Evaluating mountain water scarcity on the county scale: a case study of Dongchuan District, Kunming, China
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摘要
Mountain water, which contributes 50% to 90% to the lower reaches of the watershed, has a considerably low utility efficiency. The water accessibility could be a quantitative measure of water scarcity in the mountains. It can be used effectively for emergency water shortage planning and water resource management. In the present study, Dongchuan District, a typical county in the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan province of Southwest China, was selected as the study area, and the minimal cumulative resistance(MCR) model was used to simulate the least-cost path(LCP) from 1255 point features of natural villages, as well as 12,368 dryfield centroids, to their respective surrounding river systems, which serve as a source for emergency drinking water and irrigation during droughts. The average length of the LCP for each administrative village was calculated to represent the accessibility to water sources for agricultural production and daily life in these mountain villages. The distribution of population and dryfields, as well as other geographic elements, were analyzed to classify the degree of water scarcity in these villages. The results indicate that the area facing the highest risk of water shortage for agricultural irrigation is located in northern Dongchuan, in particular along the two sides of the Xiaojiang Valley, and that the area with the highest risk of water shortage for daily life needs is located along the Xiaojiang Valley.
Mountain water, which contributes 50% to 90% to the lower reaches of the watershed, has a considerably low utility efficiency. The water accessibility could be a quantitative measure of water scarcity in the mountains. It can be used effectively for emergency water shortage planning and water resource management. In the present study, Dongchuan District, a typical county in the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan province of Southwest China, was selected as the study area, and the minimal cumulative resistance(MCR) model was used to simulate the least-cost path(LCP) from 1255 point features of natural villages, as well as 12,368 dryfield centroids, to their respective surrounding river systems, which serve as a source for emergency drinking water and irrigation during droughts. The average length of the LCP for each administrative village was calculated to represent the accessibility to water sources for agricultural production and daily life in these mountain villages. The distribution of population and dryfields, as well as other geographic elements, were analyzed to classify the degree of water scarcity in these villages. The results indicate that the area facing the highest risk of water shortage for agricultural irrigation is located in northern Dongchuan, in particular along the two sides of the Xiaojiang Valley, and that the area with the highest risk of water shortage for daily life needs is located along the Xiaojiang Valley.
Mountain water, which contributes 50% to 90% to the lower reaches of the watershed, has a considerably low utility efficiency. The water accessibility could be a quantitative measure of water scarcity in the mountains. It can be used effectively for emergency water shortage planning and water resource management. In the present study, Dongchuan District, a typical county in the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan province of Southwest China, was selected as the study area, and the minimal cumulative resistance(MCR) model was used to simulate the least-cost path(LCP) from 1255 point features of natural villages, as well as 12,368 dryfield centroids, to their respective surrounding river systems, which serve as a source for emergency drinking water and irrigation during droughts. The average length of the LCP for each administrative village was calculated to represent the accessibility to water sources for agricultural production and daily life in these mountain villages. The distribution of population and dryfields, as well as other geographic elements, were analyzed to classify the degree of water scarcity in these villages. The results indicate that the area facing the highest risk of water shortage for agricultural irrigation is located in northern Dongchuan, in particular along the two sides of the Xiaojiang Valley, and that the area with the highest risk of water shortage for daily life needs is located along the Xiaojiang Valley.
引文
Chen J(2013)The experiences and mode to response the five years drought in Yunnan Province.China Water Resources,16:10-12.(In Chinese)
Deng W,Dai EF,Jia YW,et al.(2015)Spatiotemporal coupling characteristics,effects and their regulation of water and soil elements in mountainous area.Mountain Research 33(5):513-520.(In Chinese)
Dong JH,Dai WT,Shao GQ,et al.(2015)Ecological network construction based on minimum cumulative resistance for the city of Nanjing,China.ISPRS International Journal of GeoInformation 4(4):2045-2060.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042045
Fan J(2009)Evaluation of carrying capacity of resources and environment-the reconstruction planning after earthquake of Wenchuan.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese)
Fu B,Hu GD,Yang F,et al.(2014)Analysis of drought normalization in yunnan province.Journal of China Hydrology,34(4):82-85.(In Chinese)
Gain AK and Wada Y(2014)Assessment of future water scarcity at different spatial and temporal scales of the Brahmaputra River Basin.Water Resources Management 28(4):999-1012.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0530-5
Gentle P and Maraseni TN(2012)Climate change,poverty and livelihoods:adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal.Environmental Science&Policy 21:24-34.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.007
Gosling S N and Arnell NW(2016)A global assessment of the impact of climate change on water scarcity.Climatic Change134:371-385.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0853-x
Gustafson EJ and Gardner RH(1996)The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization.Ecology 77(1):94-107.https://doi.org/10.2307/2265659
Hansen WG(1959)How accessibility shapes land-use.Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25:73-76.https://doi.org/10.1080/01944365908978307
He XB,Li ZB,Hao MD et al.(2003)Down-scale analysis for water scarcity in response to soil-water conservation on Loess Plateau of China.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment94:355-361.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(02)00039-7
Hoekstra AY,Mekonnen M,Chapagain AK,et al.(2012)Global monthly water scarcity:Blue water footprints versus blue water availability.PLoS ONE 7(2):1-9.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032688
Jiang Y(2009)China’s water scarcity.Journal of Environmental Management 90:3185-3196.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.016
Karthe D,Chalov S,Borchardt D,et al.(2015)Water resources and their management in central Asia in the early twenty first century:status,challenges and future prospects.Environmental Earth Sciences 73:487-499.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3789-1
Krausmann E,Cruz AM,Affeltranger B(2010)The impact of the12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on industrial facilities.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 23:242-248.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.10.004
Kummu M.,Gerten D.,Heinke J.,et al.2014.Climate-driven interannual variability of water scarcity in food production potential:a global analysis.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18:447-461.https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-447-2014
Li J,Deng W,Zhang JF,et al.(2016)Water security problems and strategies under climate Change in a mountain resourcebased on Dongchuan City,Kunming.Mountain Research34(6):772-779.(In Chinese)
Li J,Zhang XJ,Liu LM,et al.(2017)Land pattern and process analysis in Dongchuan,Kunming from 1990 to 2010.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University(Natural Science)32(2):342-349.(In Chinese)
Ma X,Xu JC,Luo Y,et al.(2009)Response of hydrological processes to land-cover and climate changes in Kejie watershed,south-west China.Hydrological Process 23(8):1179-1191.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7233
Mekonnen MM and Hoekstra AY(2016)Four billion people facing severe water scarcity.Science Advances 2(2):e1500323.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
Merz J,Nakarmi G,Weingartner R.(2003)Potential solutions to water scarcity in the rural watersheds of Nepal’s middle mountains.Mountain Research and Development 23(1):14-18.https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0014:PSTWSI]2.0.CO;2
Messerli B,Viviroli D,Weingartner R(2004)Mountains of the world:Vulnerable water towers for the 21st century.Ambio Special Report 13:29-34.https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-110516
Moms J M,Dumble PL,Wigan MR(1978)Accessibility indicators of transport planning.Transportation Research,13:91-109.https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(79)90012-8
Postel SL(2000)Entering an ear of water scarcity:the challenge ahead.Ecological Applications 10(4):941-948.https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0941:EAEOWS]2.0.CO;2
Schewe J,Heinke J,Gerten D,et al.(2014)Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(9):3245-3250.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222460110
Veldkamp TIE,Wada Y,Aerts JCJH,et al.(2017)Water scarcity hotspots travel downstream due to human interventions in the 20th and 21st century.Nature Communication 8:15697.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15697
Vinke K,Martin MA,Adams S,et al.(2017)Climatic risks and impacts in South Asia:Extremes of water scarcity and excess.Regional Environmental Change 17(6):1569-1583.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0924-9
Viviroli D,Archer DR,Buytaert W,et al.(2011)Climate change and mountain water resources:overview and recommendations for research,management and policy.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15:471-504.https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-471-2011
Xu JC,Grumbine RE,Shrestha A,et al.(2009)The melting Himalayas:Cascading effects of climate change on water,biodiversity,and livelihoods.Conservation Biology 23(3):520-530.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01237.x
Yao YB,Zhang Q,Wang JS,et al.(2014)The response of drought to climate warming in southwest in China.Ecology and Environmental Sciences 23(9):1409-1417.(In Chinese)
Yin H.and Li Y.H.2013.Summary of advance on drought study in southwest China.Journal of Arid Meteorology 31(3):183-193.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2013)-01-0182
Zhang JF,Deng W,Liu SQ(2013)The regional spatial development pattern of mountain resource-based city in Southwest of China:A case study of Dongchuan District.Scientia Geographica Sinica 33(10):1206-1215.(In Chinese)
Deng W,Dai EF,Jia YW,et al.(2015)Spatiotemporal coupling characteristics,effects and their regulation of water and soil elements in mountainous area.Mountain Research 33(5):513-520.(In Chinese)
Dong JH,Dai WT,Shao GQ,et al.(2015)Ecological network construction based on minimum cumulative resistance for the city of Nanjing,China.ISPRS International Journal of GeoInformation 4(4):2045-2060.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042045
Fan J(2009)Evaluation of carrying capacity of resources and environment-the reconstruction planning after earthquake of Wenchuan.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese)
Fu B,Hu GD,Yang F,et al.(2014)Analysis of drought normalization in yunnan province.Journal of China Hydrology,34(4):82-85.(In Chinese)
Gain AK and Wada Y(2014)Assessment of future water scarcity at different spatial and temporal scales of the Brahmaputra River Basin.Water Resources Management 28(4):999-1012.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0530-5
Gentle P and Maraseni TN(2012)Climate change,poverty and livelihoods:adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal.Environmental Science&Policy 21:24-34.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.007
Gosling S N and Arnell NW(2016)A global assessment of the impact of climate change on water scarcity.Climatic Change134:371-385.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0853-x
Gustafson EJ and Gardner RH(1996)The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization.Ecology 77(1):94-107.https://doi.org/10.2307/2265659
Hansen WG(1959)How accessibility shapes land-use.Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25:73-76.https://doi.org/10.1080/01944365908978307
He XB,Li ZB,Hao MD et al.(2003)Down-scale analysis for water scarcity in response to soil-water conservation on Loess Plateau of China.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment94:355-361.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(02)00039-7
Hoekstra AY,Mekonnen M,Chapagain AK,et al.(2012)Global monthly water scarcity:Blue water footprints versus blue water availability.PLoS ONE 7(2):1-9.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032688
Jiang Y(2009)China’s water scarcity.Journal of Environmental Management 90:3185-3196.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.016
Karthe D,Chalov S,Borchardt D,et al.(2015)Water resources and their management in central Asia in the early twenty first century:status,challenges and future prospects.Environmental Earth Sciences 73:487-499.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3789-1
Krausmann E,Cruz AM,Affeltranger B(2010)The impact of the12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on industrial facilities.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 23:242-248.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.10.004
Kummu M.,Gerten D.,Heinke J.,et al.2014.Climate-driven interannual variability of water scarcity in food production potential:a global analysis.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18:447-461.https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-447-2014
Li J,Deng W,Zhang JF,et al.(2016)Water security problems and strategies under climate Change in a mountain resourcebased on Dongchuan City,Kunming.Mountain Research34(6):772-779.(In Chinese)
Li J,Zhang XJ,Liu LM,et al.(2017)Land pattern and process analysis in Dongchuan,Kunming from 1990 to 2010.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University(Natural Science)32(2):342-349.(In Chinese)
Ma X,Xu JC,Luo Y,et al.(2009)Response of hydrological processes to land-cover and climate changes in Kejie watershed,south-west China.Hydrological Process 23(8):1179-1191.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7233
Mekonnen MM and Hoekstra AY(2016)Four billion people facing severe water scarcity.Science Advances 2(2):e1500323.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
Merz J,Nakarmi G,Weingartner R.(2003)Potential solutions to water scarcity in the rural watersheds of Nepal’s middle mountains.Mountain Research and Development 23(1):14-18.https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0014:PSTWSI]2.0.CO;2
Messerli B,Viviroli D,Weingartner R(2004)Mountains of the world:Vulnerable water towers for the 21st century.Ambio Special Report 13:29-34.https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-110516
Moms J M,Dumble PL,Wigan MR(1978)Accessibility indicators of transport planning.Transportation Research,13:91-109.https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(79)90012-8
Postel SL(2000)Entering an ear of water scarcity:the challenge ahead.Ecological Applications 10(4):941-948.https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0941:EAEOWS]2.0.CO;2
Schewe J,Heinke J,Gerten D,et al.(2014)Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(9):3245-3250.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222460110
Veldkamp TIE,Wada Y,Aerts JCJH,et al.(2017)Water scarcity hotspots travel downstream due to human interventions in the 20th and 21st century.Nature Communication 8:15697.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15697
Vinke K,Martin MA,Adams S,et al.(2017)Climatic risks and impacts in South Asia:Extremes of water scarcity and excess.Regional Environmental Change 17(6):1569-1583.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0924-9
Viviroli D,Archer DR,Buytaert W,et al.(2011)Climate change and mountain water resources:overview and recommendations for research,management and policy.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15:471-504.https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-471-2011
Xu JC,Grumbine RE,Shrestha A,et al.(2009)The melting Himalayas:Cascading effects of climate change on water,biodiversity,and livelihoods.Conservation Biology 23(3):520-530.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01237.x
Yao YB,Zhang Q,Wang JS,et al.(2014)The response of drought to climate warming in southwest in China.Ecology and Environmental Sciences 23(9):1409-1417.(In Chinese)
Yin H.and Li Y.H.2013.Summary of advance on drought study in southwest China.Journal of Arid Meteorology 31(3):183-193.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2013)-01-0182
Zhang JF,Deng W,Liu SQ(2013)The regional spatial development pattern of mountain resource-based city in Southwest of China:A case study of Dongchuan District.Scientia Geographica Sinica 33(10):1206-1215.(In Chinese)