环境规制对民族地区环境污染的影响研究——基于影子经济的视角
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摘要
现有研究环境规制对环境污染的影响往往忽略了影子经济的存在。由此,本文从影子经济视角出发,从理论上研究环境规制和影子经济对环境污染的影响。在此基础上,基于2000-2015年民族地区省级面板数据,实证考察了存在影子经济的情况下,环境规制强度对民族地区环境污染的影响。通过理论与实证分析,得出的研究结论主要有:理论研究表明,环境规制对环境污染的直接影响为负,间接影响为正;实证分析说明,环境规制能够有效降低民族地区的环境污染,影子经济提高了民族地区的环境污染程度。环境规制和影子经济的交互作用恶化了民族地区的环境质量,这表明,提高环境规制强度,会导致影子经济活动的加强,反而会恶化民族地区的环境质量。民族地区的人均收入水平与环境污染并未呈现出倒"U"型关系,EKC假说在民族地区不成立。贸易开放度、产业结构、城市化、能源使用效率等因素对民族地区的环境质量亦具有重要影响。
In existing researches of the influence of environmental regulations on environmental pollution, shadow economy is often neglected. Therefore, this paper makes a theoretical study of the influence of environmental regulations on environmental pollution from the perspective of shadow economy. Based on the provincial panel data of ethnic regions from 2000 to 2015, it makes an empirical survey of the influence in ethnic regions under shadow economy. Through a theoretical and empirical analysis, it reaches the following conclusions: 1) the theoretical research shows that environmental regulations have a direct negative influence and an indirect positive influence on environmental pollution; 2) the empirical analysis shows that in ethnic regions, environmental regulations can effectively reduce environmental pollution, while shadow economy increases it; 3) the interaction between environmental regulations and shadow economy makes the environmental quality worse, which means that increasing the intensity of environmental regulations will strengthen the activities of shadow economy and deteriorate the environmental quality of ethnic regions; 4) there is no inverted "U" relationship between per capita income level and environmental pollution in ethnic regions, so EKC hypothesis is not applicable to ethnic regions; and 5) the degree of trade openness, industrial structure, urbanization and energy efficiency are also important factors to influence the environmental quality of ethnic regions.
In existing researches of the influence of environmental regulations on environmental pollution, shadow economy is often neglected. Therefore, this paper makes a theoretical study of the influence of environmental regulations on environmental pollution from the perspective of shadow economy. Based on the provincial panel data of ethnic regions from 2000 to 2015, it makes an empirical survey of the influence in ethnic regions under shadow economy. Through a theoretical and empirical analysis, it reaches the following conclusions: 1) the theoretical research shows that environmental regulations have a direct negative influence and an indirect positive influence on environmental pollution; 2) the empirical analysis shows that in ethnic regions, environmental regulations can effectively reduce environmental pollution, while shadow economy increases it; 3) the interaction between environmental regulations and shadow economy makes the environmental quality worse, which means that increasing the intensity of environmental regulations will strengthen the activities of shadow economy and deteriorate the environmental quality of ethnic regions; 4) there is no inverted "U" relationship between per capita income level and environmental pollution in ethnic regions, so EKC hypothesis is not applicable to ethnic regions; and 5) the degree of trade openness, industrial structure, urbanization and energy efficiency are also important factors to influence the environmental quality of ethnic regions.
引文
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[2] Khanna,M.,Kumar,S.Corporate environmental management and environmental efficiency[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2011,50(2):227-240.
[3] Gamper-Rabindran,S.,Finger,S.R.Doesindustry self-regulation reduce pollution? Responsible care in the chemical industry[J].Journal of Regulatory Economics,2012,43(1):1-30.
[4] Kang,S.M.,Lee,M.Anempirical study on effective pollution enforcement in Korea[J].Environment and Development Economics,2004,9(3):353-365.
[5] Greenstone,M.,Hanna,R.Environmentalregulation,air and water pollution,and infant mortality in India[J].The American Economic Review,2014,104(10):3038-3072.
[6] 张红凤,周峰,杨慧,等.环境保护与经济发展双赢的规则绩效实证分析[J].经济研究,2009,(3):14-26.
[7] 何为,刘昌义,刘杰,等.环境规制、技术进步与大气环境质量[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2015,(5):51-61.
[8] Blackman,A.,Bannister,G.Communitypressure and clean technology in the informal sector: An econometric analysis of the adoption of propane by traditional Mexican brickmakers[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1998a,35(1):1-21.
[9] Baksi,S.,Bose, P.Environmental regulation in the presence of an informal sector[C].The University of Winnipeg Working Papers,No.2010-03,2010.
[10] Elgin,C.,Mazhar,R.U. Environmentalregulation,pollution and the informal economy[C].The State Bank of Pakistan Research Bulletin,2013.
[11] Blackman,A.,Bannister,G.Pollutioncontrol in the informal sector:The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers’project[C].Resources For the Future Discussion Paper,No.98-15,1998b.
[12] Biswas,A,K.,Farzanegan,M,R.,Thum,M.Pollution,shadow economy and corruption: Theory and evidence[J].Ecological Economics,2012,75(11):114-125.
[13] Elgin,C.,Oztunali,O.EnvironmentalKuznets Curve for the informal sector of Turkey in 1950-2009[J].Panoeconomicus,2014a,61(4):471-485.
[14] Elgin,C.,Oztunali,O.Pollutionand informal economy[J].Economic Systems,2014b,38(3):333-349.
[15] 徐蔼婷,李金昌.中国未被观测经济规模:基于MIMIC模型和经济普查数据的新发现[J].统计研究,2007,24(9):30-36.
[16] 杨灿明,孙群力.中国各地区隐性经济的规模、原因和影响[J].经济研究,2010,(4):93-106.
[17] 黄寿峰.环境规制、影子经济与雾霾污染[J].经济学动态,2016,(11):33-44.
[18] 闫海波,陈敬良,孟媛.中国省级地下经济与环境污染[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,(11):275-280.
[19] 余长林,高宏建.环境管制对中国环境污染的影响[J].中国工业经济,2015,(7):21-34.
[20] Frey,B,S.,Weck-Hannemann,H.Thehidden economy as an “unobserved”variable[J].European Economic Review,1984,26(1):33-53.
(1)EKC假说指环境质量随着收入水平的增加呈现出先恶化后改善的变化趋势,即环境污染与收入水平呈现倒“U”型曲线的关系。
(2)影子经济也称为地下经济、隐形经济、非正式经济。影子经济的定义很多,但有一个共同特征,其经济活动全部或部分不受政府的监管。
(3)限于部分数据的可得性,文章不含西藏自治区的数据。
(4)东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东和海南等11省、市。
[2] Khanna,M.,Kumar,S.Corporate environmental management and environmental efficiency[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2011,50(2):227-240.
[3] Gamper-Rabindran,S.,Finger,S.R.Doesindustry self-regulation reduce pollution? Responsible care in the chemical industry[J].Journal of Regulatory Economics,2012,43(1):1-30.
[4] Kang,S.M.,Lee,M.Anempirical study on effective pollution enforcement in Korea[J].Environment and Development Economics,2004,9(3):353-365.
[5] Greenstone,M.,Hanna,R.Environmentalregulation,air and water pollution,and infant mortality in India[J].The American Economic Review,2014,104(10):3038-3072.
[6] 张红凤,周峰,杨慧,等.环境保护与经济发展双赢的规则绩效实证分析[J].经济研究,2009,(3):14-26.
[7] 何为,刘昌义,刘杰,等.环境规制、技术进步与大气环境质量[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2015,(5):51-61.
[8] Blackman,A.,Bannister,G.Communitypressure and clean technology in the informal sector: An econometric analysis of the adoption of propane by traditional Mexican brickmakers[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1998a,35(1):1-21.
[9] Baksi,S.,Bose, P.Environmental regulation in the presence of an informal sector[C].The University of Winnipeg Working Papers,No.2010-03,2010.
[10] Elgin,C.,Mazhar,R.U. Environmentalregulation,pollution and the informal economy[C].The State Bank of Pakistan Research Bulletin,2013.
[11] Blackman,A.,Bannister,G.Pollutioncontrol in the informal sector:The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers’project[C].Resources For the Future Discussion Paper,No.98-15,1998b.
[12] Biswas,A,K.,Farzanegan,M,R.,Thum,M.Pollution,shadow economy and corruption: Theory and evidence[J].Ecological Economics,2012,75(11):114-125.
[13] Elgin,C.,Oztunali,O.EnvironmentalKuznets Curve for the informal sector of Turkey in 1950-2009[J].Panoeconomicus,2014a,61(4):471-485.
[14] Elgin,C.,Oztunali,O.Pollutionand informal economy[J].Economic Systems,2014b,38(3):333-349.
[15] 徐蔼婷,李金昌.中国未被观测经济规模:基于MIMIC模型和经济普查数据的新发现[J].统计研究,2007,24(9):30-36.
[16] 杨灿明,孙群力.中国各地区隐性经济的规模、原因和影响[J].经济研究,2010,(4):93-106.
[17] 黄寿峰.环境规制、影子经济与雾霾污染[J].经济学动态,2016,(11):33-44.
[18] 闫海波,陈敬良,孟媛.中国省级地下经济与环境污染[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,(11):275-280.
[19] 余长林,高宏建.环境管制对中国环境污染的影响[J].中国工业经济,2015,(7):21-34.
[20] Frey,B,S.,Weck-Hannemann,H.Thehidden economy as an “unobserved”variable[J].European Economic Review,1984,26(1):33-53.
(1)EKC假说指环境质量随着收入水平的增加呈现出先恶化后改善的变化趋势,即环境污染与收入水平呈现倒“U”型曲线的关系。
(2)影子经济也称为地下经济、隐形经济、非正式经济。影子经济的定义很多,但有一个共同特征,其经济活动全部或部分不受政府的监管。
(3)限于部分数据的可得性,文章不含西藏自治区的数据。
(4)东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东和海南等11省、市。