Heavy Oil and Oil Sands:Global Distribution and Resource Assessment
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摘要
Global recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show:(1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy oil basins and 32 oil sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins.(2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs.(3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults.(4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy oil development.
Global recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show:(1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy oil basins and 32 oil sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins.(2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs.(3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults.(4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy oil development.
Global recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show:(1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy oil basins and 32 oil sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins.(2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs.(3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults.(4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy oil development.
引文
Adams,J.,Riediger,C.,Fowler,M.,and Larter,S.,2006.Thermal controls on biodegradation around the Peace River tar sands:Paleopasteurization to the west.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,89:1-4.
Adams,J.,Larter,S.,Bennett,B.,Marcano,N.,and Oldenburg T.,2010.Alberta oil sands charge allocation:Mapping source rock contributions.AAPG International Convention and Exhibition.Calgary,Alberta,Canada.
Anjos,D.S.,2008.Unconventional petroleum resources in Brazil:an overview.19th World Petroleum Congress,Spain2008.Forum 04:Unconventional Petroleum resources,Spain.
Attanasi,E.,Meyer,D.,and Richard,F.,2010.Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil.Survey of energy resources(22ed.).World Energy Council,123-140.ISBN 978-0-946121-26-7.
Brew,G.,Litak,R.,and Barazangi,M.,1999.Tectonic evolution of Northeast Syria:regional implications and hydrocarbon prospects.GeoArabia,4(3):289-318.
В.Б.А.,2008.Блоковаяделимостьиисточникинефтинаюгеанабарскойантеклизывсвязисразвитиемнефтегазовогокомплексасибирскойплатформы.Нефтегазоваягеология.Теорияипрактика,3:1-33.
Chang Cheng and Bai Guoping,2017.The oil and gas resources potential and investment direction of Central Asia-Caspian Sea under the background of"One Belt And One Road".Geological Review,63(supp.):37-38.
Chi Yaao,Liu Bo,Zhao Ming,Wang Haixue,Tang Xun and Tu Feifei,2015.Geochemical characteristics and genesis of Prejurassic heavy oil in Tainan Sag of Tuha Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(z1):441-442
China Geology.Progress in China’s geological exploration in the first half year of 2018.China Geology,1:314-316.
Christopher,J.E.,1984.The Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group,northern Williston Basin region,Canada.In:Stott,D.F.,and Glass,D.J.(eds.),The Mesozoic of middle North America.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir9,109-126.
CNPC,2018.Global oil and gas exploration outlook.Beijing:RIPED:2-15.Dekker Inc.
Du Jinghu,Yang Hua,Xu Chunchun,Wang Xishuang,Jiao Guihao and Chen Qilin.2013.Carbonate reservoir forming conditions for East Siberia platform and its inspiration to oil and gas exploration in China.Lithologic Reservoirs,25(3):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
EIA,1997.Oil and gas resources in the Western Siberian Basin,Russia.Washington,DC:Energy Information Administration office of Oil and Gas:1-166.
Fa Guifang,Yuan Shengqiang,Wang Zuoqian,Wu Yinping and Cai Dechao,2012.Petroleum geology features and exploration potential analysis of Volga-Ural Basin.Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,19(5):46-50(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fan Yuhai,Wu Junhu,Yang Xingke and Wang Hui,2017.Reservoir characteristics of the deepwater Basins in the world.Geological Review,63(supp.):69-70.
Gao Ningning,Shan Xuanlong,Ma Feng,Du Shan and Liu Zuodong,2015.Enrichment law and accumulation model of Paleogene heavy oil in Singar graben.Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,22(4):61-64,153(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gray,M.R.,1994.Upgrading petroleum residues and heavy oil.New York:Marcel Dekker Inc.
Hao Qingqing,Chen Weijun and Zuo Yinhui,2017.Distribution of the African petroleum resources and petroleum geological characteristics of the main African petroliferous Basins.Geological Review,63(supp.):125-126.
Hart Energy,2013.Heavy crude oil,global perspective,analysis&outlook to 2035.Houston,Texas:Hart Energy company,1-191.
Hinkle,A.,and Batzle,M.,2006.Heavy oil:a worldwide overview.The Leading Edge,25(6):742-749.
Hu Wenrui,Bao Jingwei and Hu Bin,2013.Progress in global oil and gas exploration.Petroleum Exploration and Development,40(4):409-413(in Chinese with English abstract).
James G.S.,2004.Natural oil sands(tar sands)and Extra-Heavy oil.Published@ELOSS,Coal,oil shale,natural bitumen,heavy oil and peat,Vol.II,https://www.eolss.net/SampleChapters/C08/E3-04-05.pdf.
Karnyushina,E.E.,and Zhukova,E.V.,2013.Conditions of sedimentation within the early Jurassic to Aalenian natural reservoir of the Vilyui Synclise.Bulletin of Moscow University,4(1):36-42(in Russian).
Kontorovich,A.E.,Moskvin,V.I.,Bostikov,O.I.,Danilova,V.P.,Fomin,A.N.,Fomichev,A.S.,Kostyreva,E.A.,and Melenevsky,V.N.,1997.Main oil source formations of the West Siberian basin.Petroleum Geoscience,3(4):343-358.
Lerchel,I.,2004.Geological risk and uncertainty in oil exploration(translated by Zhao Xianzheng).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press:44-47.
Li Bing,Zhu Xiaoming and Zhang Guangya,2012.Petroleum geology and exploration potential of Volga-Ural Basin:one typical foreland basin.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,34(1):47-52(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yan,Bai Guoping and Zhang Yin,2017.The oil and gas resources potential distribution of“One Belt And One Road”.Geological Review,63(supp.):33-34
Liang Yingbo and Zhao Zhe,2014.Resource potentials of main plays in the petroliferous basins in Russia.Earth Science Frontiers,21(3):38-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Chenglin,Chen Changbo and Yang Huilin,2012.Conventional and unconventional resources evaluation methodology and application.Beijing:Geological Publishing House:183-188(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Yaming,Xie Yinfu and Ma Zhongzhen,2014.Heavy oil accumulation characteristics and exploration potential of foreland basins in northern South America.Earth Science Frontiers,21(3):134-144(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Yaming,Xie Yingfu,Ma Zhongzhen,Zhou Yubing and Wang Dandan,2013.Heavy oil accumulation characteristics of the Orinoco heavy oil belt.Oil&Gas Geology,34(3):315-322(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zuodong,Wang Hongjun,Ma Feng,Wu Zhenzhen,Du Shan and Wang Yonghua,2017.Resource assessment of heavy oil potential based on spatial grid interpolation method:A case study of Cretaceous heavy oil deposits in Zagros Fold Belt.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),47(6):1668-1677.
Lovelock,P.E.R.,1984.A review of the tectonics of the northern Middle East region.Geological Magazine,121(6):577-587.
Lui Yin,Alejandro Berbesi,Rolando di Primio,Zahie Anka,Brian Horsfield and Debra K,2012.Source rock contributions to the Lower Cretaceous heavy oil accumulations in Alberta:A basin modeling study.AAPG Bulletin,96(7):1211-1234.
Ma Feng,Zhang Guangya,Wang Hongjun,Liu Zuodong,Jiang Lingzhi,Xie Yinfu,Li Fei and Ju Liang,2015.Potential,distribution and exploration trend of global heavy oil and oil sands resources.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,45(4):1042-1051(in Chinese with English abstract).
Masters,C.D.,Attanasi,E.D.,Dietzman,W.D.,Meyer,R.F.,Mitchell,R.W.,and Root,D.H.,1987,World resources of crude oil,natural gas,natural bitumen,and shale oil.Proceedings of the 12th World Petroleum Congress,5:3-27.
Mccrimmon,G.G.,2002.The Clearwater Formation,Cold Lake,Alberta:a worldclass hydrocarbon reservoir hosted in a complex succession of tide-dominated deltaic deposits.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,50(3):370-392
Meyer,R.F.,1991.Heavy oil and natural bitumen deposits of Latin America.New York:USGS:1-33.
Meyer,R.F.,and Attanasi,E.D.,1991.Heavy crude and tar sands-hydrocarbons for the 21st Century.Caracas,Venezuela:Petróleos de Venezuela.
Meyer,R.F.,Attanasi,E.D.,and Freeman,P.A.,2007.Heavy oil and natural bitumen resources in geological basins of the world.U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report.
Можегова,С.В.,2011.Верхнийпротерозойсибирскойплатформы-основнойисточникнефтегазоносностиеёдомезозойскогомегабассейна.Нефтегазоваягеология.Теорияипрактика,6(2):1-21.
Peterson,J.A.,and Clarke,J.W.,1983.Geology of the VolgaUral petroleum province and detailed description of the Romashkino and Arlan oil fields.US Geological Survey openfile report,83-711.
Pierre,R.B.,2006."What the future for extra heavy oil and oil sands:the Orinoco case".World Energy Council.
Qiu Zhen,Zou Caineng,Li Jianzhong,Wu Xiaozhi and Hou Lianhua,2013.Exploration status,main geologic characteristics and their differences of tight oil between America and China.Natural Gas Geoscience,24(2):238-246.
Richard,F.M.,and Emil,D.A.,2003.Heavy oil and natural bitumen--strategic petroleum resources.U.S.Geological Survey:Fact Sheet 070-03.
Rogner,H.H.,1997.An assessment of world hydrocarbon resources.Annual Review of Energy&the Environment,22(1):369-382.
Ronald,R.C.,and Troy,A.C.,2010.Improved USGSmethodology for assessment continuous petroleum resources.Virginia:USGS:2-5.
Sadouni Jalil and Rabbani Ahmadreza,2018.Characteristics of the first occurrence of Jurassic petroleum in the Zagros Basin,Iran.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),92(6):2280-2296
Sheng Xiujie,Jin Zhijun and Wang Yigang,2015.An improved non-deterministic volumetric method for play or trap with quantifying geological scenarios.Natural Gas Geoscience,26(3):456-465.
Suter,J.,Leckie,D.,and Larter,S.,2007.Heavy oil and bitumen in foreland basins-From processes to products,program with Abstracts.AAPG Hedberg Research Conference,Banff,Alberta.120.
Tong Xiaoguang,Zhang Guangya,Wang Zhaoming,Tian Zuoji,Niu Jiayu and Wen Zhixin,2014.Global oil and gas potential and distribution.Earth Science Frontiers,21(3):1-9.
USGS,2006.Natural Oil sands Resources of United States.U.S.Geological Survey:Fact Sheet 2006-3133.
Villarroel,T.,2008.New developments in Orinoco oil belt projects reflect a positive effect on the areas reserves.Proceedings World Heavy Oil Congress,Edmonton,10-12.
Xie Yinfu,Ma Zhongzhen and Liu Yaming,2012.Method of play cored oil and gas resource assessment and application:taking Campos basin in Brazil as example.Geological Science and Technology Information,31(2):45-49(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Jianhua,2016.Geological characteristics of heavy oil and accumulation advantage area prediction in Volga-Ural Basin.Jilin University(2012 ster thesis)(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Guangya,Wang Hongjun and Ma Feng,2012.Potential and exploration trend of global heavy oil and oil sand.Mu Longxin.New development technique of heavy oil and oil sands.Beijing:petroleum industry press,2012:35-47(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Guanyga,Wang Hongjun and Ma Feng,2012.Global heavy oil resources and exploration,heavy oil and oil sands technology development,Sino-Canada technology memoir,35-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zou Cainneng,2014.Conventional and unconventional petroleum“orderly accumulation”:Concept and pratical significance.Petroleum Exploration and Development,41(1):14-27.
Zou Caineng,Zhang Guosheng,Yang Zhi and Tao Shizhen,2013.Concepts,characteristics,potential and technology of unconventional hydrocarbons:On unconventional petroleum geology.Petroleum Exploration and Development,40(4):413-428.
Zou Caineng,Zhai Guangming,Zhang Guangya,Wang Hongjun,Zhang Guosheng,Li Jianzhong,Wang Zhaoming,Wen Zhixin,Ma Feng,Liang Yingbo,Yang Zhi,Li Xin and Liang Kun,2015.Formation,distribution,potential and prediction of global conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources.Petroleum Exploration and Development,42(1):13-25(in Chinese with English abstract).
Adams,J.,Larter,S.,Bennett,B.,Marcano,N.,and Oldenburg T.,2010.Alberta oil sands charge allocation:Mapping source rock contributions.AAPG International Convention and Exhibition.Calgary,Alberta,Canada.
Anjos,D.S.,2008.Unconventional petroleum resources in Brazil:an overview.19th World Petroleum Congress,Spain2008.Forum 04:Unconventional Petroleum resources,Spain.
Attanasi,E.,Meyer,D.,and Richard,F.,2010.Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil.Survey of energy resources(22ed.).World Energy Council,123-140.ISBN 978-0-946121-26-7.
Brew,G.,Litak,R.,and Barazangi,M.,1999.Tectonic evolution of Northeast Syria:regional implications and hydrocarbon prospects.GeoArabia,4(3):289-318.
В.Б.А.,2008.Блоковаяделимостьиисточникинефтинаюгеанабарскойантеклизывсвязисразвитиемнефтегазовогокомплексасибирскойплатформы.Нефтегазоваягеология.Теорияипрактика,3:1-33.
Chang Cheng and Bai Guoping,2017.The oil and gas resources potential and investment direction of Central Asia-Caspian Sea under the background of"One Belt And One Road".Geological Review,63(supp.):37-38.
Chi Yaao,Liu Bo,Zhao Ming,Wang Haixue,Tang Xun and Tu Feifei,2015.Geochemical characteristics and genesis of Prejurassic heavy oil in Tainan Sag of Tuha Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89(z1):441-442
China Geology.Progress in China’s geological exploration in the first half year of 2018.China Geology,1:314-316.
Christopher,J.E.,1984.The Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group,northern Williston Basin region,Canada.In:Stott,D.F.,and Glass,D.J.(eds.),The Mesozoic of middle North America.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir9,109-126.
CNPC,2018.Global oil and gas exploration outlook.Beijing:RIPED:2-15.Dekker Inc.
Du Jinghu,Yang Hua,Xu Chunchun,Wang Xishuang,Jiao Guihao and Chen Qilin.2013.Carbonate reservoir forming conditions for East Siberia platform and its inspiration to oil and gas exploration in China.Lithologic Reservoirs,25(3):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
EIA,1997.Oil and gas resources in the Western Siberian Basin,Russia.Washington,DC:Energy Information Administration office of Oil and Gas:1-166.
Fa Guifang,Yuan Shengqiang,Wang Zuoqian,Wu Yinping and Cai Dechao,2012.Petroleum geology features and exploration potential analysis of Volga-Ural Basin.Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,19(5):46-50(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fan Yuhai,Wu Junhu,Yang Xingke and Wang Hui,2017.Reservoir characteristics of the deepwater Basins in the world.Geological Review,63(supp.):69-70.
Gao Ningning,Shan Xuanlong,Ma Feng,Du Shan and Liu Zuodong,2015.Enrichment law and accumulation model of Paleogene heavy oil in Singar graben.Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,22(4):61-64,153(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gray,M.R.,1994.Upgrading petroleum residues and heavy oil.New York:Marcel Dekker Inc.
Hao Qingqing,Chen Weijun and Zuo Yinhui,2017.Distribution of the African petroleum resources and petroleum geological characteristics of the main African petroliferous Basins.Geological Review,63(supp.):125-126.
Hart Energy,2013.Heavy crude oil,global perspective,analysis&outlook to 2035.Houston,Texas:Hart Energy company,1-191.
Hinkle,A.,and Batzle,M.,2006.Heavy oil:a worldwide overview.The Leading Edge,25(6):742-749.
Hu Wenrui,Bao Jingwei and Hu Bin,2013.Progress in global oil and gas exploration.Petroleum Exploration and Development,40(4):409-413(in Chinese with English abstract).
James G.S.,2004.Natural oil sands(tar sands)and Extra-Heavy oil.Published@ELOSS,Coal,oil shale,natural bitumen,heavy oil and peat,Vol.II,https://www.eolss.net/SampleChapters/C08/E3-04-05.pdf.
Karnyushina,E.E.,and Zhukova,E.V.,2013.Conditions of sedimentation within the early Jurassic to Aalenian natural reservoir of the Vilyui Synclise.Bulletin of Moscow University,4(1):36-42(in Russian).
Kontorovich,A.E.,Moskvin,V.I.,Bostikov,O.I.,Danilova,V.P.,Fomin,A.N.,Fomichev,A.S.,Kostyreva,E.A.,and Melenevsky,V.N.,1997.Main oil source formations of the West Siberian basin.Petroleum Geoscience,3(4):343-358.
Lerchel,I.,2004.Geological risk and uncertainty in oil exploration(translated by Zhao Xianzheng).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press:44-47.
Li Bing,Zhu Xiaoming and Zhang Guangya,2012.Petroleum geology and exploration potential of Volga-Ural Basin:one typical foreland basin.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,34(1):47-52(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yan,Bai Guoping and Zhang Yin,2017.The oil and gas resources potential distribution of“One Belt And One Road”.Geological Review,63(supp.):33-34
Liang Yingbo and Zhao Zhe,2014.Resource potentials of main plays in the petroliferous basins in Russia.Earth Science Frontiers,21(3):38-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Chenglin,Chen Changbo and Yang Huilin,2012.Conventional and unconventional resources evaluation methodology and application.Beijing:Geological Publishing House:183-188(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Yaming,Xie Yinfu and Ma Zhongzhen,2014.Heavy oil accumulation characteristics and exploration potential of foreland basins in northern South America.Earth Science Frontiers,21(3):134-144(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Yaming,Xie Yingfu,Ma Zhongzhen,Zhou Yubing and Wang Dandan,2013.Heavy oil accumulation characteristics of the Orinoco heavy oil belt.Oil&Gas Geology,34(3):315-322(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zuodong,Wang Hongjun,Ma Feng,Wu Zhenzhen,Du Shan and Wang Yonghua,2017.Resource assessment of heavy oil potential based on spatial grid interpolation method:A case study of Cretaceous heavy oil deposits in Zagros Fold Belt.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),47(6):1668-1677.
Lovelock,P.E.R.,1984.A review of the tectonics of the northern Middle East region.Geological Magazine,121(6):577-587.
Lui Yin,Alejandro Berbesi,Rolando di Primio,Zahie Anka,Brian Horsfield and Debra K,2012.Source rock contributions to the Lower Cretaceous heavy oil accumulations in Alberta:A basin modeling study.AAPG Bulletin,96(7):1211-1234.
Ma Feng,Zhang Guangya,Wang Hongjun,Liu Zuodong,Jiang Lingzhi,Xie Yinfu,Li Fei and Ju Liang,2015.Potential,distribution and exploration trend of global heavy oil and oil sands resources.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,45(4):1042-1051(in Chinese with English abstract).
Masters,C.D.,Attanasi,E.D.,Dietzman,W.D.,Meyer,R.F.,Mitchell,R.W.,and Root,D.H.,1987,World resources of crude oil,natural gas,natural bitumen,and shale oil.Proceedings of the 12th World Petroleum Congress,5:3-27.
Mccrimmon,G.G.,2002.The Clearwater Formation,Cold Lake,Alberta:a worldclass hydrocarbon reservoir hosted in a complex succession of tide-dominated deltaic deposits.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,50(3):370-392
Meyer,R.F.,1991.Heavy oil and natural bitumen deposits of Latin America.New York:USGS:1-33.
Meyer,R.F.,and Attanasi,E.D.,1991.Heavy crude and tar sands-hydrocarbons for the 21st Century.Caracas,Venezuela:Petróleos de Venezuela.
Meyer,R.F.,Attanasi,E.D.,and Freeman,P.A.,2007.Heavy oil and natural bitumen resources in geological basins of the world.U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report.
Можегова,С.В.,2011.Верхнийпротерозойсибирскойплатформы-основнойисточникнефтегазоносностиеёдомезозойскогомегабассейна.Нефтегазоваягеология.Теорияипрактика,6(2):1-21.
Peterson,J.A.,and Clarke,J.W.,1983.Geology of the VolgaUral petroleum province and detailed description of the Romashkino and Arlan oil fields.US Geological Survey openfile report,83-711.
Pierre,R.B.,2006."What the future for extra heavy oil and oil sands:the Orinoco case".World Energy Council.
Qiu Zhen,Zou Caineng,Li Jianzhong,Wu Xiaozhi and Hou Lianhua,2013.Exploration status,main geologic characteristics and their differences of tight oil between America and China.Natural Gas Geoscience,24(2):238-246.
Richard,F.M.,and Emil,D.A.,2003.Heavy oil and natural bitumen--strategic petroleum resources.U.S.Geological Survey:Fact Sheet 070-03.
Rogner,H.H.,1997.An assessment of world hydrocarbon resources.Annual Review of Energy&the Environment,22(1):369-382.
Ronald,R.C.,and Troy,A.C.,2010.Improved USGSmethodology for assessment continuous petroleum resources.Virginia:USGS:2-5.
Sadouni Jalil and Rabbani Ahmadreza,2018.Characteristics of the first occurrence of Jurassic petroleum in the Zagros Basin,Iran.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),92(6):2280-2296
Sheng Xiujie,Jin Zhijun and Wang Yigang,2015.An improved non-deterministic volumetric method for play or trap with quantifying geological scenarios.Natural Gas Geoscience,26(3):456-465.
Suter,J.,Leckie,D.,and Larter,S.,2007.Heavy oil and bitumen in foreland basins-From processes to products,program with Abstracts.AAPG Hedberg Research Conference,Banff,Alberta.120.
Tong Xiaoguang,Zhang Guangya,Wang Zhaoming,Tian Zuoji,Niu Jiayu and Wen Zhixin,2014.Global oil and gas potential and distribution.Earth Science Frontiers,21(3):1-9.
USGS,2006.Natural Oil sands Resources of United States.U.S.Geological Survey:Fact Sheet 2006-3133.
Villarroel,T.,2008.New developments in Orinoco oil belt projects reflect a positive effect on the areas reserves.Proceedings World Heavy Oil Congress,Edmonton,10-12.
Xie Yinfu,Ma Zhongzhen and Liu Yaming,2012.Method of play cored oil and gas resource assessment and application:taking Campos basin in Brazil as example.Geological Science and Technology Information,31(2):45-49(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Jianhua,2016.Geological characteristics of heavy oil and accumulation advantage area prediction in Volga-Ural Basin.Jilin University(2012 ster thesis)(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Guangya,Wang Hongjun and Ma Feng,2012.Potential and exploration trend of global heavy oil and oil sand.Mu Longxin.New development technique of heavy oil and oil sands.Beijing:petroleum industry press,2012:35-47(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Guanyga,Wang Hongjun and Ma Feng,2012.Global heavy oil resources and exploration,heavy oil and oil sands technology development,Sino-Canada technology memoir,35-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zou Cainneng,2014.Conventional and unconventional petroleum“orderly accumulation”:Concept and pratical significance.Petroleum Exploration and Development,41(1):14-27.
Zou Caineng,Zhang Guosheng,Yang Zhi and Tao Shizhen,2013.Concepts,characteristics,potential and technology of unconventional hydrocarbons:On unconventional petroleum geology.Petroleum Exploration and Development,40(4):413-428.
Zou Caineng,Zhai Guangming,Zhang Guangya,Wang Hongjun,Zhang Guosheng,Li Jianzhong,Wang Zhaoming,Wen Zhixin,Ma Feng,Liang Yingbo,Yang Zhi,Li Xin and Liang Kun,2015.Formation,distribution,potential and prediction of global conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources.Petroleum Exploration and Development,42(1):13-25(in Chinese with English abstract).