建筑中的现代性:述评与重构
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摘要
本文探讨近期理论动向为反思当代建筑与现代性之关系所带来的影响。文章指出.在最近的研究中,单极的.线性的、欧洲中心主义的现代性模型,正在为"多元","全球"和"他者"现代性所代替。这个转向鼓励研究者通过新的界定来考量现代性,并为观察建筑与现代性之间错综复杂的关系开启了新视野。文章回顾呈现于20世纪主流西方话语中建筑的现代性及建筑学界近年来对现代性的探讨.并尝试在认识论的层面上重构建筑知识的多元性。文章提出,在建筑同质化和环境恶化的趋势愈演愈烈,地域性的建造技艺正急剧消失的今天.唯有谋求多种知识体系的共存,建立容纳多元思维的建筑实践与教育体系.我们才能发展对栖居与建造的多重理解.建设更具可持续性的、更加公正的,在文化和生态方面更加丰富多样的世界。
This article examines the implications of recent theoretical developments for understanding modernity's multiplicity in architecture.It notes that a major trend in theories of modernity has been a turning away from singular,linear,Eurocentric models to those of "multiple", "global" or "other" modernities.The article provides an overview of the understandings of the modern in twentieth-century Western architectural discourse and recent architectural scholarship on non-canonical histories of modernities.It presents the beginnings of a new conceptual framework for understanding epistemological diversity in architectural production by re-formulating different architectural approaches not as evolutionary series but as coexisting knowledge systems.Today,like never before,the spread of homogenous ways of building has reduced cultural diversity and produced destructive ecological effects.Indigenous building knowledge and techniques are disappearing rapidly in many places.The article calls for reciprocity amongst different understandings of dwelling and building in order to develop a more sustainable,just,and culturally and ecologically rich world.
This article examines the implications of recent theoretical developments for understanding modernity's multiplicity in architecture.It notes that a major trend in theories of modernity has been a turning away from singular,linear,Eurocentric models to those of "multiple", "global" or "other" modernities.The article provides an overview of the understandings of the modern in twentieth-century Western architectural discourse and recent architectural scholarship on non-canonical histories of modernities.It presents the beginnings of a new conceptual framework for understanding epistemological diversity in architectural production by re-formulating different architectural approaches not as evolutionary series but as coexisting knowledge systems.Today,like never before,the spread of homogenous ways of building has reduced cultural diversity and produced destructive ecological effects.Indigenous building knowledge and techniques are disappearing rapidly in many places.The article calls for reciprocity amongst different understandings of dwelling and building in order to develop a more sustainable,just,and culturally and ecologically rich world.
引文
[1] 由什穆尔·艾森斯塔特(Shmuel Eisenstadt)等人所倡导的“多元现代性”理论认为,具有文化独特性的现代性会持续地对现代社会的价值体系、社会机制以及其他方面发挥其影响力(Eisenstadt 2002;Sachsenmaier,Riedel and Eisenstadt 2002) 。虽然“多元化现代性”是对原先建立的现代性线性模型进行改进迈出的有益一步,但它将非西方现代性视作源于西方现代性地方化的结果,其目标是为了在世界范围内推进多元文化主义(multiculturalism),以实现对文化差异性的全球管理,因而有其局限性,而“纠结的现代性”概念则试图超越“多元现代性”的平行线模型,提出众多现代性之间的关系不只是共时存在,而且相互交织(Randeria 2002,Therborn 2003;Arnason 2003) 。对“纠结的现代性”概念的探讨刚刚起步。迄今为止,对这一概念给出最清晰阐释的是戈兰·瑟伯恩(Goran Therborn,2003) ,但其方法过于陈旧 (如,强调时间与制度化过程,无视空间与非制度社会实践的重要性)。这个概念还需更系统的阐释才能成为强有力的研究工具。本文的最后部分“纠结的知识”试图在认识论的层面上发展这一概念。
[3] 例如,在一篇发表于1926年,名为“现代住宅”的文章里,魏森霍夫住宅展的宗旨被定位为:“今天的经济状况容不得任何浪费,要求我们以最简化的方法达到最大的效果,要利用新材料和技术来降低建造和运行成本,引领简化的家庭生活方式,改善居住条件“(http://www.weissenhof2002． de/english/weissenhof.html,accessed on 28 October 2010) 。
[4] 马克思主义政治经济学强调生产与需求系统,鲍德里亚则声称我们正处于一个拟像的时代,符号游戏已经取代了马克思主义政治经济学所描述的生产系统,成为构建后工业社会的基石。在这样的时代,我们不再仅仅因为基本生存需求而消费,我们追求的是通过物品来传达关于自己地位与身份的讯息,从而得到精神上的满足(Baudrillard 1993[1976] )。
[7] 在1999年《建筑史学家学会会刊》(Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians)与《建筑教育》(Journal of Architectura Education)各自出版了“建筑历史”专辑(Eve Blau编)与“批判的历史书写”专辑(Kazys Varnelis编)。
[8] 例如,早已成型的“中国”小区规划设计规范实际上是跨国交流的结果,它受到来自全球范围内众多地区的知识与事件的影响,而在中国建国之初,苏联模式的影响尤为深刻(Lu 2006,第二章)。
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[3] 例如,在一篇发表于1926年,名为“现代住宅”的文章里,魏森霍夫住宅展的宗旨被定位为:“今天的经济状况容不得任何浪费,要求我们以最简化的方法达到最大的效果,要利用新材料和技术来降低建造和运行成本,引领简化的家庭生活方式,改善居住条件“(http://www.weissenhof2002． de/english/weissenhof.html,accessed on 28 October 2010) 。
[4] 马克思主义政治经济学强调生产与需求系统,鲍德里亚则声称我们正处于一个拟像的时代,符号游戏已经取代了马克思主义政治经济学所描述的生产系统,成为构建后工业社会的基石。在这样的时代,我们不再仅仅因为基本生存需求而消费,我们追求的是通过物品来传达关于自己地位与身份的讯息,从而得到精神上的满足(Baudrillard 1993[1976] )。
[7] 在1999年《建筑史学家学会会刊》(Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians)与《建筑教育》(Journal of Architectura Education)各自出版了“建筑历史”专辑(Eve Blau编)与“批判的历史书写”专辑(Kazys Varnelis编)。
[8] 例如,早已成型的“中国”小区规划设计规范实际上是跨国交流的结果,它受到来自全球范围内众多地区的知识与事件的影响,而在中国建国之初,苏联模式的影响尤为深刻(Lu 2006,第二章)。
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