.,Daukoru,M.,Zhuang,Y.,Biswas,P.,2009.Measurement and Capture of Fine and Ultrafine Particles from a Pilot-Scale Pulverized Coal Combustor with an Electrostatic Precipitator.J.Air Waste Manage.59(5),553-559.
Li,Z.,Jiang,J.,Ma,Z.,Wang,S.,Duan,L.,2015.Effect of selective catalytic reduction(SCR)on fine particle emission from two coal-fired power plants in China.Atmos.Environ.120,227-233.
Liu,X.,Wen,Z.,2012.Best available techniques and pollution control:a case study on China's thermal power industry.J.Clean.Prod.23(1),113-121.
Ma,Q.,Wu,Y.,Zhang,D.,Wang,X.,Xia,Y.,Liu,X.,et al.,2017a.Roles of regional transport and heterogeneous reactions in the PM2.5increase during winter haze episodes in Beijing.Sci.Total Environ.599-600,246-253.
Ma,Q.,Cai,S.,Wang,S.,Zhao,B.,Martin,R.,Brauer,M.,et al.,2017b.Impacts of coal burning on ambient PM2.5pollution in China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss.17(7),4477-4491.
Meij,R.,Winkel,B.T.,2004.The emissions and environmental impact of PM10,and trace elements from a modern coal-fired power plant equipped with ESP and wet FGD.Fuel Process.Technol.85(6),641-656.
Meikap,B.C.,Kundu,G.,Biswas,M.N.,2002.Modeling of a novel multi-stage bubble column scrubber for flue gas desulfurization.Chem.Eng.J.86(3),331-342.
Meng,C.,Wang,L.,Zhang,F.,Ma,S.,Ma,X.,et al.,2016.Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5in Handan City,Hebei province,China.Atmos.Res.171,133-146.
MEP,Ministry of Environment Protection of China,2007.The 11th Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection.http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-11/26/content_815498.htm.
Niemela,V.,Lamminen,E.,Laitinen,A.,2009.A novel method for particle sampling and size-classified electrical charge measurement at power plant environment.Electrost.Precip.228-233.
Pedersen,M.,Gehring,U.,Beelen,R.,Wang,M.,Giorgis-Allemand,L.,Andersen,N.,et al.,2016.Elemental constituents of particulate matter and newborn's size in eight European cohorts.Environ.Health Perspect.124(1),141-150.
Peukert,W.,Wadenpohl,C.,2001.Industrial separation of fine particles with difficult dust properties.Powder Technol.118(1-2),136-148.
Powell,H.,Krall,J.R.,Wang,Y.,Bell,M.L.,Peng,R.D.,2015.Ambient coarse particulate matter and hospital admissions in the Medicare cohort air pollution study,1999-2010.Environ.Health Perspect.123(11),1152-1158.
Qiao,T.,Zhao,M.,Xiu,G.,Yu,J.,2016.Simultaneous monitoring and compositions analysis of PM1 and PM2.5 in Shanghai:Implications for characterization of haze pollution and source apportionment[J].Sci.Total Environ.557,386-394.
Song,Y.C.,Yang,L.,Zhao,J.F.,Liu,W.G.,Yang,M.J.,Li,Y.H.,et al.,2014.The status of natural gas hydrate research in China:Areview.Renew.Sustain.Energy Rev.31(2),778-791.
Sui,Z.,Zhang,Y.,Peng,Y.,Norris,P.,Cao,Y.,Pan,W.,2016.Fine particulate matter emission and size distribution characteristics in an ultra-low emission power plant.Fuel 185,863-871.
Sun,F.,Lun,X.,Liu,X.,Mo,L.,Li,R.,Zhang,H.,et al.,2016.Analysis of organic and elemental carbon in heating and non-heating periods in four locations of Beijing.Environ.Technol.37(1),121-128.
Wang,Y.,Zhuang,G.,Tang,A.,2005.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.39(21),3771-3784.
Wang,H.,Song,Q.,Yao,Q.,Chen,C.,2008.Experimental Study on Removal Effect of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization System on Fine Particles From a Coal-fired Power Plant.Proc.Chin.Soc.Electr.Eng.28,1-7.
Wu,Y.,Li,Q.,Li,F.,2007.Desulfurization in the gas-continuous impinging stream gas-liquid reactor.Chem.Eng.Sci.62,1814-1824.
Xu,M.,Yu,D.,Yao,H.,Liu,X.,Qiao,Y.,2011.Coal combustiongenerated aerosols:formation and properties.Proc.Combust.Inst.33(1),1681-1697.
Yan,J.,Bao,J.,Yang,L.,Fan,F.,Shen,X.,2011.The formation and removal characteristics of aerosols in ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization.J.Aerosol Sci.42(9),604-614.
Yang,Y.,Zhou,R.,Wu,J.,Yu,Y.,Ma,Z.,Zhang,L.,et al.,2015.Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing,2012.J.Environ.Sci.34(8),197-205.
Yang,X.,Cheng,S.,Li,J.,Lang,J.,Wang,G.,2017.Characterization of chemical composition in PM2.5in Beijing before,during,and after a large-scale international event.Aerosol Air Qual.Res.17(4),896-907.
Yoo,J.I.,Kim,K.H.,Jang,H.N.,Seo,Y.C.,Seok,K.S.,Hong,J.H.,et al.,2002.Emission characteristics of particulate matter and heavy metals from small incinerators and boilers.Atmos.Environ.36(32),5057-5066.
Yoo,J.I.,Seo,Y.C.,Shinagawa,T.,2005.Particle-size distributions and heavy metal partitioning in emission gas from different coal-fired power plants.Environ.Eng.Sci.22(2),272-279.
Zhang,R.,Jing,J.,Tao,J.,Hsu,S.C.,2013.Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5in Beijing:seasonal perspective.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13(14),7053-7074.
Zhang,X.Y.,Wang,J.Z.,Wang,Y.Q.,Liu,H.L.,Sun,J.Y.,Zhang,Y.M.,2015.Changes in chemical components of aerosol particles in different haze regions in China from 2006 to 2013 and contribution of meteorological factors.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(22),12935-12952.
Baird,C.,Cann,M.,2005.Environmental Chemistry.Macmillan.
Bao,J.,Yang,L.,Yan,J.,Liu,J.,Song,S.,2009.Performance of removal of fine particles by WFGD system.J.Chem.Ind.Eng.60,1260-1267.
Chen,M.Q.,He,B.S.,Chen,G.H.,Fan,L.J.,Liu,S.M.,2005.Chemical kinetics based analyses on SO2 removal reactions by ammonia scrubbing.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 25(7),886-890.
Chow,J.C.,Watson,J.G.,Chen,L.,Arnott,W.P.,Moosmuller,H.,Fung,K.,2004.Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols.Environ.Sci.Technol.38(16),4414-4422.
Diaz-Somoano,M.,Unterberger,S.,Hein,K.R.G.,2007.Mercury emission control in coal-fired plants:The role of wet scrubbers[J].Fuel Process.Technol.88(3),259-263.
Englert,N.,2004.Fine particles and human health-a review of epidemiological studies.Toxicol.Lett.149,235-242.
Forzatti,P.,Nova,I.,Beretta,A.,2000.Catalytic properties in deNOx,and SO2-SO3,reactions.Catal.Today 56(4),431-441.
Fu,Q.,Zhuang,G.,Wang,J.,Xu,C.,Huang,K.,Li,J.,et al.,2008.Mechanism of formation of the heaviest pollution episode ever recorded in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Atmos.Environ.42(9),2023-2036.
Garea,A.,Marques,J.A.,Irabien,A.,2005.Mechanistical and nonlinear modelling approaches to in-duct desulfurization.Chem.Eng.Process.44(7),709-715.
He,B.,Zheng,X.,Chang,D.,Chen,C.,2002.Experimental study of the temperature impacts on the SO2reduction ratio by ammonia gas scrubbing.Acta Scientic Circumstantance.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 22,412-416.
He,K.,Zhao,Q.,Ma,Y.,Duan,F.,Yang,F.,Shi,Z.,et al.,2012.Spatial and seasonal variability of PM2.5 acidity at two Chinese megacities:insights into the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12(3),1377-1395.
Huang,R.J.,Zhang,Y.,Bozzetti,C.,Ho,K.,Cao,J.,Han,Yet,et al.,2014.High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China.Nature 514(7521),218-222.
J?rvinen,A.,Aitomaa,M.,Rostedt,A.,Keskinen,J.,Yli-Ojanper?,J.,2014.Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor(ELPI+).J.Aerosol Sci.69,150-159.
Jiang,X.,Hong,C.,Zheng,Y.,Zheng,B.,Guan,D.,Gouldson,A.,et al.,2015.To what extent can China's near-term air pollution control policy protect air quality and human health?A case study of the Pearl River Delta region.Environ.Res.Lett.10(10),104006.
Lelieveld,J.,Evans,J.S.,Fnais,M.,Giannadaki,D.,Pozzer,A.,2015.The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale.Nature 525(7569),367-371.
Li,Y.,Surlyawong,A.,Daukoru,M.,Zhuang,Y.,Biswas,P.,2009.Measurement and Capture of Fine and Ultrafine Particles from a Pilot-Scale Pulverized Coal Combustor with an Electrostatic Precipitator.J.Air Waste Manage.59(5),553-559.
Li,Z.,Jiang,J.,Ma,Z.,Wang,S.,Duan,L.,2015.Effect of selective catalytic reduction(SCR)on fine particle emission from two coal-fired power plants in China.Atmos.Environ.120,227-233.
Liu,X.,Wen,Z.,2012.Best available techniques and pollution control:a case study on China's thermal power industry.J.Clean.Prod.23(1),113-121.
Ma,Q.,Wu,Y.,Zhang,D.,Wang,X.,Xia,Y.,Liu,X.,et al.,2017a.Roles of regional transport and heterogeneous reactions in the PM2.5increase during winter haze episodes in Beijing.Sci.Total Environ.599-600,246-253.
Ma,Q.,Cai,S.,Wang,S.,Zhao,B.,Martin,R.,Brauer,M.,et al.,2017b.Impacts of coal burning on ambient PM2.5pollution in China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss.17(7),4477-4491.
Meij,R.,Winkel,B.T.,2004.The emissions and environmental impact of PM10,and trace elements from a modern coal-fired power plant equipped with ESP and wet FGD.Fuel Process.Technol.85(6),641-656.
Meikap,B.C.,Kundu,G.,Biswas,M.N.,2002.Modeling of a novel multi-stage bubble column scrubber for flue gas desulfurization.Chem.Eng.J.86(3),331-342.
Meng,C.,Wang,L.,Zhang,F.,Ma,S.,Ma,X.,et al.,2016.Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5in Handan City,Hebei province,China.Atmos.Res.171,133-146.
MEP,Ministry of Environment Protection of China,2007.The 11th Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection.http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-11/26/content_815498.htm.
Niemela,V.,Lamminen,E.,Laitinen,A.,2009.A novel method for particle sampling and size-classified electrical charge measurement at power plant environment.Electrost.Precip.228-233.
Pedersen,M.,Gehring,U.,Beelen,R.,Wang,M.,Giorgis-Allemand,L.,Andersen,N.,et al.,2016.Elemental constituents of particulate matter and newborn's size in eight European cohorts.Environ.Health Perspect.124(1),141-150.
Peukert,W.,Wadenpohl,C.,2001.Industrial separation of fine particles with difficult dust properties.Powder Technol.118(1-2),136-148.
Powell,H.,Krall,J.R.,Wang,Y.,Bell,M.L.,Peng,R.D.,2015.Ambient coarse particulate matter and hospital admissions in the Medicare cohort air pollution study,1999-2010.Environ.Health Perspect.123(11),1152-1158.
Qiao,T.,Zhao,M.,Xiu,G.,Yu,J.,2016.Simultaneous monitoring and compositions analysis of PM1 and PM2.5 in Shanghai:Implications for characterization of haze pollution and source apportionment[J].Sci.Total Environ.557,386-394.
Song,Y.C.,Yang,L.,Zhao,J.F.,Liu,W.G.,Yang,M.J.,Li,Y.H.,et al.,2014.The status of natural gas hydrate research in China:Areview.Renew.Sustain.Energy Rev.31(2),778-791.
Sui,Z.,Zhang,Y.,Peng,Y.,Norris,P.,Cao,Y.,Pan,W.,2016.Fine particulate matter emission and size distribution characteristics in an ultra-low emission power plant.Fuel 185,863-871.
Sun,F.,Lun,X.,Liu,X.,Mo,L.,Li,R.,Zhang,H.,et al.,2016.Analysis of organic and elemental carbon in heating and non-heating periods in four locations of Beijing.Environ.Technol.37(1),121-128.
Wang,Y.,Zhuang,G.,Tang,A.,2005.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.39(21),3771-3784.
Wang,H.,Song,Q.,Yao,Q.,Chen,C.,2008.Experimental Study on Removal Effect of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization System on Fine Particles From a Coal-fired Power Plant.Proc.Chin.Soc.Electr.Eng.28,1-7.
Wu,Y.,Li,Q.,Li,F.,2007.Desulfurization in the gas-continuous impinging stream gas-liquid reactor.Chem.Eng.Sci.62,1814-1824.
Xu,M.,Yu,D.,Yao,H.,Liu,X.,Qiao,Y.,2011.Coal combustiongenerated aerosols:formation and properties.Proc.Combust.Inst.33(1),1681-1697.
Yan,J.,Bao,J.,Yang,L.,Fan,F.,Shen,X.,2011.The formation and removal characteristics of aerosols in ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization.J.Aerosol Sci.42(9),604-614.
Yang,Y.,Zhou,R.,Wu,J.,Yu,Y.,Ma,Z.,Zhang,L.,et al.,2015.Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing,2012.J.Environ.Sci.34(8),197-205.
Yang,X.,Cheng,S.,Li,J.,Lang,J.,Wang,G.,2017.Characterization of chemical composition in PM2.5in Beijing before,during,and after a large-scale international event.Aerosol Air Qual.Res.17(4),896-907.
Yoo,J.I.,Kim,K.H.,Jang,H.N.,Seo,Y.C.,Seok,K.S.,Hong,J.H.,et al.,2002.Emission characteristics of particulate matter and heavy metals from small incinerators and boilers.Atmos.Environ.36(32),5057-5066.
Yoo,J.I.,Seo,Y.C.,Shinagawa,T.,2005.Particle-size distributions and heavy metal partitioning in emission gas from different coal-fired power plants.Environ.Eng.Sci.22(2),272-279.
Zhang,R.,Jing,J.,Tao,J.,Hsu,S.C.,2013.Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5in Beijing:seasonal perspective.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13(14),7053-7074.
Zhang,X.Y.,Wang,J.Z.,Wang,Y.Q.,Liu,H.L.,Sun,J.Y.,Zhang,Y.M.,2015.Changes in chemical components of aerosol particles in different haze regions in China from 2006 to 2013 and contribution of meteorological factors.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(22),12935-12952.