儿童区分幻想和现实的发展特点及作用机制
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摘要
幻想(Fantasy)是指向未来,与个人愿望相联系的想象,且不一定以客观规律为依据。现实(Reality)是存在于日常生活中,或者与我们生活法则相一致的事物或现象。准确地区分幻想和现实有利于在保护儿童想象力的同时,确保他们的人身安全。国内外研究发现,儿童区分幻想和现实的能力随着年龄的增长而提高;受外部(实验材料的情感色彩、人物和主题类型)和内部(个体情绪感知强度、经验)因素的影响;语言、元认知、心理理论和认知神经等可能是儿童区分幻想和现实的作用机制。未来研究需探索各种作用机制在儿童年龄与区分幻想和现实能力之间可能的调节效应,以及儿童混淆幻想和现实的认知神经。在此基础上,进一步明确既保护儿童想象力又确保其人身安全的有效措施。
Fantasy is a term that refers to imaginary perceptions directed toward the future and associated with conscious or unconscious personal desires. It is not necessarily based on objective laws. Reality refers to something of substance or a phenomenon that exists in daily life or that is consistent with the rules of life. Making an accurate distinction between fantasy and reality is conducive to protecting children's imagination and ensuring their personal safety. Many studies have reported that children's ability to distinguish fantasy from reality increases with age, and is influenced by external factors(emotions, character and themes of experimental materials) and internal factors(individual emotional perception intensity and experience). Language, metacognition, theory of mind and the nervous system may be components of the mechanism by which children distinguish fantasy from reality. Future studies need to explore the possible moderating effects of various mechanisms on children's ability to distinguish fantasy from reality at given ages, as well as the neural mechanism associated with children's confusion between fantasy and reality. The purpose of this study is to further clarify effective measures by which to protect children's imagination and ensure their personal safety.
Fantasy is a term that refers to imaginary perceptions directed toward the future and associated with conscious or unconscious personal desires. It is not necessarily based on objective laws. Reality refers to something of substance or a phenomenon that exists in daily life or that is consistent with the rules of life. Making an accurate distinction between fantasy and reality is conducive to protecting children's imagination and ensuring their personal safety. Many studies have reported that children's ability to distinguish fantasy from reality increases with age, and is influenced by external factors(emotions, character and themes of experimental materials) and internal factors(individual emotional perception intensity and experience). Language, metacognition, theory of mind and the nervous system may be components of the mechanism by which children distinguish fantasy from reality. Future studies need to explore the possible moderating effects of various mechanisms on children's ability to distinguish fantasy from reality at given ages, as well as the neural mechanism associated with children's confusion between fantasy and reality. The purpose of this study is to further clarify effective measures by which to protect children's imagination and ensure their personal safety.
引文
陈菲仪.(2016).真人动画电影中动画角色形象的嬗变.大众文艺(2),203-204.
陈莉,王秀梅.(2014).国内儿童的动画片观看情况调研.品牌,(12),117-118.
仇小莉.(2016).个体对积极情感客体的虚幻-现实性的区分及其内在机制(硕士毕业论文).华中师范大学,武汉.
董叔梅,宋沅瑾,姜艳蕊,孙莞绮,王燕,江帆.(2015).我国4岁以下儿童看电视行为对睡眠质量影响的多中心研究.中华儿科杂志,53(12),907-912.
胡楠.(2015).配偶选择的神经机制:择偶策略、性别差异和自我评估(硕士学位论文).西南大学,重庆.
赖思敏.(2017).影视动画之真人动画电影初研究.戏剧之家(5),144-144.
李卉.(2014).电视对幼儿执行功能的影响:真实性判断的视角(博士学位论文).华中师范大学,武汉.
苗治平,林波,刘欢,吕振中,钟明.(2010).想象力先天发育水平表现因素及实验研究.青年与社会:中外教育研究(2),11-14.
彭聃龄.(主编).(2004).普通心理学.第3版.北京师范大学出版社.
王荣.(2010).儿童的想象活动及其想象力的培养探析.教师(35),121-122.
张奋.(2015).文化因素对自我参照条件下的提取诱发遗忘的影响(博士学位论文).西北师范大学,兰州.
Abraham,A.,&von Cramon,D.Y.(2009).Reality?=?relevance?Insights from spontaneous modulations of the brain’s default network when telling apart reality from fiction.PloS One,4(3),e4741.
Abraham,A.,von Cramon,D.,&Schubotz,R.I.(2008).Meeting george bush versus meeting cinderella:The neural response when telling apart what is real from what is fictional in the context of our reality.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),965-976.
Aguiar,N.R.,Stoess,C.J.,&Taylor,M.(2012).The development of children’s ability to fill the gaps in their knowledge by consulting experts.Child Development,83(4),1368-1381.
Bandura,A.(1977).Social learning theory.Oxford,England:Prentice-Hall..
Brown,A.L.(1978).Knowing when,where,and how to remember:A problem of metacognition.Technical report Advances in Psyc no.47.Advances in Instructional Psychology,152.Carrick,N.,&Quas,J.A.(2006).Effects of discrete emotions on young children’s ability to discern fantasy and reality.Developmental Psychology,42(6),1278-1288.Carrick,N.,&Ramirez,M.(2012).Preschoolers’fantasy-reality distinctions of emotional events.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,112(4),467-483.Cavanna,A.E.,&Trimble,M.R.(2006).The precuneus:Areview of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates.Brain,129(3),564-583.Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2015).Children’s developing realization that some stories are true:Links to the understanding of beliefs and signs.Cognitive Development,34,76-87.Gopnik,A.,&Astington,J.W.(1988).Children’s understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction.Child Development,59(1),26-37.Li,H.,Boguszewski,K.,&Lillard,A.S.(2015).Can that really happen?Children’s knowledge about the reality status of fantastical events in television.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,139,99-114.Maftei,A.,&M?irean,C.(2017).Reality,fantasy and emotional state in kindergarten children.Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology,19(2),30-34.Martarelli,C.S.,Gurtner,L.M.,&Mast,F.W.(2015).School-age children show a bias toward fantasy classifications after playing a platform game.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,4(4),351-359.Martarelli,C.S.,&Mast,F.W.(2013).Is it real or is it fiction?Children’s bias toward reality.Journal of Cognition&Development,14(1),141-153.Martarelli,C.S.,Mast,F.W.,L?ge,D.,&Roebers,C.M.(2015).The distinction between real and fictional worlds:Investigating individual differences in fantasy understanding.Cognitive Development,36,111-126.Metlicar,S.(2014).Happy dragon is real,frightening dragon is not:Children’s fantasy-reality distinction of emotional stimuli.Studia Psychologica,56(2),155-167.Petkova,A.V.,&Cain,K.M.(2017).Preschool fantasyreality discrimination:Influences of trait and primed fearfulness.Journal of Genetic Psychology,178(2),133-138.Richert,R.A.,&Schlesinger,M.A.(2017).The role of fantasy-reality distinctions in preschoolers’learning from educational video.Infant&Child Development,26(4),e2009.Samuels,A.,&Taylor,M.(1994).Children’s ability to distinguish fantasy events from real‐life events.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,12(4),417-427.Tower,R.B.,Singer,D.G.,Singer,J.L.,&Biggs,A.(1979).
hological Science Differential effects of television programming on preschoolers’cognition,imagination,and social play.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,49(2),265-281.
Woolley,J.D.(1997).Thinking about fantasy:Are children fundamentally different thinkers and believers from adults?Child Development,68(6),991-1011.
Woolley,J.D.,Boerger,E.A.,&Markman,A.B.(2004).Avisit from the candy witch:Factors influencing young children’s belief in a novel fantastical being.Developmental Science,7(4),456-468.
Woolley,J.D.,&van Reet,J.(2006).Effects of context on judgments concerning the reality status of novel entities.Child Development,77(6),1778-1793.
Woolley,J.D.,&Ghossainy,M.(2013).Revisiting the fantasy-reality distinction:Children as na?ve skeptics.Child Development,84(5),1496-1510.
陈莉,王秀梅.(2014).国内儿童的动画片观看情况调研.品牌,(12),117-118.
仇小莉.(2016).个体对积极情感客体的虚幻-现实性的区分及其内在机制(硕士毕业论文).华中师范大学,武汉.
董叔梅,宋沅瑾,姜艳蕊,孙莞绮,王燕,江帆.(2015).我国4岁以下儿童看电视行为对睡眠质量影响的多中心研究.中华儿科杂志,53(12),907-912.
胡楠.(2015).配偶选择的神经机制:择偶策略、性别差异和自我评估(硕士学位论文).西南大学,重庆.
赖思敏.(2017).影视动画之真人动画电影初研究.戏剧之家(5),144-144.
李卉.(2014).电视对幼儿执行功能的影响:真实性判断的视角(博士学位论文).华中师范大学,武汉.
苗治平,林波,刘欢,吕振中,钟明.(2010).想象力先天发育水平表现因素及实验研究.青年与社会:中外教育研究(2),11-14.
彭聃龄.(主编).(2004).普通心理学.第3版.北京师范大学出版社.
王荣.(2010).儿童的想象活动及其想象力的培养探析.教师(35),121-122.
张奋.(2015).文化因素对自我参照条件下的提取诱发遗忘的影响(博士学位论文).西北师范大学,兰州.
Abraham,A.,&von Cramon,D.Y.(2009).Reality?=?relevance?Insights from spontaneous modulations of the brain’s default network when telling apart reality from fiction.PloS One,4(3),e4741.
Abraham,A.,von Cramon,D.,&Schubotz,R.I.(2008).Meeting george bush versus meeting cinderella:The neural response when telling apart what is real from what is fictional in the context of our reality.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),965-976.
Aguiar,N.R.,Stoess,C.J.,&Taylor,M.(2012).The development of children’s ability to fill the gaps in their knowledge by consulting experts.Child Development,83(4),1368-1381.
Bandura,A.(1977).Social learning theory.Oxford,England:Prentice-Hall..
Brown,A.L.(1978).Knowing when,where,and how to remember:A problem of metacognition.Technical report Advances in Psyc no.47.Advances in Instructional Psychology,152.Carrick,N.,&Quas,J.A.(2006).Effects of discrete emotions on young children’s ability to discern fantasy and reality.Developmental Psychology,42(6),1278-1288.Carrick,N.,&Ramirez,M.(2012).Preschoolers’fantasy-reality distinctions of emotional events.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,112(4),467-483.Cavanna,A.E.,&Trimble,M.R.(2006).The precuneus:Areview of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates.Brain,129(3),564-583.Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2015).Children’s developing realization that some stories are true:Links to the understanding of beliefs and signs.Cognitive Development,34,76-87.Gopnik,A.,&Astington,J.W.(1988).Children’s understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction.Child Development,59(1),26-37.Li,H.,Boguszewski,K.,&Lillard,A.S.(2015).Can that really happen?Children’s knowledge about the reality status of fantastical events in television.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,139,99-114.Maftei,A.,&M?irean,C.(2017).Reality,fantasy and emotional state in kindergarten children.Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology,19(2),30-34.Martarelli,C.S.,Gurtner,L.M.,&Mast,F.W.(2015).School-age children show a bias toward fantasy classifications after playing a platform game.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,4(4),351-359.Martarelli,C.S.,&Mast,F.W.(2013).Is it real or is it fiction?Children’s bias toward reality.Journal of Cognition&Development,14(1),141-153.Martarelli,C.S.,Mast,F.W.,L?ge,D.,&Roebers,C.M.(2015).The distinction between real and fictional worlds:Investigating individual differences in fantasy understanding.Cognitive Development,36,111-126.Metlicar,S.(2014).Happy dragon is real,frightening dragon is not:Children’s fantasy-reality distinction of emotional stimuli.Studia Psychologica,56(2),155-167.Petkova,A.V.,&Cain,K.M.(2017).Preschool fantasyreality discrimination:Influences of trait and primed fearfulness.Journal of Genetic Psychology,178(2),133-138.Richert,R.A.,&Schlesinger,M.A.(2017).The role of fantasy-reality distinctions in preschoolers’learning from educational video.Infant&Child Development,26(4),e2009.Samuels,A.,&Taylor,M.(1994).Children’s ability to distinguish fantasy events from real‐life events.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,12(4),417-427.Tower,R.B.,Singer,D.G.,Singer,J.L.,&Biggs,A.(1979).
hological Science Differential effects of television programming on preschoolers’cognition,imagination,and social play.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,49(2),265-281.
Woolley,J.D.(1997).Thinking about fantasy:Are children fundamentally different thinkers and believers from adults?Child Development,68(6),991-1011.
Woolley,J.D.,Boerger,E.A.,&Markman,A.B.(2004).Avisit from the candy witch:Factors influencing young children’s belief in a novel fantastical being.Developmental Science,7(4),456-468.
Woolley,J.D.,&van Reet,J.(2006).Effects of context on judgments concerning the reality status of novel entities.Child Development,77(6),1778-1793.
Woolley,J.D.,&Ghossainy,M.(2013).Revisiting the fantasy-reality distinction:Children as na?ve skeptics.Child Development,84(5),1496-1510.