基于CloudSat、FY-2E资料的中国海域及周边地区深对流和穿透性对流特征
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摘要
深对流在地-气系统的物质和能量交换中起着至关重要的作用,伴随而来的暴雨、雷电、冰雹等天气会对人类社会产生影响。利用CloudSat/CALIPSO和FY-2E卫星观测数据,研究了中国海域及周边地区非穿透性对流(DCwo)及穿透性对流(CO)的海-陆分布、云顶红外亮温和云团特征(包括对流系统(CS)和对流单体(CC)的面积、活跃性对流比、偏心率、最低亮温、平均亮温梯度)。结果发现:穿透性对流比非穿透性对流的云顶红外亮温更低,垂直高度上的雷达反射率更高;从发生次数来看,非穿透性对流/穿透性对流在海洋比陆地多,低纬度比高纬度多,夏季比其他季节多,冬季海陆差异最大;从云顶亮温的分布来看,海洋比陆地、穿透性对流比非穿透性对流集中分布区间的亮温值更低,穿透性对流的分布区间比非穿透性对流集出现较大面积的对流系统/对流单体,海洋穿透性对流的活跃性对流比相对较高;偏心率在0.5以上的发生频率较高,对流系统形状更偏向于圆形,在海洋上更加明显;穿透性对流在海陆上的最低亮温集中分布区间为190—195 K,比非穿透性对流的分布更集中,平均亮温梯度在0.1 K/km以下的发生频率较高。
Deep convection plays an important role in affecting the constituents and energy budget of the troposphere. It also brings severe weather like torrential rain, lightning and hail, which has various impacts on human society. Land-sea distributions, characteristics of infrared brightness temperature(BT) and properties of convective system(CS) with convective overshooting(CO) and deep convection without CO(DCwo) in China are analyzed based on the CloudSat/CALIPSO and FY-2 E datasets. Properties of CS, i.e., the area of CS, the area of convective cluster(CC), the convective fraction, the eccentricity, the minimum BT and the average gradient of BT are evaluated. The results indicate that lower BT in cloud top and higher radar reflectivity in the vertical are detected in CO compared to that detected in DCwo. The frequency of CO or DCwo is higher over the sea and the low latitudes as well as in the summer. At the same time, the biggest difference in the frequency of CO/DCwo between the land and the sea is found in the winter. The BT of cloud top over the sea and for CO are lower than that over the land and for DCwo, respectively. The distribution interval of CO is more concentrated than that of DCwo. The frequency of CS or CC decreases with the increase of area. Bigger CS or CC is more likely to occur in CO and over the sea. The value of convective fraction is higher over the sea than over the land. The occurrence of eccentricity of CS larger than 0.5, which implies a circular shape of the CS, is more frequent. Compared to that over the land, this phenomenon is more obvious over the sea. The concentrated distribution interval of minimum BT is 190-195 K in CO and over the sea, which is smaller than that in DCwo. The concentrated distribution interval of average gradient of BT is below 0.1 K/km.
Deep convection plays an important role in affecting the constituents and energy budget of the troposphere. It also brings severe weather like torrential rain, lightning and hail, which has various impacts on human society. Land-sea distributions, characteristics of infrared brightness temperature(BT) and properties of convective system(CS) with convective overshooting(CO) and deep convection without CO(DCwo) in China are analyzed based on the CloudSat/CALIPSO and FY-2 E datasets. Properties of CS, i.e., the area of CS, the area of convective cluster(CC), the convective fraction, the eccentricity, the minimum BT and the average gradient of BT are evaluated. The results indicate that lower BT in cloud top and higher radar reflectivity in the vertical are detected in CO compared to that detected in DCwo. The frequency of CO or DCwo is higher over the sea and the low latitudes as well as in the summer. At the same time, the biggest difference in the frequency of CO/DCwo between the land and the sea is found in the winter. The BT of cloud top over the sea and for CO are lower than that over the land and for DCwo, respectively. The distribution interval of CO is more concentrated than that of DCwo. The frequency of CS or CC decreases with the increase of area. Bigger CS or CC is more likely to occur in CO and over the sea. The value of convective fraction is higher over the sea than over the land. The occurrence of eccentricity of CS larger than 0.5, which implies a circular shape of the CS, is more frequent. Compared to that over the land, this phenomenon is more obvious over the sea. The concentrated distribution interval of minimum BT is 190-195 K in CO and over the sea, which is smaller than that in DCwo. The concentrated distribution interval of average gradient of BT is below 0.1 K/km.
引文
大气科学名词审定委员会.2009.大气科学名词.北京:科学出版社.Atmospheric Science Nouns Verification Committee.2009.Chinese Terms in Atmospheric Science.Beijing:Science Press (in Chinese)
刘健.2015.风云二号卫星的冰云光学厚度反演偏差分析.气象学报,73(6):1121-1130.Liu J.2015.Retrieval bias analysis of ice cloud optical thickness based on the FY-2 satellite.Acta Meteor Sinica,73(6):1121-1130 (in Chinese)
刘鹏,王雨,冯沙等.2012.冬、夏季热带及副热带穿透性对流气候特征分析.大气科学,36(3):579-589.Liu P,Wang Y,Feng S,et al.2012.Climatological characteristics of overshooting convective precipitation in summer and winter over the tropical and subtropical regions.Chinese J Atmos Sci,36(3):579-589 (in Chinese)
卢志贤,李昀英,方乐锌.2016.中国及周边海域对流云团的水平和垂直尺度.气象学报,74(6):935-946.Lu Z X,Li Y Y,Fang L X.2016.Horizontal and vertical scales of convective clouds over China and the surrounding oceans.Acta Meteor Sinica,74(6):935-946 (in Chinese)
祁秀香,郑永光.2009.2007年夏季我国深对流活动时空分布特征.应用气象学报,20(3):286-294.Qi X X,Zheng Y G.2009.Distribution and spatiotemporal variations of deep convection over China and its vicinity during the summer of 2007.J Appl Meteor Sci,20(3):286-294 (in Chinese)
邱红,方翔,谷松岩等.2007.利用AMSU分析热带气旋结构特征.应用气象学报,18(6):810-820.Qiu H,Fang X,Gu S Y,et al.2007.The structure of tropical cyclone from advanced microwave sounding unit.J Appl Meteor Sci,18(6):810-820 (in Chinese)
施春华,常舒捷,沈新勇等.2015.夏季云顶高于对流层顶事件对东亚天气型及上对流层—下平流层大气结构的影响.大气科学学报,38(6):804-810.Shi C H,Chang S J,Shen X Y,et al.2015.The effects of cloud top above tropopause events on the structures of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in summer over East Asia.Trans Atmos Sci,38(6):804-810 (in Chinese)
苏爱芳,银燕,吕晓娜等.2013.黄淮西部地貌过渡区深对流云的时空特征及其天气意义.气象学报,71(3):383-396.Su A F,Yin Y,Lv X N,et al.2013.Spatial-temporal characteristics and synoptic significance of deep convective clouds over the physiognomy transition region of western Huanghuai.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(3):383-396 (in Chinese)
王帅辉,韩志刚,姚志刚等.2011.基于CloudSat资料的中国及周边地区各类云的宏观特征分析.气象学报,69(5):883-899.Wang S H,Han Z G,Yao Z G,et al.2011.An analysis of cloud types and macroscopic characteristics over China and its neighborhood based on the CloudSat data.Acta Meteor Sinica,69(5):883-899 (in Chinese)
吴学珂,郄秀书,袁铁.2013.亚洲季风区深对流系统的区域分布和日变化特征.中国科学:地球科学,43(4):556-569.Wu X K,Qie X S,Yuan T.2013.Regional distribution and diurnal variation of deep convective systems over the Asian monsoon region.Sci China Earth Sci,56(5):843-854
严卫,杨汉乐,周兴旺.2008.A-Train卫星编队及其在云研究领域中的应用.遥感信息,(2):93-96.Yan W,Yang H L,Zhou X W.2008.A-Train satellite formation and its application to cloud research.Remote Sens Infor,(2):93-96 (in Chinese)
杨冰韵,张华,彭杰等.2014.利用CloudSat卫星资料分析云微物理和光学性质的分布特征.高原气象,33(4):1105-1118.Yang B Y,Zhang H,Peng J,et al.2014.Analysis on global distribution characteristics of cloud microphysical and optical properties based on the CloudSat data.Plateau Meteor,33(4):1105-1118 (in Chinese)
杨冰韵,吴晓京,郭徵.2017.基于CloudSat资料的中国地区深对流云物理特征研究.高原气象,36(6):1655-1664.Yang B Y,Wu X J,Guo Z.2017.The characteristics of cloud properties in deep convective clouds across China with the CloudSat dataset.Plateau Meteor,36(6):1655-1664 (in Chinese)
杨军,许建民,董超华等.2012.气象卫星及其应用.北京:气象出版社.Yang J,Xu J M,Dong C H,et al.2012.Meteorological Satellites and Their Applications.Beijing:China Meteorological Press (in Chinese)
尹金方,王东海,翟国庆等.2013.基于星载云雷达资料的东亚大陆云垂直结构特征分析.气象学报,71(1):121-133.Yin J F,Wang D H,Zhai G Q,et al.2013.A study of cloud vertical profiles from the Cloudsat data over the East Asian Continent.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(1):121-133 (in Chinese)
宇路,傅云飞.2017.基于星载微波雷达和激光雷达探测的夏季云顶高度及云量差异分析.气象学报,75(6):955-965.Yu L,Fu Y F.2017.Analysis of cloud-top height and cloud amount difference between spaceborne microwave radar and laser radar detection in boreal summer.Acta Meteor Sinica,75(6):955-965 (in Chinese)
张华,彭杰,荆现文等.2013.东亚地区云的垂直重叠特性及其对云辐射强迫的影响.中国科学:地球科学,43(4):523-535.Zhang H,Peng J,Jing X W,et al.2013.The features of cloud overlapping in Eastern Asia and their effect on cloud radiative forcing.Sci China Earth Sci,56(5):737-747
张华,杨冰韵,彭杰等.2015.东亚地区云微物理量分布特征的CloudSat卫星观测研究.大气科学,39(2):235-248.Zhang H,Yang B Y,Peng J,et al.2015.The characteristics of cloud microphysical properties in East Asia with the CloudSat dataset.Chinese J Atmos Sci,39(2):235-248 (in Chinese)
张华,荆现文.2016.气候模式中云的垂直重叠及其辐射传输问题研究进展.气象学报,74(1):103-113.Zhang H,Jing X W.2016.Advances in studies of cloud overlap and its radiative transfer issues in the climate models.Acta Meteor Sinica,74(1):103-113 (in Chinese)
郑永光,陈炯.2011.华南及邻近海域夏季深对流活动气候特征.热带气象学报,27(4):495-508.Zheng Y G,Chen J.2011.A climatology of deep convection over South China and adjacent seas during summer.J Trop Meteor,27(4):495-508 (in Chinese)
Alcala C M,Dessler A E.2002.Observations of deep convection in the tropics using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar.J Geophys Res Atmos,107(D24):AAC 17-1-AAC 17-7
Bedka K,Brunner J,Dworak R,et al.2010.Objective satellite-based detection of overshooting tops using infrared window channel brightness temperature gradients.J Appl Meteor Climatol,49(2):181-202
Bedka K M,Dworak R,Brunner J,et al.2012.Validation of satellite-based objective overshooting cloud-top detection methods using CloudSat cloud profiling radar observations.J Appl Meteor Climatol,51(10):1811-1822
Hong G,Heygster G,Miao J G,et al.2005.Detection of tropical deep convective clouds from AMSU-B water vapor channels measurements.J Geophys Res Atmos,110(D5):D05205
Liu C T,Zipser E J.2005.Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause.J Geophys Res Atmos,110(D23):D23104
Liu C T,Zipser E J,Nesbitt S W.2007.Global distribution of tropical deep convection:Different perspectives from TRMM infrared and radar data.J Climate,20(3):489-503
Mace G G,Zhang Q Q,Vaughan M,et al.2009.A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged Cloudsat and CALIPSO data.J Geophys Res Atmos,114(D8):D00A26
Mace G G,Zhang Q Q.2014.The CloudSat radar-lidar geometrical profile product (RL-GeoProf):Updates,improvements,and selected results.J Geophys Res Atmos,119(15):9441-9462
Machado L A T,Rossow W B,Guedes R L,et al.1998.Life cycle variations of mesoscale convective systems over the Americas.Mon Wea Rev,126(6):1630-1654
Peng J,Zhang H,Li Z Q.2014.Temporal and spatial variations of global deep cloud systems based on CloudSat and CALIPSO satellite observations.Adv Atmos Sci,31(3):593-603
Rossow W B,Pearl C.2007.22-Year survey of tropical convection penetrating into the lower stratosphere.Geophys Res Lett,34(4):L04803
Rysman J F,Claud C,Delanoё J.2017.Monitoring deep convection and convective overshooting from 60°S to 60°N using MHS:A Cloudsat/CALIPSO-based assessment.IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett,14(2):159-163
Sassen K,Wang Z E.2007.Level 2 cloud scenario classification product process description and interface control document.Fort Collins,CO:Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere,Colorado State University,
Stephens G L,Vane D G,Boain R J,et al.2002.The CloudSat mission and the A-train:A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,83(12):1771-1790
Takahashi H,Luo Z J.2014.Characterizing tropical overshooting deep convection from joint analysis of CloudSat and geostationary satellite observations.J Geophys Res Atmos,119(1):112-121
Xian T,Fu Y F.2015.Characteristics of tropopause-penetrating convection determined by TRMM and COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements.J Geophys Res Atmos,120(14):7006-7024
刘健.2015.风云二号卫星的冰云光学厚度反演偏差分析.气象学报,73(6):1121-1130.Liu J.2015.Retrieval bias analysis of ice cloud optical thickness based on the FY-2 satellite.Acta Meteor Sinica,73(6):1121-1130 (in Chinese)
刘鹏,王雨,冯沙等.2012.冬、夏季热带及副热带穿透性对流气候特征分析.大气科学,36(3):579-589.Liu P,Wang Y,Feng S,et al.2012.Climatological characteristics of overshooting convective precipitation in summer and winter over the tropical and subtropical regions.Chinese J Atmos Sci,36(3):579-589 (in Chinese)
卢志贤,李昀英,方乐锌.2016.中国及周边海域对流云团的水平和垂直尺度.气象学报,74(6):935-946.Lu Z X,Li Y Y,Fang L X.2016.Horizontal and vertical scales of convective clouds over China and the surrounding oceans.Acta Meteor Sinica,74(6):935-946 (in Chinese)
祁秀香,郑永光.2009.2007年夏季我国深对流活动时空分布特征.应用气象学报,20(3):286-294.Qi X X,Zheng Y G.2009.Distribution and spatiotemporal variations of deep convection over China and its vicinity during the summer of 2007.J Appl Meteor Sci,20(3):286-294 (in Chinese)
邱红,方翔,谷松岩等.2007.利用AMSU分析热带气旋结构特征.应用气象学报,18(6):810-820.Qiu H,Fang X,Gu S Y,et al.2007.The structure of tropical cyclone from advanced microwave sounding unit.J Appl Meteor Sci,18(6):810-820 (in Chinese)
施春华,常舒捷,沈新勇等.2015.夏季云顶高于对流层顶事件对东亚天气型及上对流层—下平流层大气结构的影响.大气科学学报,38(6):804-810.Shi C H,Chang S J,Shen X Y,et al.2015.The effects of cloud top above tropopause events on the structures of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in summer over East Asia.Trans Atmos Sci,38(6):804-810 (in Chinese)
苏爱芳,银燕,吕晓娜等.2013.黄淮西部地貌过渡区深对流云的时空特征及其天气意义.气象学报,71(3):383-396.Su A F,Yin Y,Lv X N,et al.2013.Spatial-temporal characteristics and synoptic significance of deep convective clouds over the physiognomy transition region of western Huanghuai.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(3):383-396 (in Chinese)
王帅辉,韩志刚,姚志刚等.2011.基于CloudSat资料的中国及周边地区各类云的宏观特征分析.气象学报,69(5):883-899.Wang S H,Han Z G,Yao Z G,et al.2011.An analysis of cloud types and macroscopic characteristics over China and its neighborhood based on the CloudSat data.Acta Meteor Sinica,69(5):883-899 (in Chinese)
吴学珂,郄秀书,袁铁.2013.亚洲季风区深对流系统的区域分布和日变化特征.中国科学:地球科学,43(4):556-569.Wu X K,Qie X S,Yuan T.2013.Regional distribution and diurnal variation of deep convective systems over the Asian monsoon region.Sci China Earth Sci,56(5):843-854
严卫,杨汉乐,周兴旺.2008.A-Train卫星编队及其在云研究领域中的应用.遥感信息,(2):93-96.Yan W,Yang H L,Zhou X W.2008.A-Train satellite formation and its application to cloud research.Remote Sens Infor,(2):93-96 (in Chinese)
杨冰韵,张华,彭杰等.2014.利用CloudSat卫星资料分析云微物理和光学性质的分布特征.高原气象,33(4):1105-1118.Yang B Y,Zhang H,Peng J,et al.2014.Analysis on global distribution characteristics of cloud microphysical and optical properties based on the CloudSat data.Plateau Meteor,33(4):1105-1118 (in Chinese)
杨冰韵,吴晓京,郭徵.2017.基于CloudSat资料的中国地区深对流云物理特征研究.高原气象,36(6):1655-1664.Yang B Y,Wu X J,Guo Z.2017.The characteristics of cloud properties in deep convective clouds across China with the CloudSat dataset.Plateau Meteor,36(6):1655-1664 (in Chinese)
杨军,许建民,董超华等.2012.气象卫星及其应用.北京:气象出版社.Yang J,Xu J M,Dong C H,et al.2012.Meteorological Satellites and Their Applications.Beijing:China Meteorological Press (in Chinese)
尹金方,王东海,翟国庆等.2013.基于星载云雷达资料的东亚大陆云垂直结构特征分析.气象学报,71(1):121-133.Yin J F,Wang D H,Zhai G Q,et al.2013.A study of cloud vertical profiles from the Cloudsat data over the East Asian Continent.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(1):121-133 (in Chinese)
宇路,傅云飞.2017.基于星载微波雷达和激光雷达探测的夏季云顶高度及云量差异分析.气象学报,75(6):955-965.Yu L,Fu Y F.2017.Analysis of cloud-top height and cloud amount difference between spaceborne microwave radar and laser radar detection in boreal summer.Acta Meteor Sinica,75(6):955-965 (in Chinese)
张华,彭杰,荆现文等.2013.东亚地区云的垂直重叠特性及其对云辐射强迫的影响.中国科学:地球科学,43(4):523-535.Zhang H,Peng J,Jing X W,et al.2013.The features of cloud overlapping in Eastern Asia and their effect on cloud radiative forcing.Sci China Earth Sci,56(5):737-747
张华,杨冰韵,彭杰等.2015.东亚地区云微物理量分布特征的CloudSat卫星观测研究.大气科学,39(2):235-248.Zhang H,Yang B Y,Peng J,et al.2015.The characteristics of cloud microphysical properties in East Asia with the CloudSat dataset.Chinese J Atmos Sci,39(2):235-248 (in Chinese)
张华,荆现文.2016.气候模式中云的垂直重叠及其辐射传输问题研究进展.气象学报,74(1):103-113.Zhang H,Jing X W.2016.Advances in studies of cloud overlap and its radiative transfer issues in the climate models.Acta Meteor Sinica,74(1):103-113 (in Chinese)
郑永光,陈炯.2011.华南及邻近海域夏季深对流活动气候特征.热带气象学报,27(4):495-508.Zheng Y G,Chen J.2011.A climatology of deep convection over South China and adjacent seas during summer.J Trop Meteor,27(4):495-508 (in Chinese)
Alcala C M,Dessler A E.2002.Observations of deep convection in the tropics using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar.J Geophys Res Atmos,107(D24):AAC 17-1-AAC 17-7
Bedka K,Brunner J,Dworak R,et al.2010.Objective satellite-based detection of overshooting tops using infrared window channel brightness temperature gradients.J Appl Meteor Climatol,49(2):181-202
Bedka K M,Dworak R,Brunner J,et al.2012.Validation of satellite-based objective overshooting cloud-top detection methods using CloudSat cloud profiling radar observations.J Appl Meteor Climatol,51(10):1811-1822
Hong G,Heygster G,Miao J G,et al.2005.Detection of tropical deep convective clouds from AMSU-B water vapor channels measurements.J Geophys Res Atmos,110(D5):D05205
Liu C T,Zipser E J.2005.Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause.J Geophys Res Atmos,110(D23):D23104
Liu C T,Zipser E J,Nesbitt S W.2007.Global distribution of tropical deep convection:Different perspectives from TRMM infrared and radar data.J Climate,20(3):489-503
Mace G G,Zhang Q Q,Vaughan M,et al.2009.A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged Cloudsat and CALIPSO data.J Geophys Res Atmos,114(D8):D00A26
Mace G G,Zhang Q Q.2014.The CloudSat radar-lidar geometrical profile product (RL-GeoProf):Updates,improvements,and selected results.J Geophys Res Atmos,119(15):9441-9462
Machado L A T,Rossow W B,Guedes R L,et al.1998.Life cycle variations of mesoscale convective systems over the Americas.Mon Wea Rev,126(6):1630-1654
Peng J,Zhang H,Li Z Q.2014.Temporal and spatial variations of global deep cloud systems based on CloudSat and CALIPSO satellite observations.Adv Atmos Sci,31(3):593-603
Rossow W B,Pearl C.2007.22-Year survey of tropical convection penetrating into the lower stratosphere.Geophys Res Lett,34(4):L04803
Rysman J F,Claud C,Delanoё J.2017.Monitoring deep convection and convective overshooting from 60°S to 60°N using MHS:A Cloudsat/CALIPSO-based assessment.IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett,14(2):159-163
Sassen K,Wang Z E.2007.Level 2 cloud scenario classification product process description and interface control document.Fort Collins,CO:Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere,Colorado State University,
Stephens G L,Vane D G,Boain R J,et al.2002.The CloudSat mission and the A-train:A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,83(12):1771-1790
Takahashi H,Luo Z J.2014.Characterizing tropical overshooting deep convection from joint analysis of CloudSat and geostationary satellite observations.J Geophys Res Atmos,119(1):112-121
Xian T,Fu Y F.2015.Characteristics of tropopause-penetrating convection determined by TRMM and COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements.J Geophys Res Atmos,120(14):7006-7024