A Model of Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoir Facies in Precambrian Dolomite, Central Sichuan Basin, SW China and its Geochemical Characteristics
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摘要
Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ~(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon exploration.
Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ~(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon exploration.
Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ~(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon exploration.
引文
Bai Xiaoliang,Zhang Shaonan,Huang Qingyu,Ding Xiaoqi and Zhang Siyang,2016.Origin of dolomite in the Middle Ordovician peritidal platform carbonates in the northern Ordos Basin,western China.Petroleum Science,13(3):434-449.
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Conliffe,J.,Azmy,K.,Knight,I.,and Lavoie,D.,2009.Dolomitization of the Lower Ordovician Watts Bight Formation of the St.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,46(4):247-261.
Chen Song,Gui Herong,Sun Linhua,Liu Xianghong and Ma Yanping,2011.Geochemical characteristics of REE in limestone of Jiudingshan Formation,northern Anhui Province and their constraint on the seawater.Geology in China,38(3):664-672(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ding Zhenju,Liu Congqiang,Yao Shuzhen and Zhou Zonggui,2000.Rare earth elements compositions of high-temperature hydrothermal fluids in sea floor and control factors.Advance in Earth Sciences,15(3):307-312(in Chinese with English abstract).
Davies,G.R.,and Smith Jr,L.B.,2006.Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies:an overview.AAPGBulletin,90(11):1641-1690.
Ding Bozhao,Zhang Guangrong,Chen Kang,Geng Wei,Zhu Xinghui and Fan Chang,2017.Genesis research of collapsedpaleo-cave systems in Sinian carbonate strata in Central Sichuan Basin,SW China.Natural Gas Geoscience,28(8):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Feng Mingyou,Qiang Zitong,Shen Ping,Zhang Jian,Tao Yanzhong and Xia Maolong,2016.Evidences for hydrothermal dolomite of Sinian Dengying Formation in Gaoshiti-Moxiarea,Sichuan Basic.Acta Petrolei Sinica,37(5):587-598(in Chinese with English abstract).
Feng Mingyou,Wu Pengcheng,Qiang Zitong,Liu Xiaohong,DuanYong and Xia Maolong,2017.Hydrothermal dolomite reservoir in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin,Southwestern China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,82:206-219.
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Hu Wenxuan,Chen Qi,Wang Xiaolin and Cao Jian,2010.REEmodels for the discrimination of fluids in the formation and evolution of dolomite reservoirs.Oil&Gas Geology,31(6):810-818(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang Sijing,2010.Carbonate diagenesis.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,268(in Chinese).
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Jin Zhijun,Zhu Dongya,Hu Wenxuan,Zhang Xuefeng,Wang Yi and Yan Xiangbin,2006.Geological and geochemical signatures of hydrothermal activity and their influence on carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(2):245-253(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jiang Yuqiang,Tao Yanzhong,Gu Yifan,Wang Juebo,Qiang Zitong,Jiang Na,Lin Gang and Jiang Chan,2016.Hydrothermal dolomitization in Dengying Formation,Gaoshiti-moxi area,Sichuan Basin,SW China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,43(1):54-64.
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Lonnee,J.,and Machel,H.,2006.Pervasive dolomitization with subsequent hydrothermal alteration in the Clarke Lake gas field,Middle Devonian Slave Point Formation,British Columbia,Canada.AAPG Bulletin,90(11):1739-1761.
Luczaj,J.A.,Harrison III,W.B.,and Williams,N.S.,2006.Fractured hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs in the Devonian Dundee Formation of the Central Michigan Basin.AAPGBulletin,90(11):1787-1801.
Liu Shugen,Ma Yongsheng,Huang Wenming,Cai Xunyu,Zhang Changjun,Wang Guo zhi,Xu Guosheng,Yong Ziquan and Pan Changlin,2007.Densification process of Upper Sinian Dengying Formation,Sichuan Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience,18(4):485-496(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Shugen,Huang Wenming,Chen Cuihua,Zhang Changjun,Li Juchu,Dai Sulan and Qin Chuan,2008.Primary study on hydrothermal fluids activities and their effectiveness on petroleum and mineral accumulation of Sinian systemPalaeozoic in Sichuan Basin.Journal of Mineralogy&Petrology,28(3):41-50.
Luo Zhili,2009.Emei Taphrogenesis and natural gas prospecting practices in Sichuan Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,30:419-424(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Li Qigui,Li Kesheng,Zhou Zhuozhu,Yan Jihong and Tang Huanyang,2013.Palaeogeomorphology and karst distribution of Tongwan unconformity in Sichuan Basin.Oil and Gas Geology,34(4):516-521(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Wei,Huang Qingyu,Wang Kun,Shi Shuyuan and Jiang Hua,2016.Characteristics of hydrothermal activity in the Tarim Basin and its reworking effect on Carbonate reservoirs.Natural Gas Industry,36(3):14-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin Xiaoxian,Peng Jun,Du Lingchun,Yan Jianping and Hou Zhongjian,2017.Characterization of the microbial dolomite of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Hanyuan area of Sichuan Province,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(3):806-821.
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Cocherie,A.,Calvez,J.Y.,and Oudin-Dunlop,E.,1994.Hydrothermal activity as recorded by Red Sea sediments:SrNd isotopes and REE signatures.Marine Geology,118(3-4):291-302.
Chen Daizhao,2008.Structure-controlled hydrothermal dolomitization and hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs.Oil&Gas Geology,29(5):614-622(in Chinese with English abstract).
Conliffe,J.,Azmy,K.,Knight,I.,and Lavoie,D.,2009.Dolomitization of the Lower Ordovician Watts Bight Formation of the St.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,46(4):247-261.
Chen Song,Gui Herong,Sun Linhua,Liu Xianghong and Ma Yanping,2011.Geochemical characteristics of REE in limestone of Jiudingshan Formation,northern Anhui Province and their constraint on the seawater.Geology in China,38(3):664-672(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ding Zhenju,Liu Congqiang,Yao Shuzhen and Zhou Zonggui,2000.Rare earth elements compositions of high-temperature hydrothermal fluids in sea floor and control factors.Advance in Earth Sciences,15(3):307-312(in Chinese with English abstract).
Davies,G.R.,and Smith Jr,L.B.,2006.Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies:an overview.AAPGBulletin,90(11):1641-1690.
Ding Bozhao,Zhang Guangrong,Chen Kang,Geng Wei,Zhu Xinghui and Fan Chang,2017.Genesis research of collapsedpaleo-cave systems in Sinian carbonate strata in Central Sichuan Basin,SW China.Natural Gas Geoscience,28(8):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fairchild,J.J.,and Spiro,B.,1987.Petrological and isotopic implications of some contrasting late Precambrian carbonate,NE Spitsbergen.Sedimentology,34(6):793-989.
Feng Mingyou,Qiang Zitong,Shen Ping,Zhang Jian,Tao Yanzhong and Xia Maolong,2016.Evidences for hydrothermal dolomite of Sinian Dengying Formation in Gaoshiti-Moxiarea,Sichuan Basic.Acta Petrolei Sinica,37(5):587-598(in Chinese with English abstract).
Feng Mingyou,Wu Pengcheng,Qiang Zitong,Liu Xiaohong,DuanYong and Xia Maolong,2017.Hydrothermal dolomite reservoir in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin,Southwestern China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,82:206-219.
Goldstein,R.H.,and Reynolds,T.J.,1994.Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals:SEPM Short Course,31:1-199.
Hurley,N.F.,and Budros,R.,1990,Albion-Scipio and Stoney Pointfields-U.S.A.Michigan Basin,in E.A.Beaumont and N.H.Foster,eds.,Stratigraphic traps I:AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology,Atlas of Oil and Gas Fields:1-37.
Huang Zhicheng,Chen Zhina,Yang Shouye and Liu Yan,1999.Primaryδ13C andδ18O values in marine carbonates and the sea water temperature of Dengyingxia age in South China.Journal of Palaeogeography,1(3):1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu Wenxuan,Chen Qi,Wang Xiaolin and Cao Jian,2010.REEmodels for the discrimination of fluids in the formation and evolution of dolomite reservoirs.Oil&Gas Geology,31(6):810-818(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang Sijing,2010.Carbonate diagenesis.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,268(in Chinese).
Inoue,A.,1995.Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments in Velde B.(eds).Origin and mineralogy of clays-clays in the environment.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,268-329.
Jin Zhijun,Zhu Dongya,Hu Wenxuan,Zhang Xuefeng,Wang Yi and Yan Xiangbin,2006.Geological and geochemical signatures of hydrothermal activity and their influence on carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(2):245-253(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jiang Yuqiang,Tao Yanzhong,Gu Yifan,Wang Juebo,Qiang Zitong,Jiang Na,Lin Gang and Jiang Chan,2016.Hydrothermal dolomitization in Dengying Formation,Gaoshiti-moxi area,Sichuan Basin,SW China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,43(1):54-64.
Kawabe,I.,Toriumi,T.,Ohta,A.,and Miura,N.,1998.Monoisotopic REE abundances in seawater and the origin of seawater tetrad effect.Geochemical Journal,32(4):213-229.
Lavoie,D.,and Morin,C.,2004.Hydrothermal dolomitization in the Lower Silurian Sayabec Formation in northern Gaspé-Matapédia(Québec):constraint on timing of porosity and regional significance for hydrocarbon reservoirs.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,52(3):256-269.
Lonnee,J.,and Machel,H.,2006.Pervasive dolomitization with subsequent hydrothermal alteration in the Clarke Lake gas field,Middle Devonian Slave Point Formation,British Columbia,Canada.AAPG Bulletin,90(11):1739-1761.
Luczaj,J.A.,Harrison III,W.B.,and Williams,N.S.,2006.Fractured hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs in the Devonian Dundee Formation of the Central Michigan Basin.AAPGBulletin,90(11):1787-1801.
Liu Shugen,Ma Yongsheng,Huang Wenming,Cai Xunyu,Zhang Changjun,Wang Guo zhi,Xu Guosheng,Yong Ziquan and Pan Changlin,2007.Densification process of Upper Sinian Dengying Formation,Sichuan Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience,18(4):485-496(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Shugen,Huang Wenming,Chen Cuihua,Zhang Changjun,Li Juchu,Dai Sulan and Qin Chuan,2008.Primary study on hydrothermal fluids activities and their effectiveness on petroleum and mineral accumulation of Sinian systemPalaeozoic in Sichuan Basin.Journal of Mineralogy&Petrology,28(3):41-50.
Luo Zhili,2009.Emei Taphrogenesis and natural gas prospecting practices in Sichuan Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,30:419-424(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lavoie,D.,and Chi,G.,2010.Lower Paleozoic foreland basins in eastern Canada:tectono-thermal events recorded by faults,fluid and hydrothermal dolomites.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,58(1):17-35.
Lapponi,F.,Bechst?dt,T.,Boni,M.,Banks,D.A.,and Sghneider,J.,2013.Hydrothermal dolomitization in a complex geodynamic setting(Lower Palaeozoic,Northern Spain).Sedimentology,61(2):411-443.
Li Qigui,Li Kesheng,Zhou Zhuozhu,Yan Jihong and Tang Huanyang,2013.Palaeogeomorphology and karst distribution of Tongwan unconformity in Sichuan Basin.Oil and Gas Geology,34(4):516-521(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Yifeng,Qiu Nansheng,Xie Zengye,Yao Qianying and Wu Bin,2014.Characteristics and effects on gas accumulation of the Sinian-Lower Cambrian temperature-pressure field in the central paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,32(3):601-610(in Chinese with English abstract).
Luo Bing,Yang Yueming,Luo Wenjun,Wen Long,Wang Wenzhi and Chen Kang,2015.Controlling factors and distribution of reservoir development in Dengying Formation of paleo-uplift in Central Sichuan Basic.Acta Petrolei Sinica,36(4):416-426(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Wei,Huang Qingyu,Wang Kun,Shi Shuyuan and Jiang Hua,2016.Characteristics of hydrothermal activity in the Tarim Basin and its reworking effect on Carbonate reservoirs.Natural Gas Industry,36(3):14-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin Xiaoxian,Peng Jun,Du Lingchun,Yan Jianping and Hou Zhongjian,2017.Characterization of the microbial dolomite of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Hanyuan area of Sichuan Province,China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(3):806-821.
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