Life-cycle CO_2 Emissions and Their Driving Factors in Construction Sector in China
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摘要
As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stages and calculated the life-cycle CO_2 emissions of the construction sector in 30 Chinese provincial jurisdictions to understand the disparity among them.Results show that building materials production was the key stage for carbon reduction in the construction sector,followed by the building operation stage.External variables,e.g.,economic growth,industrial structure,urbanization,price fluctuation,and marketization,were significantly correlated with the emission intensity of the construction sector.Specifically,economic growth exhibited an inverted U-shaped relation with CO_2 emissions per capita and per area during the period examined.Secondary industry and land urbanization were negatively correlated with CO_2 emission intensity indicators from the construction sector,whereas tertiary industry and urbanization were positively correlated.Price indices and marketization had negative effects on CO_2 emission intensity.The policy implications of our findings are that cleaner technologies should be encouraged for cement providers,and green purchasing rules for the construction sector should also be established.Pricing tools(e.g.,resource taxes)could help to adjust the demand for raw materials and energy.
As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stages and calculated the life-cycle CO_2 emissions of the construction sector in 30 Chinese provincial jurisdictions to understand the disparity among them.Results show that building materials production was the key stage for carbon reduction in the construction sector,followed by the building operation stage.External variables,e.g.,economic growth,industrial structure,urbanization,price fluctuation,and marketization,were significantly correlated with the emission intensity of the construction sector.Specifically,economic growth exhibited an inverted U-shaped relation with CO_2 emissions per capita and per area during the period examined.Secondary industry and land urbanization were negatively correlated with CO_2 emission intensity indicators from the construction sector,whereas tertiary industry and urbanization were positively correlated.Price indices and marketization had negative effects on CO_2 emission intensity.The policy implications of our findings are that cleaner technologies should be encouraged for cement providers,and green purchasing rules for the construction sector should also be established.Pricing tools(e.g.,resource taxes)could help to adjust the demand for raw materials and energy.
As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stages and calculated the life-cycle CO_2 emissions of the construction sector in 30 Chinese provincial jurisdictions to understand the disparity among them.Results show that building materials production was the key stage for carbon reduction in the construction sector,followed by the building operation stage.External variables,e.g.,economic growth,industrial structure,urbanization,price fluctuation,and marketization,were significantly correlated with the emission intensity of the construction sector.Specifically,economic growth exhibited an inverted U-shaped relation with CO_2 emissions per capita and per area during the period examined.Secondary industry and land urbanization were negatively correlated with CO_2 emission intensity indicators from the construction sector,whereas tertiary industry and urbanization were positively correlated.Price indices and marketization had negative effects on CO_2 emission intensity.The policy implications of our findings are that cleaner technologies should be encouraged for cement providers,and green purchasing rules for the construction sector should also be established.Pricing tools(e.g.,resource taxes)could help to adjust the demand for raw materials and energy.
引文
Bin G S,Parker P,2012.Measuring buildings for sustainability:comparing the initial and retrofit ecological footprint of a century home-The REEP House.Applied Energy,93:24-32.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.05.055
Castelo Branco D A,Moura M C P,Szklo A et al.,2013.Emissions reduction potential from CO2 capture:a life-cycle assessment of a Brazilian coal-fired power plant.Energy Policy,61:1221-1235.doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.043
Chen J D,Shen L Y,Song X N et al.,2017.An empirical study on the CO2 emissions in the Chinese construction industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,168:645-654.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.072
Cheng Y H,Chang Y H,Lu I J,2015.Urban transportation energy and carbon dioxide emission reduction strategies.Applied Energy,157:953-973.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.126
Cuéllar-Franca R M,Azapagic A,2012.Environmental impacts of the UK residential sector:life cycle assessment of houses.Building and Environment,54:86-99.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.005
Dinda S,2004.Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis:a survey.Ecological Economics,49(4):431-455.doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
Du Q,Wu M,Wang N et al.,2017.Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of China’s construction industry carbon intensity.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,26(6):2507-2521.doi:10.15244/pjoes/70894
Feiz R,Ammenberg J,Eklund M et al.,2015.Improving the CO2performance of cement,part I:utilizing life-cycle assessment and key performance indicators to assess development within the cement industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,98:272-281.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.083
Gao Yuanxue,2012.Assessment Methodology and Empirical Analysis of Embodied Carbon Footprint of Building Construction.Beijing:Tsinghua University.(in Chinese)
Greer I,Doellgast V,2017.Marketization,inequality,and institutional change:toward a new framework for comparative employment relations.Journal of Industrial Relations,59(2):192-208.doi:10.1177/0022185616673685
Gong Zhiqi,2004.A Quantitative Method to the Assessment of the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Profile of Building Materials.Beijing:Tsinghua University.(in Chinese)
Holtz-Eakin D,Selden T M,1995.Stoking the fires?CO2 emissions and economic growth.Journal of Public Economics,57(1):85-101.doi:10.1016/0047-2727(94)01449-X
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),2014.Key economic sectors and services.In:Field C B(eds).Climate Change 2014:Impacts,Adaptation,and VuLogerability.Part A:Global and Sectoral Aspects.Contribution of Working Group IIto the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,659-708.doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415379.015
Li Gang,2009.Study on the City Builds Wastes Reclamation.Xi’an:Chang’an University.(in Chinese)
Lin B Q,Liu H X,2015.CO2 mitigation potential in China’s building construction industry:a comparison of energy performance.Building and Environment,94:239-251.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.013
Liu H X,Lin B Q,2017.Energy substitution,efficiency,and the effects of carbon taxation:evidence from China’s building construction industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,141:1134-1144.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.119
Lu Y J,Cui P,Li D Z,2016.Carbon emissions and policies in China’s building and construction industry:evidence from1994 to 2012.Building and Environment,95:94-103.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.011
Luo Z W,Song Y H,Hu Z C et al.,2011.Forecasting charging load of plug-in electric vehicles in China.Proceedings of 2011IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.Detroit,MI,USA:IEEE,1-8.doi:10.1109/PES.2011.6039317
Monahan J,Powell J C,2011.An embodied carbon and energy analysis of modern methods of construction in housing:A case study using a lifecycle assessment framework.Energy and Buildings,43(1):179-188.doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.005
National Bureau of Statistics of China,2006-2015.China Energy Statistical Yearbook(2006-2015).Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
National Bureau of Statistics of China,2006-2015.China Statistical Yearbook(2006-2015).Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
National Development and Reform Commission,2015.China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution:Enhanced Actions on Climate Change.Beijing.Available at:http://www.ccchina.org.cn/archiver/ccchinaen/UpFile/Files/Default/20150701085931838916.pdf
Pazienza P,2015.The environmental impact of the FDI inflow in the transport sector of OECD countries and policy implications.International Advances in Economic Research,21(1):105-116.doi:10.1007/s11294-014-9511-y
Qi Shenjun,Tian Sinv,Zhang Yunbo et al.,2014.Study on structural characteristics of carbon emissions and emission reduction strategies of existing buildings based on RPM.Building Science,30(2):1-7.(in Chinese)
Ren J Z,An D,Liang H W et al.,2016.Life cycle energy and CO2 emission optimization for biofuel supply chain planning under uncertainties.Energy,103:151-166.doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.151
Robertson S,2016.The potential mitigation of CO2 emissions via modal substitution of high-speed rail for short-haul air travel from a life cycle perspective:an Australian case study.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,46:365-380.doi:10.1016/j.trd.2016.04.015
Shan Y L,Guan D B,Liu J H et al.,2017.Methodology and applications of city level CO2 emission accounts in China.Journal of Cleaner Production,161:1215-1225.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.075
Tang J R,Zhang B Y,Wu L J,2012.Path analysis on the influence factors of construction carbon emissions and policy implications for Jiangsu in China.Advanced Materials Research,524-527:2595-2601.doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.524-527.2595
Voigt S,De Cian E,Schymura M et al.,2014.Energy intensity developments in 40 major economies:structural change or technology improvement?Energy Economics,41:47-62.doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2013.10.015
Wang Jing,2009.Calculation and Analysis of Life Cycle CO2Emission of Chinese Urban Residential Communities.Beijing:Tsinghua University.(in Chinese)
Wang N N,2014.The role of the construction industry in China’s sustainable urban development.Habitat International,44:442-450.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.09.008
Wang Z,Xiao C M,Niu B B et al.,2017.Identify sectors’role on the embedded CO2 transfer networks through China’s regional trade.Ecological Indicators,80:114-123.doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.013
Yan H,Shen Q P,Fan L C H et al.,2010.Greenhouse gas emissions in building construction:a case study of One Peking in Hong Kong.Building and Environment,45(4):949-955.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.09.014
Yan M,An Z,2017.Foreign direct investment and environmental pollution:new evidence from China.Econometrics Letters,4(1):1-17.
Yan Pengfei,Yang Jun,2007.An improved method and application of environmental impact assessment.Environment and Sustainable Development,5:10-12.(in Chinese)
Zhang S H,Worrell E,Crijns-Graus W,2015.Mapping and modeling multiple benefits of energy efficiency and emission mitigation in China’s cement industry at the provincial level.Applied Energy,155:35-58.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.104
Zhang X C,Wang F L,2016a.Hybrid input-output analysis for life-cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions of China’s building sector.Building and Environment,104:188-197.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.05.018
Zhang Z Y,Wang B,2016b.Research on the life-cycle CO2 emission of China’s construction sector.Energy and Buildings,112:244-255.doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.026
Zhao Ping,Tong Ji Feng,Ma Juanrong,2004.The research on the system of building material environment load index and evaluate.China Building Materials Science and Technology,6:1-7.(in Chinese)
Zhou B Y,Wu Y,Zhou B et al.,2016.Real-world performance of battery electric buses and their life-cycle benefits with respect to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.Energy,96:603-613.doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.041
Castelo Branco D A,Moura M C P,Szklo A et al.,2013.Emissions reduction potential from CO2 capture:a life-cycle assessment of a Brazilian coal-fired power plant.Energy Policy,61:1221-1235.doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.043
Chen J D,Shen L Y,Song X N et al.,2017.An empirical study on the CO2 emissions in the Chinese construction industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,168:645-654.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.072
Cheng Y H,Chang Y H,Lu I J,2015.Urban transportation energy and carbon dioxide emission reduction strategies.Applied Energy,157:953-973.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.126
Cuéllar-Franca R M,Azapagic A,2012.Environmental impacts of the UK residential sector:life cycle assessment of houses.Building and Environment,54:86-99.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.005
Dinda S,2004.Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis:a survey.Ecological Economics,49(4):431-455.doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
Du Q,Wu M,Wang N et al.,2017.Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of China’s construction industry carbon intensity.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,26(6):2507-2521.doi:10.15244/pjoes/70894
Feiz R,Ammenberg J,Eklund M et al.,2015.Improving the CO2performance of cement,part I:utilizing life-cycle assessment and key performance indicators to assess development within the cement industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,98:272-281.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.083
Gao Yuanxue,2012.Assessment Methodology and Empirical Analysis of Embodied Carbon Footprint of Building Construction.Beijing:Tsinghua University.(in Chinese)
Greer I,Doellgast V,2017.Marketization,inequality,and institutional change:toward a new framework for comparative employment relations.Journal of Industrial Relations,59(2):192-208.doi:10.1177/0022185616673685
Gong Zhiqi,2004.A Quantitative Method to the Assessment of the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Profile of Building Materials.Beijing:Tsinghua University.(in Chinese)
Holtz-Eakin D,Selden T M,1995.Stoking the fires?CO2 emissions and economic growth.Journal of Public Economics,57(1):85-101.doi:10.1016/0047-2727(94)01449-X
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),2014.Key economic sectors and services.In:Field C B(eds).Climate Change 2014:Impacts,Adaptation,and VuLogerability.Part A:Global and Sectoral Aspects.Contribution of Working Group IIto the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,659-708.doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415379.015
Li Gang,2009.Study on the City Builds Wastes Reclamation.Xi’an:Chang’an University.(in Chinese)
Lin B Q,Liu H X,2015.CO2 mitigation potential in China’s building construction industry:a comparison of energy performance.Building and Environment,94:239-251.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.013
Liu H X,Lin B Q,2017.Energy substitution,efficiency,and the effects of carbon taxation:evidence from China’s building construction industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,141:1134-1144.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.119
Lu Y J,Cui P,Li D Z,2016.Carbon emissions and policies in China’s building and construction industry:evidence from1994 to 2012.Building and Environment,95:94-103.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.011
Luo Z W,Song Y H,Hu Z C et al.,2011.Forecasting charging load of plug-in electric vehicles in China.Proceedings of 2011IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.Detroit,MI,USA:IEEE,1-8.doi:10.1109/PES.2011.6039317
Monahan J,Powell J C,2011.An embodied carbon and energy analysis of modern methods of construction in housing:A case study using a lifecycle assessment framework.Energy and Buildings,43(1):179-188.doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.005
National Bureau of Statistics of China,2006-2015.China Energy Statistical Yearbook(2006-2015).Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
National Bureau of Statistics of China,2006-2015.China Statistical Yearbook(2006-2015).Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
National Development and Reform Commission,2015.China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution:Enhanced Actions on Climate Change.Beijing.Available at:http://www.ccchina.org.cn/archiver/ccchinaen/UpFile/Files/Default/20150701085931838916.pdf
Pazienza P,2015.The environmental impact of the FDI inflow in the transport sector of OECD countries and policy implications.International Advances in Economic Research,21(1):105-116.doi:10.1007/s11294-014-9511-y
Qi Shenjun,Tian Sinv,Zhang Yunbo et al.,2014.Study on structural characteristics of carbon emissions and emission reduction strategies of existing buildings based on RPM.Building Science,30(2):1-7.(in Chinese)
Ren J Z,An D,Liang H W et al.,2016.Life cycle energy and CO2 emission optimization for biofuel supply chain planning under uncertainties.Energy,103:151-166.doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.151
Robertson S,2016.The potential mitigation of CO2 emissions via modal substitution of high-speed rail for short-haul air travel from a life cycle perspective:an Australian case study.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,46:365-380.doi:10.1016/j.trd.2016.04.015
Shan Y L,Guan D B,Liu J H et al.,2017.Methodology and applications of city level CO2 emission accounts in China.Journal of Cleaner Production,161:1215-1225.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.075
Tang J R,Zhang B Y,Wu L J,2012.Path analysis on the influence factors of construction carbon emissions and policy implications for Jiangsu in China.Advanced Materials Research,524-527:2595-2601.doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.524-527.2595
Voigt S,De Cian E,Schymura M et al.,2014.Energy intensity developments in 40 major economies:structural change or technology improvement?Energy Economics,41:47-62.doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2013.10.015
Wang Jing,2009.Calculation and Analysis of Life Cycle CO2Emission of Chinese Urban Residential Communities.Beijing:Tsinghua University.(in Chinese)
Wang N N,2014.The role of the construction industry in China’s sustainable urban development.Habitat International,44:442-450.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.09.008
Wang Z,Xiao C M,Niu B B et al.,2017.Identify sectors’role on the embedded CO2 transfer networks through China’s regional trade.Ecological Indicators,80:114-123.doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.013
Yan H,Shen Q P,Fan L C H et al.,2010.Greenhouse gas emissions in building construction:a case study of One Peking in Hong Kong.Building and Environment,45(4):949-955.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.09.014
Yan M,An Z,2017.Foreign direct investment and environmental pollution:new evidence from China.Econometrics Letters,4(1):1-17.
Yan Pengfei,Yang Jun,2007.An improved method and application of environmental impact assessment.Environment and Sustainable Development,5:10-12.(in Chinese)
Zhang S H,Worrell E,Crijns-Graus W,2015.Mapping and modeling multiple benefits of energy efficiency and emission mitigation in China’s cement industry at the provincial level.Applied Energy,155:35-58.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.104
Zhang X C,Wang F L,2016a.Hybrid input-output analysis for life-cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions of China’s building sector.Building and Environment,104:188-197.doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.05.018
Zhang Z Y,Wang B,2016b.Research on the life-cycle CO2 emission of China’s construction sector.Energy and Buildings,112:244-255.doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.026
Zhao Ping,Tong Ji Feng,Ma Juanrong,2004.The research on the system of building material environment load index and evaluate.China Building Materials Science and Technology,6:1-7.(in Chinese)
Zhou B Y,Wu Y,Zhou B et al.,2016.Real-world performance of battery electric buses and their life-cycle benefits with respect to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.Energy,96:603-613.doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.041