Experimental characterization of the 3D linear viscoelastic behavior of cold recycled bitumen emulsion mixtures
|
摘要
Cold mixtures with bitumen emulsion are produced at ambient temperature, leading to substantial reductions of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions. In cold recycling applications, cement is normally used to improve the mixture performance. Thus, the rheological behavior of cold recycled mixtures is different from that of conventional hot mixtures because it is due to the interaction of fresh bitumen, aged bitumen and cementitious bonds. In this study, we investigated the three-dimensional(3 D) linear viscoelastic(LVE) behavior of a cement-bitumen treated material(CBTM) mixture fabricated using bitumen emulsion and cement. For comparison, we also investigated the 3 D LVE behavior of hot-mix asphalt containing 25% of reclaimed asphalt and fabricated using polymermodified binder. Sinusoidal axial tests on cylindrical specimens, were carried out at various temperatures(from 0℃ to 50℃) and frequencies(from 0.1 to 12 Hz). The complex Young's modulus E~*and the complex Poisson's ratio v~*were determined through the measurement of axial and transverse strain. We show that when considering E*, CBTM mixtures may be considered thermo-rheologically simple and the Huet-Sayegh model can be used to simulate the frequencyetemperature dependence. On the other hand, when considering v*the behavior of CBTM mixtures is very different from that of hot mix asphalt. In particular, its absolute value is almost constant and very close to 0.15.
Cold mixtures with bitumen emulsion are produced at ambient temperature, leading to substantial reductions of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions. In cold recycling applications, cement is normally used to improve the mixture performance. Thus, the rheological behavior of cold recycled mixtures is different from that of conventional hot mixtures because it is due to the interaction of fresh bitumen, aged bitumen and cementitious bonds. In this study, we investigated the three-dimensional(3 D) linear viscoelastic(LVE) behavior of a cement-bitumen treated material(CBTM) mixture fabricated using bitumen emulsion and cement. For comparison, we also investigated the 3 D LVE behavior of hot-mix asphalt containing 25% of reclaimed asphalt and fabricated using polymermodified binder. Sinusoidal axial tests on cylindrical specimens, were carried out at various temperatures(from 0℃ to 50℃) and frequencies(from 0.1 to 12 Hz). The complex Young's modulus E~*and the complex Poisson's ratio v~*were determined through the measurement of axial and transverse strain. We show that when considering E*, CBTM mixtures may be considered thermo-rheologically simple and the Huet-Sayegh model can be used to simulate the frequencyetemperature dependence. On the other hand, when considering v*the behavior of CBTM mixtures is very different from that of hot mix asphalt. In particular, its absolute value is almost constant and very close to 0.15.
Cold mixtures with bitumen emulsion are produced at ambient temperature, leading to substantial reductions of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions. In cold recycling applications, cement is normally used to improve the mixture performance. Thus, the rheological behavior of cold recycled mixtures is different from that of conventional hot mixtures because it is due to the interaction of fresh bitumen, aged bitumen and cementitious bonds. In this study, we investigated the three-dimensional(3 D) linear viscoelastic(LVE) behavior of a cement-bitumen treated material(CBTM) mixture fabricated using bitumen emulsion and cement. For comparison, we also investigated the 3 D LVE behavior of hot-mix asphalt containing 25% of reclaimed asphalt and fabricated using polymermodified binder. Sinusoidal axial tests on cylindrical specimens, were carried out at various temperatures(from 0℃ to 50℃) and frequencies(from 0.1 to 12 Hz). The complex Young's modulus E~*and the complex Poisson's ratio v~*were determined through the measurement of axial and transverse strain. We show that when considering E*, CBTM mixtures may be considered thermo-rheologically simple and the Huet-Sayegh model can be used to simulate the frequencyetemperature dependence. On the other hand, when considering v*the behavior of CBTM mixtures is very different from that of hot mix asphalt. In particular, its absolute value is almost constant and very close to 0.15.
引文
AASHTO,2011.Standard Method of Test for Determining Dynamic Modulus of Hot Mix Asphalt(HMA).AASHTO T 342.AASHTO,Washington DC.
Asphalt Academy,2009.Technical Guideline(TG2):Bitumen Stabilized Materials,second ed.CSIR Built Environment,Pretoria.
Bocci,M.,Grilli,A.,Cardone,F.,et al.,2011.A study on the mechanical behaviour of cement-bitumen treated materials.International Journal of Construction and Building Materials25(2),773e778.
Brown,S.F.,Needham,D.,2000.A study of cement modified bitumen emulsion mixtures.Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists 69,92e116.
Clec’h,P.,Sauzeat,C.,Di Benedetto,H.,2010.Linear viscoelastic behavior and anisotropy of bituminous mixture compacted with a French wheel compactor.In:2nd International GeoShanghai Conference,Shanghai,2010.
Comite Europeen de Normalisation(CEN),2012.Bituminous Mixtures-Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt,Part 26:Stiffness.EN 12697-26.CEN,Brussels.
Di Benedetto,H.,Partl,M.N.,Francken,L.,et al.,2001.Stiffness testing for bituminous mixtures.Materials and Structures 34(2),66e70.
Di Benedetto,H.,Delaporte,B.,Sauzeat,C.,2007.Threedimensional linear behavior of bituminous materials:experiments and modeling.International Journal of Geomechanics 7,149e157.
Di Benedetto,H.,Sauzeat,C.,Sohm,J.,2009.Stiffness of bituminous mixtures using ultrasonic wave propagation.Road Materials and Pavement Design 10(4),789e814.
Dolzycki,B.,Jaczewski,M.,Szydlowski,C.,2017.The long-term properties of mineral-cement-emulsion mixtures.Construction and Building Materials 156,799e808.
Gandi,A.,Carter,A.,Singh,D.,2017.Rheological behavior of cold recycled asphalt materials with different contents of recycled asphalt pavements.Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 2(1),45-45.
Giani,M.I.,Dotelli,G.,Brandini,N.,et al.,2015.Comparative life cycle assessment of asphalt pavements using reclaimed asphalt,warm mix technology and cold in-place recycling.Resources,Conservation and Recycling 104,224e238.
Godenzoni,C.,Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,2015.Influence of reclaimed asphalt content on the complex modulus of cement bitumen treated materials.In:6th International Conference Bituminous Mixtures and Pavements,Thessaloniki,2015.
Godenzoni,C.,Graziani,A.,Perraton,D.,2016.Complex modulus characterisation of cold-recycled mixtures with foamed bitumen and different contents of reclaimed asphalt.Road Materials and Pavement Design 18(1),130e150.
Godenzoni,C.,Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,et al.,2017.Instrumented test section for analyzing the curing process of cold-recycled mixtures.In:10th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads,Railways and Airfields(BCRRA 2017),Athens,2017.
Goyer,S.,Dauvergne,M.,Wendling,L.,et al.,2012.Environmental evaluation of gravel emulsion.In:International Symposium on LCA for Construction Materials,Nantes,2012.
Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,Canestrari,F.,2014.Complex Poisson's ratio of bituminous mixtures:measurement and modeling.Materials and structures 47(7),1131e1140.
Graziani,A.,Di Benedetto,H.,Perraton,D.,et al.,2017.Recommendation of RILEM TC 237-SIB on complex Poisson's ratio characterization of bituminous mixtures.Materials and Structures 50(2),142-142.
Graziani,A.,Di Benedetto,H.,Perraton,D.,et al.,2018a.Threedimensional characterisation of linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures.In:Partl,M.,Porot,L.,Di Benedetto,H.(Eds.),Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems,Springer,Heidelberg,pp.127e202.
Graziani,A.,Mignini,C.,Bocci,E.,et al.,2018b.Complex modulus od cold recycled mixtures:measurement and modelling.In:2018 ISAP Conference,Fortaleza,2018.
Grilli,A.,Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,2012.Compactability and thermal sensitivity of cementebitumen-treated materials.Road Materials and Pavement Design 13(4),599e617.
Grilli,A.,Bocci,E.,Graziani,A.,2013.Influence of reclaimed asphalt content on the mechanical behaviour of cementtreated mixtures.Road Materials and Pavement Design 14(3),666e678.
Gudmarsson,A.,Ryden,N.,Di Benedetto,H.,et al.,2015.Complex modulus and complex Poisson's ratio from cyclic and dynamic modal testing of asphalt concrete.Construction and Building Materials 88,20e31.
Huang,Y.H.,2004.Pavement Analysis and Design,second ed.Pearson,New York.
Kim,Y.R.,2009.Modeling of Asphalt Concrete.McGraw-Hill Construction,New York.
Nguyen,H.M.,Pouget,S.,Di Benedetto,H.,et al.,2009.Timetemperature super-position principle for bituminous mixtures.European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 13(9),1095e1107.
Nikolaides,A.,1994.A new design method for dense cold mixtures.In:The First European Symposium on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials,Leeds,1994.
Olard,F.,Di Benedetto,H.,2003.General 2S2P1D model and relation between the linear viscoelastic behaviors of bituminous binders and mixes.Road Materials and Pavement Design 4(2),185e224.
Oppenheim,A.V.,Willsky,A.S.,Nawab,S.H.,1996.Signals and Systems,second ed.Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River.
Papazian,H.S.,1962.The response of linear viscoelastic materials in the frequency domain with emphasis on asphalt concrete.In:1st International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements,Ann Arbor,1962.
Perraton,D.,Di Benedetto,H.,Sauzeat,C.,et al.,2016.3 Dim experimental investigation of linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures.Materials and Structures 49(11),4813e4829.
Pouget,S.,Sauzeat,C.,Di Benedetto,H.,et al.,2010.From the behavior of constituent materials to the calculation and design of Orthotropic Bridge structures.Road Materials and Pavement Design 11,111e144.
Sayegh,G.,1968.Viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures.In:2nd International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements,Ann Arbor,1968.
Sauzeat,C.,Di Benedetto,H.,2015.Tridimensional linear viscoelastic behavior of bituminous materials.In:Huang,S.S.,Di Benedetto,H.(Eds.),Advances in Asphalt Materials.Woodhead Publishing,Los Angeles,pp.59e95.
Schwartz,C.W.,Diefenderfer,B.K.,Bowers,B.F.,2017.Material Properties of Cold In-Place Recycled and Full-Depth Reclamation Asphalt Concrete.NCHRP,Washington DC.
Stimilli,A.,Ferrotti,G.,Graziani,A.,et al.,2013.Performance evaluation of a cold-recycled mixture containing high percentage of reclaimed asphalt.Road Materials and Pavement Design 14(S1),149e161.
Thompson,M.R.,Garcia,L.,Carpenter,S.H.,2009.Cold In-Place Recycling and Full-Depth Recycling with Asphalt Products.Report No.ICT-09-036.Illinois Center for Transportation,Rantoul.
Tschoegl,N.W.,1989.The Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behavior:an Introduction.Springer,Berlin.
Tschoegl,N.W.,Knauss,W.,Emri,I.,2002.Poisson's ratio in linear viscoelasticityda critical review.Mechanics of TimeDependent Materials 6(1),3e51.
Turk,J.,Pranjic,A.M.,Mladenovic,A.,et al.,2016.Environmental comparison of two alternative road pavement rehabilitation techniques:cold-in-place-recycling versus traditional reconstruction.Journal of Cleaner Production 121,45e55.
Williams,M.L.,Landel,R.F.,Ferry,J.D.,1955.The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids.Journal of the American Chemical Society 77,3701e3707.
Asphalt Academy,2009.Technical Guideline(TG2):Bitumen Stabilized Materials,second ed.CSIR Built Environment,Pretoria.
Bocci,M.,Grilli,A.,Cardone,F.,et al.,2011.A study on the mechanical behaviour of cement-bitumen treated materials.International Journal of Construction and Building Materials25(2),773e778.
Brown,S.F.,Needham,D.,2000.A study of cement modified bitumen emulsion mixtures.Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists 69,92e116.
Clec’h,P.,Sauzeat,C.,Di Benedetto,H.,2010.Linear viscoelastic behavior and anisotropy of bituminous mixture compacted with a French wheel compactor.In:2nd International GeoShanghai Conference,Shanghai,2010.
Comite Europeen de Normalisation(CEN),2012.Bituminous Mixtures-Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt,Part 26:Stiffness.EN 12697-26.CEN,Brussels.
Di Benedetto,H.,Partl,M.N.,Francken,L.,et al.,2001.Stiffness testing for bituminous mixtures.Materials and Structures 34(2),66e70.
Di Benedetto,H.,Delaporte,B.,Sauzeat,C.,2007.Threedimensional linear behavior of bituminous materials:experiments and modeling.International Journal of Geomechanics 7,149e157.
Di Benedetto,H.,Sauzeat,C.,Sohm,J.,2009.Stiffness of bituminous mixtures using ultrasonic wave propagation.Road Materials and Pavement Design 10(4),789e814.
Dolzycki,B.,Jaczewski,M.,Szydlowski,C.,2017.The long-term properties of mineral-cement-emulsion mixtures.Construction and Building Materials 156,799e808.
Gandi,A.,Carter,A.,Singh,D.,2017.Rheological behavior of cold recycled asphalt materials with different contents of recycled asphalt pavements.Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 2(1),45-45.
Giani,M.I.,Dotelli,G.,Brandini,N.,et al.,2015.Comparative life cycle assessment of asphalt pavements using reclaimed asphalt,warm mix technology and cold in-place recycling.Resources,Conservation and Recycling 104,224e238.
Godenzoni,C.,Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,2015.Influence of reclaimed asphalt content on the complex modulus of cement bitumen treated materials.In:6th International Conference Bituminous Mixtures and Pavements,Thessaloniki,2015.
Godenzoni,C.,Graziani,A.,Perraton,D.,2016.Complex modulus characterisation of cold-recycled mixtures with foamed bitumen and different contents of reclaimed asphalt.Road Materials and Pavement Design 18(1),130e150.
Godenzoni,C.,Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,et al.,2017.Instrumented test section for analyzing the curing process of cold-recycled mixtures.In:10th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads,Railways and Airfields(BCRRA 2017),Athens,2017.
Goyer,S.,Dauvergne,M.,Wendling,L.,et al.,2012.Environmental evaluation of gravel emulsion.In:International Symposium on LCA for Construction Materials,Nantes,2012.
Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,Canestrari,F.,2014.Complex Poisson's ratio of bituminous mixtures:measurement and modeling.Materials and structures 47(7),1131e1140.
Graziani,A.,Di Benedetto,H.,Perraton,D.,et al.,2017.Recommendation of RILEM TC 237-SIB on complex Poisson's ratio characterization of bituminous mixtures.Materials and Structures 50(2),142-142.
Graziani,A.,Di Benedetto,H.,Perraton,D.,et al.,2018a.Threedimensional characterisation of linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures.In:Partl,M.,Porot,L.,Di Benedetto,H.(Eds.),Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems,Springer,Heidelberg,pp.127e202.
Graziani,A.,Mignini,C.,Bocci,E.,et al.,2018b.Complex modulus od cold recycled mixtures:measurement and modelling.In:2018 ISAP Conference,Fortaleza,2018.
Grilli,A.,Graziani,A.,Bocci,M.,2012.Compactability and thermal sensitivity of cementebitumen-treated materials.Road Materials and Pavement Design 13(4),599e617.
Grilli,A.,Bocci,E.,Graziani,A.,2013.Influence of reclaimed asphalt content on the mechanical behaviour of cementtreated mixtures.Road Materials and Pavement Design 14(3),666e678.
Gudmarsson,A.,Ryden,N.,Di Benedetto,H.,et al.,2015.Complex modulus and complex Poisson's ratio from cyclic and dynamic modal testing of asphalt concrete.Construction and Building Materials 88,20e31.
Huang,Y.H.,2004.Pavement Analysis and Design,second ed.Pearson,New York.
Kim,Y.R.,2009.Modeling of Asphalt Concrete.McGraw-Hill Construction,New York.
Nguyen,H.M.,Pouget,S.,Di Benedetto,H.,et al.,2009.Timetemperature super-position principle for bituminous mixtures.European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 13(9),1095e1107.
Nikolaides,A.,1994.A new design method for dense cold mixtures.In:The First European Symposium on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials,Leeds,1994.
Olard,F.,Di Benedetto,H.,2003.General 2S2P1D model and relation between the linear viscoelastic behaviors of bituminous binders and mixes.Road Materials and Pavement Design 4(2),185e224.
Oppenheim,A.V.,Willsky,A.S.,Nawab,S.H.,1996.Signals and Systems,second ed.Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River.
Papazian,H.S.,1962.The response of linear viscoelastic materials in the frequency domain with emphasis on asphalt concrete.In:1st International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements,Ann Arbor,1962.
Perraton,D.,Di Benedetto,H.,Sauzeat,C.,et al.,2016.3 Dim experimental investigation of linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures.Materials and Structures 49(11),4813e4829.
Pouget,S.,Sauzeat,C.,Di Benedetto,H.,et al.,2010.From the behavior of constituent materials to the calculation and design of Orthotropic Bridge structures.Road Materials and Pavement Design 11,111e144.
Sayegh,G.,1968.Viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures.In:2nd International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements,Ann Arbor,1968.
Sauzeat,C.,Di Benedetto,H.,2015.Tridimensional linear viscoelastic behavior of bituminous materials.In:Huang,S.S.,Di Benedetto,H.(Eds.),Advances in Asphalt Materials.Woodhead Publishing,Los Angeles,pp.59e95.
Schwartz,C.W.,Diefenderfer,B.K.,Bowers,B.F.,2017.Material Properties of Cold In-Place Recycled and Full-Depth Reclamation Asphalt Concrete.NCHRP,Washington DC.
Stimilli,A.,Ferrotti,G.,Graziani,A.,et al.,2013.Performance evaluation of a cold-recycled mixture containing high percentage of reclaimed asphalt.Road Materials and Pavement Design 14(S1),149e161.
Thompson,M.R.,Garcia,L.,Carpenter,S.H.,2009.Cold In-Place Recycling and Full-Depth Recycling with Asphalt Products.Report No.ICT-09-036.Illinois Center for Transportation,Rantoul.
Tschoegl,N.W.,1989.The Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behavior:an Introduction.Springer,Berlin.
Tschoegl,N.W.,Knauss,W.,Emri,I.,2002.Poisson's ratio in linear viscoelasticityda critical review.Mechanics of TimeDependent Materials 6(1),3e51.
Turk,J.,Pranjic,A.M.,Mladenovic,A.,et al.,2016.Environmental comparison of two alternative road pavement rehabilitation techniques:cold-in-place-recycling versus traditional reconstruction.Journal of Cleaner Production 121,45e55.
Williams,M.L.,Landel,R.F.,Ferry,J.D.,1955.The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids.Journal of the American Chemical Society 77,3701e3707.