Perspectives and challenges of tropical medicinal herbs and modern drug discovery in the current scenario
|
摘要
Tropical diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, account for a large number of deaths annually. Herbs are an excellent source of tropical medicines. Many advancements and discoveries have taken place in the field of drug discovery but still, a major population of tropical diseases relies on herbal traditional medicine. There are some challenges related to policy implementation, efficacy, resistance and toxicity of tropical medicines. There are many tropical diseases such as such as schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness, filariasis and chagas disease which are neglected because very few pharmaceutical companies have shown their interest in developing therapeutics against these diseases of poor people. There are many benefits associated with herbal medicine such as the cost of production, patient tolerance, large scale availability, efficacy, safety, potency, recyclability, and environment friendly. A large number of natural extracts such as curcumin, artemisinin, morphine, reserpine, and hypericin, are in use for treatment of different tropical diseases for a long time. The current review is to discuss the overview of tropical medicinal herbs, its scope and limitations in the modern drug discovery process.
Tropical diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, account for a large number of deaths annually. Herbs are an excellent source of tropical medicines. Many advancements and discoveries have taken place in the field of drug discovery but still, a major population of tropical diseases relies on herbal traditional medicine. There are some challenges related to policy implementation, efficacy, resistance and toxicity of tropical medicines. There are many tropical diseases such as such as schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness, filariasis and chagas disease which are neglected because very few pharmaceutical companies have shown their interest in developing therapeutics against these diseases of poor people. There are many benefits associated with herbal medicine such as the cost of production, patient tolerance, large scale availability, efficacy, safety, potency, recyclability, and environment friendly. A large number of natural extracts such as curcumin, artemisinin, morphine, reserpine, and hypericin, are in use for treatment of different tropical diseases for a long time. The current review is to discuss the overview of tropical medicinal herbs, its scope and limitations in the modern drug discovery process.
Tropical diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, account for a large number of deaths annually. Herbs are an excellent source of tropical medicines. Many advancements and discoveries have taken place in the field of drug discovery but still, a major population of tropical diseases relies on herbal traditional medicine. There are some challenges related to policy implementation, efficacy, resistance and toxicity of tropical medicines. There are many tropical diseases such as such as schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness, filariasis and chagas disease which are neglected because very few pharmaceutical companies have shown their interest in developing therapeutics against these diseases of poor people. There are many benefits associated with herbal medicine such as the cost of production, patient tolerance, large scale availability, efficacy, safety, potency, recyclability, and environment friendly. A large number of natural extracts such as curcumin, artemisinin, morphine, reserpine, and hypericin, are in use for treatment of different tropical diseases for a long time. The current review is to discuss the overview of tropical medicinal herbs, its scope and limitations in the modern drug discovery process.
引文
[1]Kroemer G,Zitvogel L.Cancer immunotherapy in 2017:The breakthrough of the microbiota.Nat Rev Immunol 2018;18(2):87-88.
[2]Bokadia GS,Priya J,Ariga P.A systematic review on cancer therapy in ayurveda.J Pharm Sci Res 2018;10(1):211-223.
[3]Mukherjee PK,Harwansh RK,Bahadur S,Banerjee S,Kar A.Evidencebased validation of Indian traditional medicine:way forward.From Ayurveda to Chinese medicine.World J Tradit Chin Med 2016;2(1):48-61.
[4]Pan SY,Litscher G,Gao SH,Zhou SF,Yu ZL,Chen HQ,Zhang SF,Tang MK,Sun JN,Ko KM.Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices:the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;Article ID:525340.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/525340.
[5]Sultana J,Cutroneo P,TrifiròG.Clinical and economic burden of adverse drug reactions.J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013;4(Suppl 1):S73-S77.
[6]Wade M.Medication-related visual hallucinations:what you need to know.EyeNet Mag 2015[Online].Available from:https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/medication-related-visual-hallucinations-what-you-.[Accessed on 10 April 2018].
[7]UCSF Medical Center.Drugs reported to cause priapism.Available from:https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/drugs_reported_to_cause_priapism/.[Accessed on January 30,2016].
[8]Hedna K,Sundell KA,Hamidi A,Skoog I,Gustavsson S,Waern M.Antidepressants and suicidal behaviour in late life:a prospective population-based study of use patterns in new users aged 75 and above.Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018;74(2):201-218.
[9]Ho GP,Gamaldo CE,Gulyani S,Salas RE.Impulsive behaviors:definition,prevalence,neurobiology,and management.In:Willis Ekbom Disease:Restless legs syndrome.New York:Springer;2017,p.215-227.
[10]Rehmus W.Stevens-Johnson syndrome(SJS)and toxic epidermal necrolysis(TEN)[Online].Available from:https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-inflammatory-skindisorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysisten.[Accessed on January 28,2016].
[11]Medline Plus:U.S.National Library of Medicine.Birth defects[Online].Available from:https://medlineplus.gov/birthdefects.html.[Accessed on January 28,2016].
[12]Yan H,Xie H,Ying Y,Li J,Wang X,Xu X,et al.Pioglitazone use in patients with diabetes and risk of bladder cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer Manag Res 2018;10:1627-1638.
[13]Benjamin EJ,Blaha MJ,Chiuve SE,Cushman M,Das SR,Deo R,et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update:A report from the American Heart Association.Circulation 2017;7;135(10):e146.
[14]Bokadia GS,Priya J,Ariga P.A systematic review on cancer therapy in ayurveda.J Pharm Sci Res 2018;10(1):211-223.
[15]Muegge I,Bergner A,Kriegl JM.Computer-aided drug design at Boehringer Ingelheim.J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017;31(3):275-285.
[16]Blake CF.Knowing practice:the clinical encounter of Chinese Medicine.Judith Farquhar.Am Anthropol 1995;97(2):404-405.
[17]Senthilkumar A,Karuvantevida N,Rastrelli L,Kurup SS,Cheruth AJ.Traditional uses,pharmacological efficacy,and phytochemistry of Moringa peregrina(Forssk.)Fiori.-a review.Front Pharmacol 2018;9:465.
[18]Jamshidi-Kia F,Lorigooini Z,Amini-Khoei H.Medicinal plants:past history and future perspective.J HerbMed Pharmacol 2018;1:1-7.
[19]Sharma HS,Sharma HI,Sharma HA.Sushruta-samhit A-A critical review part 1:Historical glimpse.Ayu 2012;33(2):167-173.
[20]Ramli AN,Aznan TN,Illias RM.Bromelain:from production to commercialisation.J Sci Food Agric 2017;97(5):1386-1395.
[21]Buenz EJ,Verpoorte R,Bauer BA.The ethnopharmacologic contribution to bioprospecting natural products.Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018;58:509-530.
[22]Chandra P,Sharma V.Strategic marketing prospects for developing sustainable medicinal and aromatic plants businesses in the Indian Himalayan region.Small-scale Forest 2018;1:1-9.
[23]Smulyan H.The beat goes on:the story of five ageless cardiac drugs.Am J Med Sci 2018;356(5):441-450.
[24]Alqahtani Z,Jamali F.Clinical outcomes of aspirin interaction with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:A systematic review.J Pharm Pharm Sci 2018;21:48s-73s.
[25]Ciurzyńska A,Cichowska J,Kowalska H,Czajkowska K,Lenart A.Osmotic dehydration of Braeburn variety apples in the production of sustainable food products.Int Agrophys 2018;32(1):141-146.
[26]Clemensen AK,Provenza FD,Lee ST,Gardner DR,Rottinghaus GE,Villalba JJ.Plant secondary metabolites in alfalfa,birdsfoot trefoil,reed canarygrass,and tall fescue unaffected by two different nitrogen sources.Crop Sci 2017;57(2):964-970.
[27]Byeon JC,Ahn JB,Jang WS,Lee SE,Choi JS,Park JS.Recent formulation approaches to oral delivery of herbal medicines.J Pharm Invest 2018;1:1-10.
[28]Hossain MM,Nahar S,Choudhury TR,Shahriar M,Uddin N,Islam AF,et al.Studies of heavy metal contents and microbial profile in selected pediatric oral liquid preparations available in Bangladesh.Br J Pharm Res 2018;21(4):1-15.
[29]Islam MN.Chinese and Indian medicine today:branding Asia.Singapore:Springer;2017;
[30]Kapoor LD.Handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants:herbal reference library.India:Routledge;2017.
[31]Congreve M,Andrews S.Perspective in medicinal chemistry:structurebased drug design.Curr Top Med Chem 2017;17(2):93-104.
[32]Fons N.Focus:drug development:textbook of drug design and discovery.Yale J Biol Med 2017;90(1):160.
[33]Wang R,GaoY,Lai L.LigBuilder:A multi-purpose program for structure-based drug design.J Mol Model 2000;6(7-8):498-516.
[34]Sliwoski G,Kothiwale S,Meiler J,Lowe EW.Computational methods in drug discovery.Pharmacol Rev 2014;66(1):3334-3395.
[35]Fjell CD,Hiss JA,Hancock RE,Schneider G.Designing antimicrobial peptides:form follows function.Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012;11(1):37.
[36]Kooistra AJ,Leurs R,De Esch IJ,de Graaf C.Structure-based prediction of G-protein-coupled receptor ligand function:aβ-adrenoceptor case study.J Chem Inf Model 2015;55(5):1045-1061.
[37]Huang SY,Grinter SZ,Zou X.Scoring functions and their evaluation methods for protein-ligand docking:recent advances and future directions.Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010;12(40):12899-12908.
[38]Liu J,Wang R.Classification of current scoring functions.J Chem Inf Model 2015;55(3):475-482.
[39]Schmidt T,Bergner A,Schwede T.Modelling three-dimensional protein structures for applications in drug design.Drug Discov Today 2014;19(7):890-897.
[40]Giarolla J,Ferreira EI.Drug design for neglected disease in Brazil.Mini Rev Med Chem 2015;15(3):220-242.
[41]Robertson SA,Renslo AR.Drug discovery for neglected tropical diseases at the Sandler Center.Future Med Chem 2011;3(10),1279-1288.
[42]Njogu PM,Guantai EM,Pavadai E,Chibale K.Computer-aided drug discovery approaches against the tropical infectious diseases malaria,tuberculosis,trypanosomiasis,and leishmaniasis.ACS Infect Dis 2016;2(1):8-31.
[43]Annang F,Pérez-Moreno G,García-Hernández R,Cordon-Obras C,Martín J,Tormo JR,et al.High-throughput screening platform for natural product-based drug discovery against 3 neglected tropical diseases:human African trypanosomiasis,leishmaniasis,and Chagas disease.JBiomol Screen 2015;20(1):82-91.
[44]Navarro M,Gabbiani C,Messori L,Gambino D.Metal-based drugs for malaria,trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis:recent achievements and perspectives.Drug Discov Today 2010;15(23-24):1070-1078.
[45]Sán c h e z-D e l g a d o R A,A n z e l l o t t i A.M e t a l c o m p l e x e s a s chemotherapeutic agents against tropical diseases:trypanosomiasis,malaria and leishmaniasis.Mini Rev Med Chem 2004;4(1):23-30.
[46]Zucca M,Savoia D.Current developments in the therapy of protozoan infections.The Open Med Chem J 2011;5:4-10.
[47]Morris GM,Huey R,Lindstrom W,Sanner MF,Belew RK,Goodsell DS,et al.Autodock4 and AutoDockTools4:automated docking with selective receptor flexiblity.J Comput Chem 2009;16:2785-2791.
[48]Marotti JD,de Abreu FB,Wells WA,Tsongalis GJ.Triple-negative breast cancer:next-generation sequencing for target identification.Am J Pathol2017;187(10):2133-2138.
[49]Sinn HP,Kreipe H.A brief overview of the WHO classification of breast tumors.Breast Care 2013;8(2):149-154.
[50]Ferri M,Ranucci E,Romagnoli P,Giaccone V.Antimicrobial resistance:a global emerging threat to public health systems.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr2017;57(13):2857-2876.
[51]Aziz RK,Khalifa MM,Sharaf RR.Contaminated water as a source of Helicobacter pylori infection:a review.J Adv Res 2015;6(4):539-547.
[52]Aicardo A,Mastrogiovanni M,Cassina A,Radi R.Propagation of freeradical reactions in concentrated protein solutions.Free Radic Res 2018;52(2):159-170.
[53]Tabassum N,Hamdani M.Plants used to treat skin diseases.Pharmacogn Rev 201;8(15):52-60.
[54]Hisano M,Bruschini H,Nicodemo AC,Srougi M.Cranberries and lower urinary tract infection prevention.Clinics 2012;67(6):661-668.
[55]Bent S,Padula A,Moore D,Patterson M,Mehling W.Valerian for sleep:A systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of medicine.2006;119(12):1005-1012.
[56]Sletvold H,Stiles TC,Landr?NI.Information processing in primary fibromyalgia,major depression and healthy controls.J Rheumatol 1995;22(1):137-142.
[57]Saini AS,Taliyan R,Sharma PL.Protective effect and mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract-EGb 761 on STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats.Pharmacogn Mag 2014;10(38):172-180.
[58]Rand AL,Asbell PA.Current opinion in ophthalmology nutritional supplements for dry eye syndrome.Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2011;22(4):279-287.
[59]Kesharwani RK,Singh DB,Singh DV,Misra K.Computational study of curcumin analogues by targeting DNA topoisomerase II:A structurebased drug designing approach.Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma 2018;7:15.
[60]Gr?ntved A,Brask T,Kambskard J,Hentzer E.Ginger root against seasickness:A conctrolled trial on the open sea.Acta Otolaryngol 1988105(1-2):45-49.
[61]Haddad P,Amouzgar-Hashemi F,Samsami S,Chinichian S,Oghabian MA.Aloe vera for prevention of radiation-induced dermatitis:A selfcontrolled clinical trial.Curr Oncol 2013;20(4):e345.
[62]Iranshahy M,Iranshahi M.Traditional uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of asafoetida(Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin)-Areview.J Ethnopharmacol 2011;134(1):1-10.
[63]Padmaja V,Rahaman A,Kumari KS,Kumari GS.Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of reserpine,dihydralazine sulphate and hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.Int J Chemtech Res 2018;11(03):192-209.
[64]Sreebny LM,Schwartz SS.A reference guide to drugs and dry mouth.Gerodontology 1986;5(2):75-99.
[65]Hodge G,Hodge S,Han P.Allium sativum(garlic)suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro:potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.Cytometry:Cytometry A2002;48(4):209-215.
[66]Ebadi M.Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine.USA:CRC press;2010.
[67]Abenavoli L,Izzo AA,Mili?N,Cicala C,Santini A,Capasso R.Milk thistle(Silybum marianum):A concise overview on its chemistry,pharmacological,and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases.Phytother Res2018;32(11):2202-2213.
[68]Fagelman E,Lowe FC.Saw palmetto berry as a treatment for BPH.Rev Urol 2001;3(3):134-138.
[69]Ng QX,Venkatanarayanan N,Ho CY.Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum(St John’s wort)in depression:A meta-analysis.J Affect Disord2017;210:211-221.
[70]Kesharwani RK,Srivastava V,Singh P,Rizvi SI,Adeppa K,Misra K.A novel approach for overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer chemotherapy by targeting new synthetic curcumin analogues against aldehyde dehydrogenase 1(ALDH1A1)and glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β).Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015;176(7):1996-2017.
[71]Kesharwani RK,Misra K.Prediction of binding site for Curcuminoids at human Topoisomerase II protein;an in silico approach.Curr Sci 2011;101(8):1060-1064.
[72]Mirzaei H,Shakeri A,Rashidi B,Jalili A,Banikazemi Z,Sahebkar A.Phytosomal curcumin:a review of pharmacokinetic,experimental and clinical studies.Biomed Pharmacother 2017;85:102-112.
[2]Bokadia GS,Priya J,Ariga P.A systematic review on cancer therapy in ayurveda.J Pharm Sci Res 2018;10(1):211-223.
[3]Mukherjee PK,Harwansh RK,Bahadur S,Banerjee S,Kar A.Evidencebased validation of Indian traditional medicine:way forward.From Ayurveda to Chinese medicine.World J Tradit Chin Med 2016;2(1):48-61.
[4]Pan SY,Litscher G,Gao SH,Zhou SF,Yu ZL,Chen HQ,Zhang SF,Tang MK,Sun JN,Ko KM.Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices:the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;Article ID:525340.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/525340.
[5]Sultana J,Cutroneo P,TrifiròG.Clinical and economic burden of adverse drug reactions.J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013;4(Suppl 1):S73-S77.
[6]Wade M.Medication-related visual hallucinations:what you need to know.EyeNet Mag 2015[Online].Available from:https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/medication-related-visual-hallucinations-what-you-.[Accessed on 10 April 2018].
[7]UCSF Medical Center.Drugs reported to cause priapism.Available from:https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/drugs_reported_to_cause_priapism/.[Accessed on January 30,2016].
[8]Hedna K,Sundell KA,Hamidi A,Skoog I,Gustavsson S,Waern M.Antidepressants and suicidal behaviour in late life:a prospective population-based study of use patterns in new users aged 75 and above.Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018;74(2):201-218.
[9]Ho GP,Gamaldo CE,Gulyani S,Salas RE.Impulsive behaviors:definition,prevalence,neurobiology,and management.In:Willis Ekbom Disease:Restless legs syndrome.New York:Springer;2017,p.215-227.
[10]Rehmus W.Stevens-Johnson syndrome(SJS)and toxic epidermal necrolysis(TEN)[Online].Available from:https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-inflammatory-skindisorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysisten.[Accessed on January 28,2016].
[11]Medline Plus:U.S.National Library of Medicine.Birth defects[Online].Available from:https://medlineplus.gov/birthdefects.html.[Accessed on January 28,2016].
[12]Yan H,Xie H,Ying Y,Li J,Wang X,Xu X,et al.Pioglitazone use in patients with diabetes and risk of bladder cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer Manag Res 2018;10:1627-1638.
[13]Benjamin EJ,Blaha MJ,Chiuve SE,Cushman M,Das SR,Deo R,et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update:A report from the American Heart Association.Circulation 2017;7;135(10):e146.
[14]Bokadia GS,Priya J,Ariga P.A systematic review on cancer therapy in ayurveda.J Pharm Sci Res 2018;10(1):211-223.
[15]Muegge I,Bergner A,Kriegl JM.Computer-aided drug design at Boehringer Ingelheim.J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017;31(3):275-285.
[16]Blake CF.Knowing practice:the clinical encounter of Chinese Medicine.Judith Farquhar.Am Anthropol 1995;97(2):404-405.
[17]Senthilkumar A,Karuvantevida N,Rastrelli L,Kurup SS,Cheruth AJ.Traditional uses,pharmacological efficacy,and phytochemistry of Moringa peregrina(Forssk.)Fiori.-a review.Front Pharmacol 2018;9:465.
[18]Jamshidi-Kia F,Lorigooini Z,Amini-Khoei H.Medicinal plants:past history and future perspective.J HerbMed Pharmacol 2018;1:1-7.
[19]Sharma HS,Sharma HI,Sharma HA.Sushruta-samhit A-A critical review part 1:Historical glimpse.Ayu 2012;33(2):167-173.
[20]Ramli AN,Aznan TN,Illias RM.Bromelain:from production to commercialisation.J Sci Food Agric 2017;97(5):1386-1395.
[21]Buenz EJ,Verpoorte R,Bauer BA.The ethnopharmacologic contribution to bioprospecting natural products.Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018;58:509-530.
[22]Chandra P,Sharma V.Strategic marketing prospects for developing sustainable medicinal and aromatic plants businesses in the Indian Himalayan region.Small-scale Forest 2018;1:1-9.
[23]Smulyan H.The beat goes on:the story of five ageless cardiac drugs.Am J Med Sci 2018;356(5):441-450.
[24]Alqahtani Z,Jamali F.Clinical outcomes of aspirin interaction with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:A systematic review.J Pharm Pharm Sci 2018;21:48s-73s.
[25]Ciurzyńska A,Cichowska J,Kowalska H,Czajkowska K,Lenart A.Osmotic dehydration of Braeburn variety apples in the production of sustainable food products.Int Agrophys 2018;32(1):141-146.
[26]Clemensen AK,Provenza FD,Lee ST,Gardner DR,Rottinghaus GE,Villalba JJ.Plant secondary metabolites in alfalfa,birdsfoot trefoil,reed canarygrass,and tall fescue unaffected by two different nitrogen sources.Crop Sci 2017;57(2):964-970.
[27]Byeon JC,Ahn JB,Jang WS,Lee SE,Choi JS,Park JS.Recent formulation approaches to oral delivery of herbal medicines.J Pharm Invest 2018;1:1-10.
[28]Hossain MM,Nahar S,Choudhury TR,Shahriar M,Uddin N,Islam AF,et al.Studies of heavy metal contents and microbial profile in selected pediatric oral liquid preparations available in Bangladesh.Br J Pharm Res 2018;21(4):1-15.
[29]Islam MN.Chinese and Indian medicine today:branding Asia.Singapore:Springer;2017;
[30]Kapoor LD.Handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants:herbal reference library.India:Routledge;2017.
[31]Congreve M,Andrews S.Perspective in medicinal chemistry:structurebased drug design.Curr Top Med Chem 2017;17(2):93-104.
[32]Fons N.Focus:drug development:textbook of drug design and discovery.Yale J Biol Med 2017;90(1):160.
[33]Wang R,GaoY,Lai L.LigBuilder:A multi-purpose program for structure-based drug design.J Mol Model 2000;6(7-8):498-516.
[34]Sliwoski G,Kothiwale S,Meiler J,Lowe EW.Computational methods in drug discovery.Pharmacol Rev 2014;66(1):3334-3395.
[35]Fjell CD,Hiss JA,Hancock RE,Schneider G.Designing antimicrobial peptides:form follows function.Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012;11(1):37.
[36]Kooistra AJ,Leurs R,De Esch IJ,de Graaf C.Structure-based prediction of G-protein-coupled receptor ligand function:aβ-adrenoceptor case study.J Chem Inf Model 2015;55(5):1045-1061.
[37]Huang SY,Grinter SZ,Zou X.Scoring functions and their evaluation methods for protein-ligand docking:recent advances and future directions.Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010;12(40):12899-12908.
[38]Liu J,Wang R.Classification of current scoring functions.J Chem Inf Model 2015;55(3):475-482.
[39]Schmidt T,Bergner A,Schwede T.Modelling three-dimensional protein structures for applications in drug design.Drug Discov Today 2014;19(7):890-897.
[40]Giarolla J,Ferreira EI.Drug design for neglected disease in Brazil.Mini Rev Med Chem 2015;15(3):220-242.
[41]Robertson SA,Renslo AR.Drug discovery for neglected tropical diseases at the Sandler Center.Future Med Chem 2011;3(10),1279-1288.
[42]Njogu PM,Guantai EM,Pavadai E,Chibale K.Computer-aided drug discovery approaches against the tropical infectious diseases malaria,tuberculosis,trypanosomiasis,and leishmaniasis.ACS Infect Dis 2016;2(1):8-31.
[43]Annang F,Pérez-Moreno G,García-Hernández R,Cordon-Obras C,Martín J,Tormo JR,et al.High-throughput screening platform for natural product-based drug discovery against 3 neglected tropical diseases:human African trypanosomiasis,leishmaniasis,and Chagas disease.JBiomol Screen 2015;20(1):82-91.
[44]Navarro M,Gabbiani C,Messori L,Gambino D.Metal-based drugs for malaria,trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis:recent achievements and perspectives.Drug Discov Today 2010;15(23-24):1070-1078.
[45]Sán c h e z-D e l g a d o R A,A n z e l l o t t i A.M e t a l c o m p l e x e s a s chemotherapeutic agents against tropical diseases:trypanosomiasis,malaria and leishmaniasis.Mini Rev Med Chem 2004;4(1):23-30.
[46]Zucca M,Savoia D.Current developments in the therapy of protozoan infections.The Open Med Chem J 2011;5:4-10.
[47]Morris GM,Huey R,Lindstrom W,Sanner MF,Belew RK,Goodsell DS,et al.Autodock4 and AutoDockTools4:automated docking with selective receptor flexiblity.J Comput Chem 2009;16:2785-2791.
[48]Marotti JD,de Abreu FB,Wells WA,Tsongalis GJ.Triple-negative breast cancer:next-generation sequencing for target identification.Am J Pathol2017;187(10):2133-2138.
[49]Sinn HP,Kreipe H.A brief overview of the WHO classification of breast tumors.Breast Care 2013;8(2):149-154.
[50]Ferri M,Ranucci E,Romagnoli P,Giaccone V.Antimicrobial resistance:a global emerging threat to public health systems.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr2017;57(13):2857-2876.
[51]Aziz RK,Khalifa MM,Sharaf RR.Contaminated water as a source of Helicobacter pylori infection:a review.J Adv Res 2015;6(4):539-547.
[52]Aicardo A,Mastrogiovanni M,Cassina A,Radi R.Propagation of freeradical reactions in concentrated protein solutions.Free Radic Res 2018;52(2):159-170.
[53]Tabassum N,Hamdani M.Plants used to treat skin diseases.Pharmacogn Rev 201;8(15):52-60.
[54]Hisano M,Bruschini H,Nicodemo AC,Srougi M.Cranberries and lower urinary tract infection prevention.Clinics 2012;67(6):661-668.
[55]Bent S,Padula A,Moore D,Patterson M,Mehling W.Valerian for sleep:A systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of medicine.2006;119(12):1005-1012.
[56]Sletvold H,Stiles TC,Landr?NI.Information processing in primary fibromyalgia,major depression and healthy controls.J Rheumatol 1995;22(1):137-142.
[57]Saini AS,Taliyan R,Sharma PL.Protective effect and mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract-EGb 761 on STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats.Pharmacogn Mag 2014;10(38):172-180.
[58]Rand AL,Asbell PA.Current opinion in ophthalmology nutritional supplements for dry eye syndrome.Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2011;22(4):279-287.
[59]Kesharwani RK,Singh DB,Singh DV,Misra K.Computational study of curcumin analogues by targeting DNA topoisomerase II:A structurebased drug designing approach.Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma 2018;7:15.
[60]Gr?ntved A,Brask T,Kambskard J,Hentzer E.Ginger root against seasickness:A conctrolled trial on the open sea.Acta Otolaryngol 1988105(1-2):45-49.
[61]Haddad P,Amouzgar-Hashemi F,Samsami S,Chinichian S,Oghabian MA.Aloe vera for prevention of radiation-induced dermatitis:A selfcontrolled clinical trial.Curr Oncol 2013;20(4):e345.
[62]Iranshahy M,Iranshahi M.Traditional uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of asafoetida(Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin)-Areview.J Ethnopharmacol 2011;134(1):1-10.
[63]Padmaja V,Rahaman A,Kumari KS,Kumari GS.Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of reserpine,dihydralazine sulphate and hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.Int J Chemtech Res 2018;11(03):192-209.
[64]Sreebny LM,Schwartz SS.A reference guide to drugs and dry mouth.Gerodontology 1986;5(2):75-99.
[65]Hodge G,Hodge S,Han P.Allium sativum(garlic)suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro:potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.Cytometry:Cytometry A2002;48(4):209-215.
[66]Ebadi M.Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine.USA:CRC press;2010.
[67]Abenavoli L,Izzo AA,Mili?N,Cicala C,Santini A,Capasso R.Milk thistle(Silybum marianum):A concise overview on its chemistry,pharmacological,and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases.Phytother Res2018;32(11):2202-2213.
[68]Fagelman E,Lowe FC.Saw palmetto berry as a treatment for BPH.Rev Urol 2001;3(3):134-138.
[69]Ng QX,Venkatanarayanan N,Ho CY.Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum(St John’s wort)in depression:A meta-analysis.J Affect Disord2017;210:211-221.
[70]Kesharwani RK,Srivastava V,Singh P,Rizvi SI,Adeppa K,Misra K.A novel approach for overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer chemotherapy by targeting new synthetic curcumin analogues against aldehyde dehydrogenase 1(ALDH1A1)and glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β).Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015;176(7):1996-2017.
[71]Kesharwani RK,Misra K.Prediction of binding site for Curcuminoids at human Topoisomerase II protein;an in silico approach.Curr Sci 2011;101(8):1060-1064.
[72]Mirzaei H,Shakeri A,Rashidi B,Jalili A,Banikazemi Z,Sahebkar A.Phytosomal curcumin:a review of pharmacokinetic,experimental and clinical studies.Biomed Pharmacother 2017;85:102-112.