Arctic source for elevated atmospheric mercury(Hg~0) in the western Bering Sea in the summer of 2013
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摘要
Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury(Hg~0) in the marine boundary layer of the western Bering Sea were performed using an automatic mercury analyzer RA 915 +(Ltd. "Lumex", St. Petersburg, Russia) aboard the Russian research vessel Academician M.A.Lavrentev from 3 to 20 August 2013. Hg~0 concentrations varied from 0.3 to 2.1 ng/m~3(n = 4783);the average value(1.1 ± 0.3 ng/m~3) was lower than both the background range of the Northern Hemisphere(1.5–1.7 ng/m~3) and average values previously observed in the Bering Sea, and corresponded to the background concentrations of the Southern Hemisphere(1.1–1.3 ng/m~3).Maximum Hg~0 concentrations were observed within air masses that came from the lower troposphere of the central Arctic. Under these conditions, Hg~0 ranged between 1.1 and 2.1 ng/m~3 with an average of 1.5 ± 0.2 ng/m~3(n = 1183). Except for these periods, Hg~0 concentrations during the rest of the study varied from 0.3 to 1.8 ng/m~3, with an average value of 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/m~3(n = 3600). Our results support the hypothesis that, in the summer, air masses from the central Arctic Ocean can be an exporter of mercury to lower latitudes. Perhaps the atmospheric transport of elevated concentrations of Hg~0 into lower latitudes may have implications for the biologic and economic health of important fisheries, such as the Bering Sea.
Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury(Hg~0) in the marine boundary layer of the western Bering Sea were performed using an automatic mercury analyzer RA 915 +(Ltd. "Lumex", St. Petersburg, Russia) aboard the Russian research vessel Academician M.A.Lavrentev from 3 to 20 August 2013. Hg~0 concentrations varied from 0.3 to 2.1 ng/m~3(n = 4783);the average value(1.1 ± 0.3 ng/m~3) was lower than both the background range of the Northern Hemisphere(1.5–1.7 ng/m~3) and average values previously observed in the Bering Sea, and corresponded to the background concentrations of the Southern Hemisphere(1.1–1.3 ng/m~3).Maximum Hg~0 concentrations were observed within air masses that came from the lower troposphere of the central Arctic. Under these conditions, Hg~0 ranged between 1.1 and 2.1 ng/m~3 with an average of 1.5 ± 0.2 ng/m~3(n = 1183). Except for these periods, Hg~0 concentrations during the rest of the study varied from 0.3 to 1.8 ng/m~3, with an average value of 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/m~3(n = 3600). Our results support the hypothesis that, in the summer, air masses from the central Arctic Ocean can be an exporter of mercury to lower latitudes. Perhaps the atmospheric transport of elevated concentrations of Hg~0 into lower latitudes may have implications for the biologic and economic health of important fisheries, such as the Bering Sea.
Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury(Hg~0) in the marine boundary layer of the western Bering Sea were performed using an automatic mercury analyzer RA 915 +(Ltd. "Lumex", St. Petersburg, Russia) aboard the Russian research vessel Academician M.A.Lavrentev from 3 to 20 August 2013. Hg~0 concentrations varied from 0.3 to 2.1 ng/m~3(n = 4783);the average value(1.1 ± 0.3 ng/m~3) was lower than both the background range of the Northern Hemisphere(1.5–1.7 ng/m~3) and average values previously observed in the Bering Sea, and corresponded to the background concentrations of the Southern Hemisphere(1.1–1.3 ng/m~3).Maximum Hg~0 concentrations were observed within air masses that came from the lower troposphere of the central Arctic. Under these conditions, Hg~0 ranged between 1.1 and 2.1 ng/m~3 with an average of 1.5 ± 0.2 ng/m~3(n = 1183). Except for these periods, Hg~0 concentrations during the rest of the study varied from 0.3 to 1.8 ng/m~3, with an average value of 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/m~3(n = 3600). Our results support the hypothesis that, in the summer, air masses from the central Arctic Ocean can be an exporter of mercury to lower latitudes. Perhaps the atmospheric transport of elevated concentrations of Hg~0 into lower latitudes may have implications for the biologic and economic health of important fisheries, such as the Bering Sea.
引文
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Ci,Z.,Zhang,X.,Wang,Z.,Niu,Z.,2011a.Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury(GEM)over a coastal/rural site downwind of East China:temporal variation and long-range transport.Atmos.Environ.45,183-190.
Ci,Z.,Zhang,X.,Wang,Z.,Niu,Z.,Diao,X.,Wang,S.,2011b.Distribution and air-sea exchange of mercury(Hg)in the Yellow Sea.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11,2881-2892.
Ci,Z.,Zhang,X.,Yin,Y.,Chen,J.,Wang,S.,2016.Mercury redox chemistry in waters of the eastern Asian seas:from polluted coast to clean open ocean.Environ.Sci.Technol.50,2371-2380.
Costa,M.,Liss,P.,2000.Photoreduction and evolution of mercury from seawater.Sci.Total Environ.261,125-135.
Dastoor,A.P.,Larocque,Y.,2004.Global circulation of atmospheric mercury:a modeling study.Atmos.Environ.38,147-161.
Douglas,T.A.,Loseto,L.L.,Macdonald,R.W.,Outridge,P.,Dommergue,A.,Poulain,A.,et al.,2012.The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,a review.Environ.Chem.9,321-355.
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Fisher,J.A.,Jacob,D.J.,Soerensen,A.L.,Amos,H.M.,Steffen,A.,Sunderland,E.M.,2012.Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mercury inferred from atmospheric observations.Nat.Geosci.5,499-504.
Hirdman,D.,Aspmo,K.,Burkhart,J.F.,Eckhardt,S.,Sodemann,H.,Stohl,A.,2009.Transport of mercury in the Arctic atmosphere:evidence for a springtime net sink and summer-time source.Geophys.Res.Lett.36,L12814.
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Jaffe,D.,Prestbo,E.,Swartzendruber,P.,Weiss-Penzias,P.,Kato,S.,Takami,A.,et al.,2005.Export of atmospheric mercury from Asia.Atmos.Environ.39,3029-3038.
Kalinchuk,V.V.,Astakhov,A.S.,2014.Atmochemical mercury dispersion aureoles over active geologic structures of the northern Sea of Japan.Russ.Geol.Geophys.55(12),1379-1386.
Kalinchuk,V.V.,Astakhov,A.S.,Mishukov,V.F.,Aksentov,K.I.,2013.Variations of atomic mercury concentration in atmospheric surface layer over the Ussuri Bay of the Sea of Japan during the typhoon Bolaven passage in 2012.Russ.Meteorol.Hydrol.38(5),313-319.
Kang,H.,Xie,Z.,2011.Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition.J.Environ.Sci.23(9),1424-1430.
Kim,K.H.,Mishra,V.K.,Hong,S.,2006.The rapid and continuous monitoring of gaseous elemental mercury(GEM)behavior in ambient air.Atmos.Environ.40,3281-3293.
Kolesnik,A.N.,2009.The total mercury content over the water area of the northern part of the Bering Sea.Proceedings of International Scientific Conference of Geology,Geography and Ecology of the Ocean[in Russian].SSC RAS,Rostov-On-Don,Russia.Jun 8-11.
Lin,C.-J.,Singhasuk,P.,Pehkonen,S.O.,2012.Atmospheric chemistry of mercury.In:Liu,G.L.,Cai,Y.,O'Driscoll,N.(Eds.),Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury.Wiley,Hoboken,pp.111-153.
Lindberg,S.,Bullock,R.,Ebinghaus,R.,Engstrom,D.,Feng,X.,Fitzgerald,W.,et al.,2007.A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition.Ambio 36,19-32.
Mason,R.P.,Choi,A.L.,Fitzgerald,W.F.,Hammerschmidt,C.R.,Lamborg,C.H.,Soerensen,A.L.,et al.,2012.Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.Environ.Res.119,101-117.
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Morshyna,T.N.,Baranova,E.L.,Virchenko,E.P.,Kopylova,L.P.,Mamchenko,T.B.,2010.Mercury,lead and cadmium in the blood of the inhabitants of the northern regions of Russia.Proceedings of International Symposium of Mercury in the Biosphere:Ecological and Geochemical Aspects[in Russian].GEOKHI RAS,Moscow,Russia(Sep 7-9).
Nguyen,H.T.,Kim,K.H.,Kim,M.Y.,2010.The influence of long range transport on atmospheric mercury on Jeju Island,Korea.Sci.Total Environ.408(6),1295-1307.
Nguyen,H.T.,Kim,K.H.,Kim,M.Y.,Hong,S.,Youn,Y.H.,Shon,Z.H.,et al.,2007.Monitoring of atmospheric mercury at a Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW)site on An-Myun Island,Korea.Water Air Soil Pollut.185,149-164.
Outridge,P.M.,Macdonald,R.W.,Wang,F.,Stern,G.A.,Dastoor,A.P.,2008.A mass balance inventory of mercury in the Arctic Ocean.Environ.Chem.5,89-111.
Pankratov,F.F.,2013.Dynamics of Atmospheric Mercury in the Russian Arctic Based on the Results Long-term Monitoring.Ph D Thesis[in Russian].Russian State Hydrometeorological University,St.Petersburg,Russia.
Poulain,A.J.,Lalonde,J.D.,Amyot,J.D.,Shead,J.A.,Raofie,F.,Ariya,P.A.,2004.Redox transformations of mercury in an Arctic snowpack at springtime.Atmos.Environ.38,6763-6774.
Poulain,A.J.,Ni Chadhain,S.M.,Ariya,P.A.,Amyot,M.,Garcia,E.,Campbell,P.G.C.,et al.,2007.Potential for mercury reduction by microbes in the high arctic.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.73,2230-2238.
Qureshi,A.,O'Driscoll,N.J.,Mac Leod,M.,Neuhold,Y.M.,Hungerbühler,K.,2010.Photoreactions of mercury in surface ocean water:gross reaction kinetics and possible pathways.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,644-649.
Sheu,G.R.,Lin,N.H.,Wang,J.L.,Lee,C.T.,Ou-Yang,C.F.,Wang,S.H.,2010.Temporal distribution and potential sources of atmospheric mercury measured at a high-elevation background station in Taiwan.Atmos.Environ.44,2393-2400.
Sholupov,S.,Pogarev,S.,Ryzhov,V.,Mashyanov,N.,Stroganov,A.,2004.Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometer RA-915+for direct determination of mercury in air and complex matrix samples.Fuel Process.Technol.85,473-485.
Shuntov,V.P.(Ed.),2001.Biology of the Far Eastern Seas of Russia[in Russian].TINRO-center.
Siciliano,S.D.,O'Driscoll,N.J.,Lean,D.R.D.,2002.Microbial reduction and oxidation of mercury in freshwater lakes.Environ.Sci.Technol.36,3064-3068.
Slemr,F.,Brunke,E.G.,Ebinghaus,R.,Temme,C.,Munthe,J.,Wangberg,W.H.,et al.,2003.Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1977.Geophys.Res.Lett.30(10),23-31.
Soerensen,A.L.,Jacob,D.J.,Schartup,A.,Fisher,J.A.,Lehnherr,I.,St.Louis,V.L.,et al.,2016.A mass budget for mercury and methylmercury in the Arctic Ocean.Glob.Biogeochem.Cycles30,560-575.
Southworth,G.R.,Lindberg,S.E.,Zhang,H.,Anscombe,F.R.,2004.Fugitive mercury emissions from a chlor-alkali factory:sources and fluxes to the atmosphere.Atmos.Environ.38,597-611.
Sprovieri,F.,Pirrone,N.,Bencardino,M.,D'Amore,F.,Carbone,F.,Cinnirella,S.,et al.,2016.Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,11915-11935.
Steffen,A.,Douglas,T.,Amyot,M.,Ariya,P.,Aspmo,K.,Berg,T.,et al.,2008.A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,1445-1482.
Stohl,A.,Berg,T.,Burkhart,J.F.,Fj?raa,A.M.,Forster,C.,Herber,A.,et al.,2007.Arctic smoke-record high air-pollution in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006.Atmos.Chem.Phys.7,511-534.
Travnikov,O.,2005.Contribution of the intercontinental atmospheric transport to mercury pollution in the Northern Hemisphere.Atmos.Environ.39,7541-7548.
Travnikov,O.,Ryaboshapko,A.(Eds.),2002.Modelling of Mercury Hemispheric Transport and Depositions.EMEP/MSC-ETechnical Report 6/2002.Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East,Moscow,Russia.
Vilhjálmsson,H.,Hoel,A.H.,Agnarsson,S.,Arnason,R.,Carscadden,J.E.,Eide,A.,et al.,2005.Fisheries and aquaculture.In:Symon,C.,Arris,L.,Heal,B.(Eds.),Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.Cambridge University Press,New York,pp.691-780.
М03-06-2000,2000.Technique of Zeeman Atomic-Absorption Measurement(RA-915+Spectrometer)of Mass Concentration of Mercury Vapor in the Atmosphere and in the Air of Residential and Industrial Buildings[in Russian].Lumex,St.Petersburg,Russia.
AMAP,2011.AMAP Assessment 2011:Mercury in the Arctic.Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP),Oslo,Norway,p.193.
AMAP/UNEP,2008.Technical Background Report to the Global Atmospheric Mercury Assessment.Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme/UNEP Chemicals Branch,Geneva,p.159.
Amyot,M.,Mierle,G.,Lean,D.R.S.,Mc Queen,D.J.,1994.Sunlight-induced formation of dissolved gaseous mercury in lake waters.Environ.Sci.Technol.28,2366-2371.
Andersson,M.E.,Sommar,J.,Gardfeldt,K.,Lindqvist,O.,2008.Enhanced concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury in the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean.Mar.Chem.110,190-194.
Aspmo,K.,Temme,C.,Berg,T.,Ferrari,C.,Gauchard,P.A.,Fain,X.,et al.,2006.Mercury in the atmosphere,snow and melt water ponds in the North Atlantic Ocean during Arctic summer.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,4083-4089.
Astakhov,A.S.,Ivanov,M.V.,Li,B.Y.,2011.Hydrochemical and atmochemical mercury dispersion zones over hydrothermal vents of the submarine Piip volcano in the Bering Sea.Oceanology 51(5),826-835.
Banks,D.,Williams,M.,Pearce,J.,Springer,A.,Hagenstein,R.,Olson,D.(Eds.),2000.Ecoregion-based Conservation in the Bering Sea:Identifying Important Areas for Biodiversity Conservation.World Wildlife Fund,The Nature Conservancy of Alaska,Washington(DC).
Brown,R.,Pirrone,N.,van Hoek,C.,Sprovieri,F.,Fernandez,R.,Toté,K.,2010.Standardisation of a European measurement method for the determination of mercury in deposition:results of the field trial campaign and determination of a measurement.J.Environ.Monit.12,689-695.
Christensen,J.H.,Brandt,J.,Froh,L.M.,Skov,H.,2004.Modeling of mercury in the Arctic with the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model.Atmos.Chem.Phys.4,2251-2257.
Ci,Z.,Zhang,X.,Wang,Z.,Niu,Z.,2011a.Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury(GEM)over a coastal/rural site downwind of East China:temporal variation and long-range transport.Atmos.Environ.45,183-190.
Ci,Z.,Zhang,X.,Wang,Z.,Niu,Z.,Diao,X.,Wang,S.,2011b.Distribution and air-sea exchange of mercury(Hg)in the Yellow Sea.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11,2881-2892.
Ci,Z.,Zhang,X.,Yin,Y.,Chen,J.,Wang,S.,2016.Mercury redox chemistry in waters of the eastern Asian seas:from polluted coast to clean open ocean.Environ.Sci.Technol.50,2371-2380.
Costa,M.,Liss,P.,2000.Photoreduction and evolution of mercury from seawater.Sci.Total Environ.261,125-135.
Dastoor,A.P.,Larocque,Y.,2004.Global circulation of atmospheric mercury:a modeling study.Atmos.Environ.38,147-161.
Douglas,T.A.,Loseto,L.L.,Macdonald,R.W.,Outridge,P.,Dommergue,A.,Poulain,A.,et al.,2012.The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,a review.Environ.Chem.9,321-355.
Draxler,R.R.,Rolph,G.D.,2013.HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)Model Access via NOAAARL READY Website.NOAA Air Resources Laboratory,Silver Spring,MD.
Durnford,D.,Dastoor,A.,Figueras-Nieto,D.,Ryjkov,A.,2010.Long range transport of mercury to the Arctic and across Canada.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,6063-6086.
Fisher,J.A.,Jacob,D.J.,Soerensen,A.L.,Amos,H.M.,Steffen,A.,Sunderland,E.M.,2012.Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mercury inferred from atmospheric observations.Nat.Geosci.5,499-504.
Hirdman,D.,Aspmo,K.,Burkhart,J.F.,Eckhardt,S.,Sodemann,H.,Stohl,A.,2009.Transport of mercury in the Arctic atmosphere:evidence for a springtime net sink and summer-time source.Geophys.Res.Lett.36,L12814.
Holmes,C.D.,Jacob,D.J.,Corbitt,E.S.,Mao,J.,Yang,X.,Talbot,R.,et al.,2010.Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,12037-12057.
Jaffe,D.,Prestbo,E.,Swartzendruber,P.,Weiss-Penzias,P.,Kato,S.,Takami,A.,et al.,2005.Export of atmospheric mercury from Asia.Atmos.Environ.39,3029-3038.
Kalinchuk,V.V.,Astakhov,A.S.,2014.Atmochemical mercury dispersion aureoles over active geologic structures of the northern Sea of Japan.Russ.Geol.Geophys.55(12),1379-1386.
Kalinchuk,V.V.,Astakhov,A.S.,Mishukov,V.F.,Aksentov,K.I.,2013.Variations of atomic mercury concentration in atmospheric surface layer over the Ussuri Bay of the Sea of Japan during the typhoon Bolaven passage in 2012.Russ.Meteorol.Hydrol.38(5),313-319.
Kang,H.,Xie,Z.,2011.Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition.J.Environ.Sci.23(9),1424-1430.
Kim,K.H.,Mishra,V.K.,Hong,S.,2006.The rapid and continuous monitoring of gaseous elemental mercury(GEM)behavior in ambient air.Atmos.Environ.40,3281-3293.
Kolesnik,A.N.,2009.The total mercury content over the water area of the northern part of the Bering Sea.Proceedings of International Scientific Conference of Geology,Geography and Ecology of the Ocean[in Russian].SSC RAS,Rostov-On-Don,Russia.Jun 8-11.
Lin,C.-J.,Singhasuk,P.,Pehkonen,S.O.,2012.Atmospheric chemistry of mercury.In:Liu,G.L.,Cai,Y.,O'Driscoll,N.(Eds.),Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury.Wiley,Hoboken,pp.111-153.
Lindberg,S.,Bullock,R.,Ebinghaus,R.,Engstrom,D.,Feng,X.,Fitzgerald,W.,et al.,2007.A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition.Ambio 36,19-32.
Mason,R.P.,Choi,A.L.,Fitzgerald,W.F.,Hammerschmidt,C.R.,Lamborg,C.H.,Soerensen,A.L.,et al.,2012.Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.Environ.Res.119,101-117.
Mason,R.,Pirrone,N.,Hedgecock,I.,Suzuki,N.,Levin,L.,2010.Conceptual overview.In:Pirrone,N.,Keating,T.(Eds.),Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution.Part B:Mercury.United Nations Publication,New York,pp.1-26.
Morshyna,T.N.,Baranova,E.L.,Virchenko,E.P.,Kopylova,L.P.,Mamchenko,T.B.,2010.Mercury,lead and cadmium in the blood of the inhabitants of the northern regions of Russia.Proceedings of International Symposium of Mercury in the Biosphere:Ecological and Geochemical Aspects[in Russian].GEOKHI RAS,Moscow,Russia(Sep 7-9).
Nguyen,H.T.,Kim,K.H.,Kim,M.Y.,2010.The influence of long range transport on atmospheric mercury on Jeju Island,Korea.Sci.Total Environ.408(6),1295-1307.
Nguyen,H.T.,Kim,K.H.,Kim,M.Y.,Hong,S.,Youn,Y.H.,Shon,Z.H.,et al.,2007.Monitoring of atmospheric mercury at a Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW)site on An-Myun Island,Korea.Water Air Soil Pollut.185,149-164.
Outridge,P.M.,Macdonald,R.W.,Wang,F.,Stern,G.A.,Dastoor,A.P.,2008.A mass balance inventory of mercury in the Arctic Ocean.Environ.Chem.5,89-111.
Pankratov,F.F.,2013.Dynamics of Atmospheric Mercury in the Russian Arctic Based on the Results Long-term Monitoring.Ph D Thesis[in Russian].Russian State Hydrometeorological University,St.Petersburg,Russia.
Poulain,A.J.,Lalonde,J.D.,Amyot,J.D.,Shead,J.A.,Raofie,F.,Ariya,P.A.,2004.Redox transformations of mercury in an Arctic snowpack at springtime.Atmos.Environ.38,6763-6774.
Poulain,A.J.,Ni Chadhain,S.M.,Ariya,P.A.,Amyot,M.,Garcia,E.,Campbell,P.G.C.,et al.,2007.Potential for mercury reduction by microbes in the high arctic.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.73,2230-2238.
Qureshi,A.,O'Driscoll,N.J.,Mac Leod,M.,Neuhold,Y.M.,Hungerbühler,K.,2010.Photoreactions of mercury in surface ocean water:gross reaction kinetics and possible pathways.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,644-649.
Sheu,G.R.,Lin,N.H.,Wang,J.L.,Lee,C.T.,Ou-Yang,C.F.,Wang,S.H.,2010.Temporal distribution and potential sources of atmospheric mercury measured at a high-elevation background station in Taiwan.Atmos.Environ.44,2393-2400.
Sholupov,S.,Pogarev,S.,Ryzhov,V.,Mashyanov,N.,Stroganov,A.,2004.Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometer RA-915+for direct determination of mercury in air and complex matrix samples.Fuel Process.Technol.85,473-485.
Shuntov,V.P.(Ed.),2001.Biology of the Far Eastern Seas of Russia[in Russian].TINRO-center.
Siciliano,S.D.,O'Driscoll,N.J.,Lean,D.R.D.,2002.Microbial reduction and oxidation of mercury in freshwater lakes.Environ.Sci.Technol.36,3064-3068.
Slemr,F.,Brunke,E.G.,Ebinghaus,R.,Temme,C.,Munthe,J.,Wangberg,W.H.,et al.,2003.Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1977.Geophys.Res.Lett.30(10),23-31.
Soerensen,A.L.,Jacob,D.J.,Schartup,A.,Fisher,J.A.,Lehnherr,I.,St.Louis,V.L.,et al.,2016.A mass budget for mercury and methylmercury in the Arctic Ocean.Glob.Biogeochem.Cycles30,560-575.
Southworth,G.R.,Lindberg,S.E.,Zhang,H.,Anscombe,F.R.,2004.Fugitive mercury emissions from a chlor-alkali factory:sources and fluxes to the atmosphere.Atmos.Environ.38,597-611.
Sprovieri,F.,Pirrone,N.,Bencardino,M.,D'Amore,F.,Carbone,F.,Cinnirella,S.,et al.,2016.Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,11915-11935.
Steffen,A.,Douglas,T.,Amyot,M.,Ariya,P.,Aspmo,K.,Berg,T.,et al.,2008.A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,1445-1482.
Stohl,A.,Berg,T.,Burkhart,J.F.,Fj?raa,A.M.,Forster,C.,Herber,A.,et al.,2007.Arctic smoke-record high air-pollution in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006.Atmos.Chem.Phys.7,511-534.
Travnikov,O.,2005.Contribution of the intercontinental atmospheric transport to mercury pollution in the Northern Hemisphere.Atmos.Environ.39,7541-7548.
Travnikov,O.,Ryaboshapko,A.(Eds.),2002.Modelling of Mercury Hemispheric Transport and Depositions.EMEP/MSC-ETechnical Report 6/2002.Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East,Moscow,Russia.
Vilhjálmsson,H.,Hoel,A.H.,Agnarsson,S.,Arnason,R.,Carscadden,J.E.,Eide,A.,et al.,2005.Fisheries and aquaculture.In:Symon,C.,Arris,L.,Heal,B.(Eds.),Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.Cambridge University Press,New York,pp.691-780.
М03-06-2000,2000.Technique of Zeeman Atomic-Absorption Measurement(RA-915+Spectrometer)of Mass Concentration of Mercury Vapor in the Atmosphere and in the Air of Residential and Industrial Buildings[in Russian].Lumex,St.Petersburg,Russia.