生活垃圾分类的实践困境与义务进路
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摘要
《生活垃圾分类制度实施方案》的出台,标志着生活垃圾强制分类由点及面地渐次展开。生活垃圾兼具污染性与资源性的特点,无论是在立法层面,还是在政策设计层面,亦或是在实践层面,都以生活垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化为主要目标。本文通过实证分析、比较分析、归纳分析对规范性文件、政策文本及其社会效果进行综合考察,梳理出当前在涉及生活垃圾分类这一议题中所存在的"四个断裂":生活垃圾分类义务在法律体系中的断裂、生活垃圾分类意愿与行为的断裂、垃圾分类回收再利用循环机制的断裂、法律政策设计初衷与运行实践的断裂。"四个断裂"是对阻碍生活垃圾分类诸多因素的概括性总结,对"四个断裂"的消解与弥合,需要在技术创新、生产安排、生活方式、法律规范、行政管理模式等领域进行调整。本文立足于生活垃圾分类的重要主体——公民这一切入点,提出确立公民生活垃圾分类义务对于不同程度地改善"四个断裂"具有极大的必要性和重要的现实意义。公民生活垃圾分类义务包括预防义务、填补义务、改善义务、合作义务,不仅在内在结构中具有规制、指导功能,在外在体系上也具有衔接和协调功能,且该种衔接和协调功能能够在垃圾分类回收再利用循环机制、法律政策设计与运行实践、生活垃圾分类意愿与行为之间得以延伸和嵌入。公民生活垃圾分类义务的实现,以生活垃圾分类义务框架的重构和绿色生活方式的培育为基础性要素,同时需要政府转变其单中心治理逻辑,提供良好的外部管理环境和"互联网+"技术创新的便捷性支持。
With the enactment of the Implementation Plan of Household Garbage Classification System,compulsory classification of household garbage has been gradually carried out. Household garbage can be used as pollutants or resources. The goal reflects in laws,policy and law practice is to make the garbage less,harmless and recycled. By reviewing laws and regulations,policies and their social effects through empirical analysis,comparative analysis and inductive analysis,this paper raises the four issues: the absence of household garbage classification obligation in the legal system,the conflict between citizens' intention and behavior,the problem of recycling mechanism,and a huge gap between legal policy and practice. The four issues above are a general summary of factors which hinder the classification of household garbage. To solve the four problems,it is necessary to adjust the technological innovation,production arrangement,lifestyle,rules and administrative management mode and so on. Given citizens playing an important role in the classification of household garbage,this paper argues that the establishment of the obligation of household garbage classification will be helpful to solve the four problems at different levels. The obligations of classifying household garbage include prevention,compensation,improvement and cooperation,which have not only the functions of regulation and guidance in the internal structure,but also connection and coordination in the external structure. Moreover,the establishment of obligations can connect the elements in the recycling mechanism,and narrow the gap between legal policies and practice,as well as citizens' intention and behavior. Citizens' domestic garbage classification obligation is based on the framework of household garbage classification obligation and the green lifestyle. At the same time,it is significant to change the single center treatment mode of governments,provide a good external management environment,and use‘Internet + 'technology to improve the convenience of household garbage classification.
With the enactment of the Implementation Plan of Household Garbage Classification System,compulsory classification of household garbage has been gradually carried out. Household garbage can be used as pollutants or resources. The goal reflects in laws,policy and law practice is to make the garbage less,harmless and recycled. By reviewing laws and regulations,policies and their social effects through empirical analysis,comparative analysis and inductive analysis,this paper raises the four issues: the absence of household garbage classification obligation in the legal system,the conflict between citizens' intention and behavior,the problem of recycling mechanism,and a huge gap between legal policy and practice. The four issues above are a general summary of factors which hinder the classification of household garbage. To solve the four problems,it is necessary to adjust the technological innovation,production arrangement,lifestyle,rules and administrative management mode and so on. Given citizens playing an important role in the classification of household garbage,this paper argues that the establishment of the obligation of household garbage classification will be helpful to solve the four problems at different levels. The obligations of classifying household garbage include prevention,compensation,improvement and cooperation,which have not only the functions of regulation and guidance in the internal structure,but also connection and coordination in the external structure. Moreover,the establishment of obligations can connect the elements in the recycling mechanism,and narrow the gap between legal policies and practice,as well as citizens' intention and behavior. Citizens' domestic garbage classification obligation is based on the framework of household garbage classification obligation and the green lifestyle. At the same time,it is significant to change the single center treatment mode of governments,provide a good external management environment,and use‘Internet + 'technology to improve the convenience of household garbage classification.
引文
[1]韩博天.通过实验制定政策:中国独具特色的经验[J].当代中国史研究,2010(3):103-128.
[2][英]哈耶克.自由秩序原理(上册)[M].邓正来,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997.
[3]陈绍军,李如春,马永斌.意愿与行为的悖离:城市居民生活垃圾分类机制研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(9):168-176.
[4]贾临宇,唐根年,北岛滋.循环型社会导向下的日本废弃物管制体系及其启示[J].经济地理,2006,26(4):662-664.
[5]安晨曦.在经验与规范之间:试验立法及其类型化---一种立法进路的提倡[J].北方法学,2015,9(3):112-123.
[6]李龙.法理学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1996:193.
[7]王春磊.超越传统:环境法律义务理论的反思[J].江汉论坛,2015(12):125-130.
[8]曹炜.环境法律义务探析[J].法学,2016(2):92-103.
[9]陈海嵩.国家环境保护义务的溯源与展开[J].法学研究,2014(3):62-81.
[10]黎四奇.对中国浪漫式立法实践的批判与反思---兼析应有的立法观[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2008,29(3):10-15.
[11]贝卡利亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993:88-89.
[12]鲁先锋.垃圾分类管理中的外压机制与诱导机制[J].城市问题,2013(1):86-91.
[13]郑永流.法的有效性与有效的法---分析框架的建构和经验实证的描述[J].法制与社会发展,2002(2):23-40.
[14]陈柏峰.基层社会的弹性执法及其后果[J].法制与社会发展,2015(5):154-167.
[15]秦鹏,冯林玉.民法典“绿色原则”的建构逻辑与适用出路[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2018(3):70-77.
[16]周宏春.以绿色消费引领生活方式绿色化[J].环境保护,2015(24):12-15.
[17]孙其昂,孙旭友,张虎彪.为何不能与何以可能:城市生活垃圾分类难以实施的“结”与“解”[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2014,14(6):63-67.
[18]陈肖静.基于层次分析法的中国城市生活垃圾分类收集方案优选[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(S2):368-371.
[19]赵刚.“互联网+全过程精细化管理”初探---北京市东城区崇文门外街道垃圾分类工作侧记[J].城市管理与科技,2018(1):82-83.
[2][英]哈耶克.自由秩序原理(上册)[M].邓正来,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997.
[3]陈绍军,李如春,马永斌.意愿与行为的悖离:城市居民生活垃圾分类机制研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(9):168-176.
[4]贾临宇,唐根年,北岛滋.循环型社会导向下的日本废弃物管制体系及其启示[J].经济地理,2006,26(4):662-664.
[5]安晨曦.在经验与规范之间:试验立法及其类型化---一种立法进路的提倡[J].北方法学,2015,9(3):112-123.
[6]李龙.法理学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1996:193.
[7]王春磊.超越传统:环境法律义务理论的反思[J].江汉论坛,2015(12):125-130.
[8]曹炜.环境法律义务探析[J].法学,2016(2):92-103.
[9]陈海嵩.国家环境保护义务的溯源与展开[J].法学研究,2014(3):62-81.
[10]黎四奇.对中国浪漫式立法实践的批判与反思---兼析应有的立法观[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2008,29(3):10-15.
[11]贝卡利亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993:88-89.
[12]鲁先锋.垃圾分类管理中的外压机制与诱导机制[J].城市问题,2013(1):86-91.
[13]郑永流.法的有效性与有效的法---分析框架的建构和经验实证的描述[J].法制与社会发展,2002(2):23-40.
[14]陈柏峰.基层社会的弹性执法及其后果[J].法制与社会发展,2015(5):154-167.
[15]秦鹏,冯林玉.民法典“绿色原则”的建构逻辑与适用出路[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2018(3):70-77.
[16]周宏春.以绿色消费引领生活方式绿色化[J].环境保护,2015(24):12-15.
[17]孙其昂,孙旭友,张虎彪.为何不能与何以可能:城市生活垃圾分类难以实施的“结”与“解”[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2014,14(6):63-67.
[18]陈肖静.基于层次分析法的中国城市生活垃圾分类收集方案优选[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(S2):368-371.
[19]赵刚.“互联网+全过程精细化管理”初探---北京市东城区崇文门外街道垃圾分类工作侧记[J].城市管理与科技,2018(1):82-83.