ENVI-met乔木模型对亚热带湿热地区细叶榕的模拟验证
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摘要
【目的】近年来,随着计算机性能的不断提升数值模拟技术已成为定量预测和评价微气候的重要研究手段。植物作为影响微气候的重要因子之一,数值模拟能否准确反映其在当地气候条件下的热表现值得研究。本文的研究旨在验证城市微气候模拟软件ENVI-met(4.2 Science版)在广州地区湿热气候下模拟细叶榕生理特性和微气候表现的适用性。【方法】通过实测广州地区常用乔木细叶榕的树冠形态、叶片属性和根系形态,对其进行ENVI-met建模并进行模拟分析,将模拟结果与2017年春夏两季实测的数据进行对比。【结果】生理特性方面,叶温模拟值与实测值变化趋势一致,但夏季午后数值明显偏高;蒸腾速率模拟值在上午和傍晚时刻与实测值较接近,中午峰值明显低于实测值。微气候表现方面,各微气候参数(太阳辐射、地表温度、空气温湿度)模拟值的日变化趋势与实测值一致。模拟值与实测值相比,树冠对太阳辐射的遮挡率接近,树冠对地表温度的降温幅度与实测值较一致,但树下与空旷处及各方向树冠中的气温偏高、湿度偏低,温差与湿度差数值偏小。同时,本文利用均方根误差和一致性指数作为指标进行误差分析,表明模拟结果与实测结果有较好的一致性,模拟可对乔木影响下的室外热环境进行较好的预测,并认为误差可能由软件版本、软件计算设定、建模网格分辨率等原因引起,但尚在可接受范围内。【结论】通过比较实测与模拟数据,验证了ENVI-met(4.2 Science版)能够较好地模拟湿热气候下乔木的生理指标及热表现,并能够准确预测各参数的日变化趋势。研究成果为应用ENVI-met模拟室外热环境提供了基础校验,并对植物建模提出了优化建议。
[Objective] Nowadays, with the continuous improvement of computer performance,numerical simulation has become an important study method in predicting and evaluating microclimate.Vegetation is one of the important elements in landscape design and plays a significant role in thermal environment,its simulation performance under hot-humid conditions is worth evaluating comprehensively.This paper is to validate the adaptability of city microclimate simulating software ENVI-met( V4. 2 Science) in simulating both physiological and microclimatic performance of Ficus microcarpa in hot-humidregion of Guangzhou,southern China. [Method] By measuring the crown form,foliage property and root form of Ficus microcarpa in Guangzhou Region and the tree model was built and analyzed by ENVImet. The simulation result was compared with observation data measured from spring and summer in 2017. [Result] Results showed that,for physiological parameters,the simulated leaf temperature has the same trend with the measured one,while the simulated data is much higher in the summer afternoon.The simulated transpiration rate was close to the measured data in the morning and evening,while the peak value in midday was obviously lower than the measured one. In microclimatic parameters,the daily changing trends of simulated microclimate parameters( solar radiation, surface temperature, air temperature,and air humidity) were consistent with the measured ones. The reduction rate of solar radiation and reduction value of surface temperature from tree canopy were close to the measured values.The air temperature data under tree and inside tree crown in varied directions were higher than the measured data,and the humidity data were lower. The temperature and humidity difference between the treeless site and the shading site were much smaller than the measured ones. The root mean square error and index of agreement were used as the indicators of statistical evaluation,hence showing that the ENVImet model was capable of predicting the microclimate with good accuracy. The error was acceptable and may be caused by the software version,the software calculation setting and the grid size resolution ratio of tree modeling. [Conclusion] In conclusion,ENVI-met can well simulate the physiological property and thermal performance trends of trees in hot-humid climate. This study comprehensively evaluates the performance of vegetation models,hence come up with the optimization suggestions for tree modelling and could be a strong support for the outdoor thermal environmental research in hot-humid regions of further studies.
[Objective] Nowadays, with the continuous improvement of computer performance,numerical simulation has become an important study method in predicting and evaluating microclimate.Vegetation is one of the important elements in landscape design and plays a significant role in thermal environment,its simulation performance under hot-humid conditions is worth evaluating comprehensively.This paper is to validate the adaptability of city microclimate simulating software ENVI-met( V4. 2 Science) in simulating both physiological and microclimatic performance of Ficus microcarpa in hot-humidregion of Guangzhou,southern China. [Method] By measuring the crown form,foliage property and root form of Ficus microcarpa in Guangzhou Region and the tree model was built and analyzed by ENVImet. The simulation result was compared with observation data measured from spring and summer in 2017. [Result] Results showed that,for physiological parameters,the simulated leaf temperature has the same trend with the measured one,while the simulated data is much higher in the summer afternoon.The simulated transpiration rate was close to the measured data in the morning and evening,while the peak value in midday was obviously lower than the measured one. In microclimatic parameters,the daily changing trends of simulated microclimate parameters( solar radiation, surface temperature, air temperature,and air humidity) were consistent with the measured ones. The reduction rate of solar radiation and reduction value of surface temperature from tree canopy were close to the measured values.The air temperature data under tree and inside tree crown in varied directions were higher than the measured data,and the humidity data were lower. The temperature and humidity difference between the treeless site and the shading site were much smaller than the measured ones. The root mean square error and index of agreement were used as the indicators of statistical evaluation,hence showing that the ENVImet model was capable of predicting the microclimate with good accuracy. The error was acceptable and may be caused by the software version,the software calculation setting and the grid size resolution ratio of tree modeling. [Conclusion] In conclusion,ENVI-met can well simulate the physiological property and thermal performance trends of trees in hot-humid climate. This study comprehensively evaluates the performance of vegetation models,hence come up with the optimization suggestions for tree modelling and could be a strong support for the outdoor thermal environmental research in hot-humid regions of further studies.
引文
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[13]Huttner S.Further development and application of the 3D microclimate simulation ENVI-met[D/OL].Mainz:Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat in Mainz,2012.[2017-09--08].https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/further-development-applica tion-3d-microclimate-simulation-envimet/.
[14]刘建锋,肖文发,熊定鹏,等.不同纬度栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的比较[J].植物研究,2011,31(4):467--471.Liu J F,Xiao W F,Xiong D P,et al.Comparison on the physioecological characteristics of Quercus variabilis seedlings from various latitude sites[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,2011,31(4):467-471.
[15]李坤明,张宇峰,赵立华,等.热舒适指标在湿热地区城市室外空间的适用性[J].建筑科学,2017(2):15-19,166.Li K M,Zhang Y F,Zhao L H,et al.Applicability of thermal comfort indices in urban outdoor space in hot and humid zone[J].Building Science,2017(2):15--19,166.
[16]陈卓伦.绿化体系对湿热地区建筑组团室外热环境影响研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2010.Chen Z L.Research of vegetation system’s effects on outdoor thermal environment of residential communities in hot-humid climate[D].Guagnzhou:South China University of Technology,2010.
[17]Lalic B,Mihailovic D T.An empirical relation describing leaf-area density inside the forest for environmental modeling[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2004,43(4):641-645.
[18]詹慧娟.基于ENVI-met模型的三维植被温度场的时空变化分析[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.Zhan H J.The analysis of temporal and spatial variation of threedimensional vegetation temperature fields based on the ENVI-met model[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2014.
[19]牛晓栋,江洪,方成圆,等.天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林生态系统水汽通量特征[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(2):216--224.Niu X D,Jiang H,Fang C Y,et al.Water vapor flux features of an evergreen and deciduous broadleaf mixed forest in Mount Tianmu area[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2016,33(2):216--224.
[20]Fang X S,Shen L,Meng Q L.The study on microclimate simulation of country park based on ENVI-met software:take the east gate entrance area of Guangdong Tianlu Lake Country Park for example[C/OL]∥Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics,Robotics and Automation(ICMRA).Shenzhen:Chemical Rubber Company,2015.
[21]Willmott C J.Some comments on the evaluation of model performance[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1982,63(11):1309--1313.
[2]杨小山.室外微气候对建筑空调能耗影响的模拟方法研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.Yang X S.A simulation method for the effects of urban microlimate on building cooling energy use[D].Guagnzhou:South China University of Technology,2012.
[3]Ali-Toudert F,Mayer H.Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate[J].Building and Environment,2006,41(2):94--108.
[4]Lindén J,Simon H,Fonti P,et al.Observed and modeled transpiration cooling from urban trees in Mainz,Germany[C/OL]∥ICUC9:9th International Conference on Urban Climate Jointly with12th Symposium on the Urban Environment,2015.[2017--09-01].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320517759_Observed_and_modeled_transpiration_cooling_from_urban_trees_in_Mainz_Germany.
[5]Simon H.Modeling urban microclimate:development,implementation and evaluation of new and improved calculation methods for the urban microclimate model ENVI-met[D/OL].Rheinland-Pfalz:Johannes Gutenberg-Universitt Mainz,2016.[2017-08-20].https://d-nb.info/1102563188/34.
[6]Shinzato P,Yoshida D,Duarte D.Parametrization of tropical plants using ENVI-met V.4 and its impact on urban microclimates:Sao Paulo case study[C/OL]∥4th International Conference on Countermeasures To Urban Heat Islands,at Singapore,2016.[2017-08-20].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305491391_Parametrization_of_tropical_plants_using_ENVI-met_V4_and_its_impact_on_urban_microclimates_-_Sao_Paulo_case_study.
[7]Picot X.Thermal comfort in urban spaces:impact of vegetation growth:case study:Piazza della Scienza,Milan,Italy[J].Energy and Buildings Journal,2004,36(4):329-334.
[8]Spangenberg J.Improvement of urban climate in tropical metropolis:a case study in Maracan2/Rio de Janeiro[D].Cologne:University of Applied Sciences,2004.
[9]Foley J A,Costa M H,Delire C,et al.Green surprise?How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earth’s climate[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2003,1(1):38-44.
[10]Moriwaki R,Kanda M.Seasonal and diurnal fluxes of radiation,heat,water vapor,and carbon dioxide over a suburban area[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2004,43(11):1700--1710.
[11]Smith D L,Johnson L.Vegetation-mediated changes in microclimate reduce soil respiration as woodlands expand into grasslands[J].Ecology,2004,85(12):3348--3361.
[12]Shahidan M F,Jones P.179:plant canopy design in modifying urban thermal environment:theory and guidelines[C/OL]∥PLEA 2008:25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture.Dublin,22nd to 24th,October,2008.[2017-08-07].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220042607.
[13]Huttner S.Further development and application of the 3D microclimate simulation ENVI-met[D/OL].Mainz:Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat in Mainz,2012.[2017-09--08].https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/further-development-applica tion-3d-microclimate-simulation-envimet/.
[14]刘建锋,肖文发,熊定鹏,等.不同纬度栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的比较[J].植物研究,2011,31(4):467--471.Liu J F,Xiao W F,Xiong D P,et al.Comparison on the physioecological characteristics of Quercus variabilis seedlings from various latitude sites[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,2011,31(4):467-471.
[15]李坤明,张宇峰,赵立华,等.热舒适指标在湿热地区城市室外空间的适用性[J].建筑科学,2017(2):15-19,166.Li K M,Zhang Y F,Zhao L H,et al.Applicability of thermal comfort indices in urban outdoor space in hot and humid zone[J].Building Science,2017(2):15--19,166.
[16]陈卓伦.绿化体系对湿热地区建筑组团室外热环境影响研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2010.Chen Z L.Research of vegetation system’s effects on outdoor thermal environment of residential communities in hot-humid climate[D].Guagnzhou:South China University of Technology,2010.
[17]Lalic B,Mihailovic D T.An empirical relation describing leaf-area density inside the forest for environmental modeling[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2004,43(4):641-645.
[18]詹慧娟.基于ENVI-met模型的三维植被温度场的时空变化分析[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.Zhan H J.The analysis of temporal and spatial variation of threedimensional vegetation temperature fields based on the ENVI-met model[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2014.
[19]牛晓栋,江洪,方成圆,等.天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林生态系统水汽通量特征[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(2):216--224.Niu X D,Jiang H,Fang C Y,et al.Water vapor flux features of an evergreen and deciduous broadleaf mixed forest in Mount Tianmu area[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2016,33(2):216--224.
[20]Fang X S,Shen L,Meng Q L.The study on microclimate simulation of country park based on ENVI-met software:take the east gate entrance area of Guangdong Tianlu Lake Country Park for example[C/OL]∥Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics,Robotics and Automation(ICMRA).Shenzhen:Chemical Rubber Company,2015.
[21]Willmott C J.Some comments on the evaluation of model performance[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1982,63(11):1309--1313.