球场观众暴力传统理论解释质疑与犯罪学重建
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摘要
对传统球场观众暴力解释如观众、体育自带暴力论、观众"乌合之众"论、体育"社会安全阀"论进行质疑,认为这些传统理论解释存在机械化、静态化的不足,应从犯罪学相关理论对球场观众暴力原因进行重新解读。研究认为,球场观众暴力是一种犯罪行为,其发生与犯罪情景直接相联,是球场暴力情景催生了观众球场暴力的发生。通过犯罪学理论中的环境犯罪论、匿名效应、头羊效应、争议错觉、安保漏洞理论重新探讨了球场观众暴力的发生原因。基于犯罪情景预防理论,认为球场观众暴力的消减应该从消除观众匿名感、铲除球场观众暴力犯罪情景线索、提升现场安保水平、与观众建立沟通渠道、打造看台文化、对暴力犯罪者从快公开惩戒等举措来进行预防与消减。
This paper queries on traditional explanations of spectator violence such as spectator,sport self-violence theory,spectator "mob"theory,sports "social safety valve"theory,and believes that these traditional explanation were mechanized and static and we should reinterpret the causes for spectator violence from criminology related theory. Research shows that spectator violence is a kind of criminal behavior,and its occurrence is directly related to the crime scene. It is the scene of violence in the stadium that prompts the occurrence of spectator violence in the stadium.This paper re-explores the causes of spectator violence through the theory of environmental crime,anonymity effect,head-sheep effect,dispute illusion and security loopholes in criminology. Based on the theory of crime scenario prevention,the author holds that the reduction of spectator violence should be carried out by eliminating the anonymity of spectators,eliminating the clues of violent crime scenarios,improving the level of security,establishing communication channels with spectators,building a grandstand culture and punishing violent criminals in public.
This paper queries on traditional explanations of spectator violence such as spectator,sport self-violence theory,spectator "mob"theory,sports "social safety valve"theory,and believes that these traditional explanation were mechanized and static and we should reinterpret the causes for spectator violence from criminology related theory. Research shows that spectator violence is a kind of criminal behavior,and its occurrence is directly related to the crime scene. It is the scene of violence in the stadium that prompts the occurrence of spectator violence in the stadium.This paper re-explores the causes of spectator violence through the theory of environmental crime,anonymity effect,head-sheep effect,dispute illusion and security loopholes in criminology. Based on the theory of crime scenario prevention,the author holds that the reduction of spectator violence should be carried out by eliminating the anonymity of spectators,eliminating the clues of violent crime scenarios,improving the level of security,establishing communication channels with spectators,building a grandstand culture and punishing violent criminals in public.
引文
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[15]刘龙.体育与暴力关系的研究争议与辨析[J].山东体育学院学报,2017(10):89.
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[18]李东峰.犯罪情境研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2016:
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[25]查尔斯.比尼.预防和控制:防暴警察(美国)对于暴力和非暴力人群的管理指南[M].石斌,等译.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2015:29.
[26]Robmson D.Hockey Night in Canada:Sport,Identities and Cultural Politics[J].The Canadian Journal of Sociology,1995(6):37.
[27]Athanasiadis,Loukas.Drugs,alcohol and violence[J].Current Opinion in Psychiatry,1999,12(12):281-286.
[28]Clement B,Barrie.Alcohol Ban on Trains Planned to Cut Hooliganism[J].Independent,2003.
[29]许春金.犯罪学[M].台北:台湾三民出版社,1991:342-360.
[30]英国南约克郡警察局长被停职,为希尔斯堡惨案负责[EB/OL].http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2016/04-28/7851513.shtml,2017-01-18.
[31]环球体育网.篮协处罚辽宁MC不当言论:罚款4万换主持人[EB/OL].http://sports.huanqiu.com/basketball/cba/2015-03/5891553.html,2017-01-20.
[32]刘龙.美国职业摔角的暴力审视[J].体育文化导刊,2017(9).
[33]李锡海.暴力文化与暴力犯罪[J].中国人民公安大学学报:社会科学版,2006,22(2):52-59.
[34]皮艺军.越轨社会学[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:219-246.
[35]石岩.竞技体育中的攻击与暴力:运动心理学界的一次争论[J].天津体育学院学报,2003,18(4):1-4.
[36]兰德尔·柯林斯.暴力:一种微观社会学理论[M].刘冉,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2016:3-13.
[37]石岩.我国足球场观众暴力:现状与问题[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(8):1014.
[2]Christopher J.Ferguson.Genetic Contributions to Antisocial Personality and Behavior:A Meta-Analytic Review From an Evolutionary Perspective[J].Journal of Social Psychology,2010,150(2):160-180.
[3]弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud).弗洛伊德心理哲学[M].杨韶刚,等译.北京:九州出版社,2003:28.
[4]刘志民,丁燕华.对英格兰足球流氓暴力行为产生原因的研究[J].中国体育科技,2002,38(8):24-27.
[5]诺贝特.艾利亚斯.文明的进程[M].上海:上海译文书店,2013:216-217.
[6]斯蒂芬·平克,Steven Pinker.人性中的善良天使[M].北京:中信出版社,2015:1.
[7]刘桂海.体育,如何而来:一个文明史观的考察[J].北京体育大学学报,2016,39(1):32-40.
[8]刘龙.竞技体育与暴力关系探析及启示[J].南京体育学院学报:社会科学版,2017(1):124.
[9]古特曼.从仪式到纪录:现代体育的本质[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2012:44-50.
[10]瓦诺耶克.奥林匹克运动会的起源及古希腊罗马的体育运动[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2006:40.
[11]熊欢.身体、社会与体育[M].北京:当代中国出版社,2011:67.
[12]康罗·洛伦兹.攻击与人性[M].北京:作家出版社,1987:293-294.
[13]Farrington D P.Aggro:The illusion of Violence,by Peter Marsh.London:Dent,1978,165 pp[J].Aggressive Behavior,1980,6(1):91-92.
[14]沈炯.球场观众暴力的效应与产生原因分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2007(S1):95-96.
[15]刘龙.体育与暴力关系的研究争议与辨析[J].山东体育学院学报,2017(10):89.
[16]余胜茹,谭刚.论“竞技-社会安全阀”功能说[J].南京体育学院学报:社会科学版,2007,21(1):71-73.
[17]杰·科克利.体育社会学:议题与争议[M].刘精明,译.清华大学出版社,2003:241.
[18]李东峰.犯罪情境研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2016:
[19]Etienne G.Krug.世界暴力与卫生报告[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002:2.
[20]Garland J,Rowe M.The‘English Disease’-Cured or in Remission?An Analysis of Police Responses to Football Hooliganism in the 1990s[J].Crime Prevention&Community Safety,1999,1(4):35-47.
[21]曾利平.犯罪情境预防综述及借鉴思考[J].广州市公安管理干部学院学报,2012,22(4):3-5.
[22]潘登.暴力文化对青少年犯罪的影响[J].青少年犯罪研究,2004(2):23-29.
[23]天气越热,人越暴力[EB/OL].http://news.163.com/13/0815/08/96AAQEG700014AED.html,2017-01-13.
[24]Tiihonen J,Halonen P,Tiihonen L,et al.The Association of Ambient Temperature and Violent Crime[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):6543.
[25]查尔斯.比尼.预防和控制:防暴警察(美国)对于暴力和非暴力人群的管理指南[M].石斌,等译.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2015:29.
[26]Robmson D.Hockey Night in Canada:Sport,Identities and Cultural Politics[J].The Canadian Journal of Sociology,1995(6):37.
[27]Athanasiadis,Loukas.Drugs,alcohol and violence[J].Current Opinion in Psychiatry,1999,12(12):281-286.
[28]Clement B,Barrie.Alcohol Ban on Trains Planned to Cut Hooliganism[J].Independent,2003.
[29]许春金.犯罪学[M].台北:台湾三民出版社,1991:342-360.
[30]英国南约克郡警察局长被停职,为希尔斯堡惨案负责[EB/OL].http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2016/04-28/7851513.shtml,2017-01-18.
[31]环球体育网.篮协处罚辽宁MC不当言论:罚款4万换主持人[EB/OL].http://sports.huanqiu.com/basketball/cba/2015-03/5891553.html,2017-01-20.
[32]刘龙.美国职业摔角的暴力审视[J].体育文化导刊,2017(9).
[33]李锡海.暴力文化与暴力犯罪[J].中国人民公安大学学报:社会科学版,2006,22(2):52-59.
[34]皮艺军.越轨社会学[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:219-246.
[35]石岩.竞技体育中的攻击与暴力:运动心理学界的一次争论[J].天津体育学院学报,2003,18(4):1-4.
[36]兰德尔·柯林斯.暴力:一种微观社会学理论[M].刘冉,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2016:3-13.
[37]石岩.我国足球场观众暴力:现状与问题[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(8):1014.