建成环境对步行通勤通学的影响——以中国香港为例
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摘要
步行是一种重要的交通方式,也是体力活动的重要组成部分。然而,现代城市居民步行频率持续下降,相应地带来体力活动水平的持续降低,伴随着肥胖等慢性非传染病广泛蔓延,值得警惕。西方很多研究证实了建成环境(常以"3D"或"5D"等模型刻画)对步行行为的影响。基于西方的结论对于中国香港、北京和上海等具有与西方城市大相迥异的建成环境的城市是否适用?不同的人群由于具有不同的社会经济属性和生活节奏、习惯,其步行行为受建成环境的影响在方向、强度上是否存在差异?为解决上述问题,论文以香港为案例地,以职员和学生2类人群的步行通勤通学行为为研究对象,利用香港人口普查数据、Open Street Map数据以及中原地图数据等,采用传统的线性回归和空间计量模型进行分析,发现:①通勤通学距离是影响职员和学生步行通勤通学行为的最重要变量;②以"5D"模型刻画的建成环境对香港居民步行通勤通学行为的影响,与西方情境下的结论存在一定的差异,如,在香港,距地铁站的距离与职员和学生步行通勤比例相关性均不显著;③建成环境对步行通勤通学行为的影响,在职员与学生两类人群之间在方向和强度上存在显著差异。例如人口密度与职员步行通勤比例负相关,但与学生步行通学比例正相关。研究凸显了在"建成环境-交通行为"关系研究中情境(context)和人群区分(segmentation)的重要性。
Walking is not only an important and convenient travel mode but also a primary component of physical activities. However, in the modern era that is characterized by fast pace of living, urban people,especially those facing relatively intense time constraints such as office workers and students, tend to walk increasingly less. This has led to a reduced level of physical activity and partially resulted in widespread prevalence of non-communicable diseases(NCDs) such as obesity and diabetes. There have been many studies in the Western contexts confirming the significant impacts of the built environment(usually depicted by the 3 D or 5 D model) on walking. However, existing research is incomplete in the following two aspects: on the one hand, the current conclusions have been mainly based on the Western contexts, and therefore their applicability in cities of rapidly developing countries such as China is understudied. On the other hand, different population subgroups—for example, office workers and students—are featured with different lifestyles and habits. Thus, a research question arises: does the built environment affect their walking behavior in the same manner with regard to direction and magnitude? To address the aforementioned research gaps, this study examined and compared the impacts of the built environment on office workers' and students' pedestrian commuting in Hong Kong. Multivariate linear regression models and spatial econometric models were employed based on the 2011 Hong Kong Census data, Hong Kong Tertiary Planning Units(TPU) data, Open Street Map data, and CentaMap data. We found that: 1) Commuting distance is the strongest determinant of office workers' or students' probability of walking to workplaces or schools. 2) The associations between the built environment in Hong Kong(delineated by the 5 D model, namely, density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit) and pedestrian commuting behavior of office workers and students are different from those in the Western contexts. For example, distance to transit is widely confirmed to significantly impact people's walking in Western countries. However, the variable is insignificantly associated with workers' or students' propensity of pedestrian commuting in Hong Kong. 3) There are apparent differences between the effects of the built environment on pedestrian commuting propensity of office workers and students. For example, population density is associated with office workers' and students' propensity of pedestrian commuting negatively and positively, respectively. This study highlights the importance of contexts and population differentiation in the built environment-travel behavior association research. Geographers, urban planners, public policy practitioners,and policymakers can draw on the findings of this study to make more informed and targeted interventions to mitigate physical inactivity for certain population groups. Further study can pay more attention to 1) impacts of the built environment surrounding a workplace/school and/or those of routes from home to workplace/school on pedestrian commuting behavior; and 2) the increasing differences between the built environment of Hong Kong and cities in the mainland of China and the underlying mechanisms of variation.
Walking is not only an important and convenient travel mode but also a primary component of physical activities. However, in the modern era that is characterized by fast pace of living, urban people,especially those facing relatively intense time constraints such as office workers and students, tend to walk increasingly less. This has led to a reduced level of physical activity and partially resulted in widespread prevalence of non-communicable diseases(NCDs) such as obesity and diabetes. There have been many studies in the Western contexts confirming the significant impacts of the built environment(usually depicted by the 3 D or 5 D model) on walking. However, existing research is incomplete in the following two aspects: on the one hand, the current conclusions have been mainly based on the Western contexts, and therefore their applicability in cities of rapidly developing countries such as China is understudied. On the other hand, different population subgroups—for example, office workers and students—are featured with different lifestyles and habits. Thus, a research question arises: does the built environment affect their walking behavior in the same manner with regard to direction and magnitude? To address the aforementioned research gaps, this study examined and compared the impacts of the built environment on office workers' and students' pedestrian commuting in Hong Kong. Multivariate linear regression models and spatial econometric models were employed based on the 2011 Hong Kong Census data, Hong Kong Tertiary Planning Units(TPU) data, Open Street Map data, and CentaMap data. We found that: 1) Commuting distance is the strongest determinant of office workers' or students' probability of walking to workplaces or schools. 2) The associations between the built environment in Hong Kong(delineated by the 5 D model, namely, density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit) and pedestrian commuting behavior of office workers and students are different from those in the Western contexts. For example, distance to transit is widely confirmed to significantly impact people's walking in Western countries. However, the variable is insignificantly associated with workers' or students' propensity of pedestrian commuting in Hong Kong. 3) There are apparent differences between the effects of the built environment on pedestrian commuting propensity of office workers and students. For example, population density is associated with office workers' and students' propensity of pedestrian commuting negatively and positively, respectively. This study highlights the importance of contexts and population differentiation in the built environment-travel behavior association research. Geographers, urban planners, public policy practitioners,and policymakers can draw on the findings of this study to make more informed and targeted interventions to mitigate physical inactivity for certain population groups. Further study can pay more attention to 1) impacts of the built environment surrounding a workplace/school and/or those of routes from home to workplace/school on pedestrian commuting behavior; and 2) the increasing differences between the built environment of Hong Kong and cities in the mainland of China and the underlying mechanisms of variation.
引文
古杰,周素红,闫小培.2014.生命历程视角下广州市居民日常出行的时空路径分析[J].人文地理,29(3):56-62.[Gu J,Zhou S H,Yan X P.2014.The space-time paths of residents'daily travel in Guangzhou from a perspective of life course.Human Geography,29(3):56-62.]
何嘉明,周素红,谢雪梅.2017.女性主义地理学视角下的广州女性居民日常出行目的及影响因素[J].地理研究,36(6):1053-1064.[He J M,Zhou S H,Xie X M.2017.Female residents’daily travel purpose and its influencing factors from the perspective of feminism:A case study in Guangzhou,China.Geographical Research,36(6):1053-1064.]
何舟,宋杰洁,孙斌栋.2014.城市通勤时耗的空间结构影响因素:基于文献的研究与启示[J].城市规划学刊,57(1):65-70.[He Z,Song J J,Sun B D.2014.Impacts of urban spatial structure on urban commuting duration:Based on literature review.Urban Planning Forum,57(1):65-70.]
齐兰兰,周素红.2017.广州不同阶层城市居民日常家外休闲行为时空间特征[J].地域研究与开发,35(5):57-63.[Qi L L,Zhou S H.2017.Spatial and temporal characteristics of city residents daily leisure behavior outside the home under view of stratum in Guangzhou City.Areal Research and Development,35(5):57-63.]
孙斌栋,但波.2015.上海城市建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响[J].地理学报,70(10):1664-1674.[Sun B D,Dan B.2015.Impact of urban built environment on residential choice of commuting mode in Shanghai.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(10):1664-1674.]
孙斌栋,何舟,李南菲,等.2017.职住均衡能够缓解交通拥堵吗?基于GIS缓冲区方法的上海实证研究[J].城市规划学刊,60(5):98-104.[Sun B D,He Z,Li N F,et al.2017.Could jobs-housing balance relieve traffic congestion?A case study of Shanghai based on GIS buffer.Urban Planning Review,60(5):98-104.]
孙斌栋,李南菲,宋杰洁,等.2010.职住平衡对通勤交通的影响分析:对一个传统城市规划理念的实证检验[J].城市规划学刊,43(6):55-60.[Sun B D,Li N F,Song J J,et al.2010.Analysis of the impact of occupational-residential balance on commuting traffic:An empirical test of a traditional urban planning concept.Urban Planning Review,43(6):55-60.]
孙斌栋,潘鑫.2008.城市空间结构对交通出行影响研究的进展:单中心与多中心的论争[J].城市问题,26(1):19-22.[Sun B D,Pan X.2008.Progress in research on the impact of urban spatial structure on travel:Debate between single center and multi-center pattern.Urban Questions,26(1):19-22.]
杨林川,张衔春,洪世键,等.2016.公共服务设施步行可达性对住宅价格的影响:基于累积机会的可达性度量方法[J].南方经济,34(1):57-70.[Yang L C,Zhang X C,Hong S J,et al.2016.The impact of walking accessibility of public services on housing prices:Based on the cumulative opportunities measure.South China Journal of Economics,34(1):57-70.]
赵莹,柴彦威,关美宝.2014.中美城市居民出行行为的比较:以北京市与芝加哥市为例[J].地理研究,33(12):2275-2285.[Zhao Y,Chai Y W,Kwan M P.2014.Comparison of urban residents’travel behavior in China and the US:A case study between Beijing and Chicago.Geographical Research,33(12):2275-2285.]
周垠,李果.2018.15分钟步行圈生活便利指数评价与区县比较:以成都市中心城区为例[J].上海城市规划,27(5):78-82.[Zhou Y,Li G.2018.Evaluation and district comparison of life convenience index in 15-minute walking circle:A case study of Chengdu central city.Shanghai Urban Planning Review,27(5):78-82.]
Adlakha D,Hipp J A,Sallis J F,et al.2018.Exploring neighborhood environments and active commuting in Chennai,India[J].International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health,15(9):1840.doi:10.3390/ijerph15091840.
Bauman A E,Reis R S,Sallis J F,et al.2012.Correlates of physical activity:Why are some people physically active and others not?[J].The Lancet,380:258-271.
Boone-Heinonen J,Gordon-Larsen P,Guilkey D K,et al.2011.Environment and physical activity dynamics:The role of residential self-selection[J].Psychology of Sport and Exercise,12(1):54-60.
Carr L J,Dunsiger S I,Marcus B H.2010a.Validation of walk score for estimating access to walkable amenities[J].British Journal of Sports Medicine,45(14):1144-1148.
Carr L J,Dunsiger S I,Marcus B H.2010b.Walk score?as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,39(5):460-463.
Cervero R.1989.Land-use mixing and suburban mobility[J].Transportation Quarterly,42(3):429-446.
Cervero R,Kockelman K.1997.Travel demand and the 3Ds:Density,diversity,and design[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2(3):199-219.
Cervero R,Sarmiento O L,Jacoby E,et al.2009.Influences of built environments on walking and cycling:Lessons from Bogotá[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,3(4):203-226.
Duncan M J,Winkler E,Sugiyama T,et al.2010.Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport:Do land uses and geographical scale matter?[J].Journal of Urban Health,87(5):782-795.
Ewing R,Cervero R.2010.Travel and the built environment:A meta-analysis[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,76(3):265-294.
Forsyth A,Oakes J M,Lee B,et al.2009.The built environment,walking,and physical activity:Is the environment more important to some people than others?[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,14(1):42-49.
Forsyth A,Oakes J M,Schmitz K H,et al.2007.Does residential density increase walking and other physical activity?[J].Urban Studies,44(4):679-697.
Handy S,Cao X,Mokhtarian P L.2006.Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking:Empirical evidence from Northern California[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,72(1):55-74.
Heath G W,Parra D C,Sarmiento O L,et al.2012.Evidencebased intervention in physical activity:Lessons from around the world[J].The Lancet,380:272-281.
Lee I-M,Buchner D M.2008.The importance of walking to public health[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,40(S7),doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c65d0.
Lu W,McKyer E L J,Lee C,et al.2014.Perceived barriers to children’s active commuting to school:A systematic review of empirical,methodological and theoretical evidence[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,11(1),doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0140-x.
Lu Y,Sun G,Sarkar C,et al.2018.Commuting mode choice in a high-density city:Do land-use density and diversity matter in Hong Kong?[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,15(5),doi:10.3390/ijerph15050920.
Lu Y,Xiao Y,Ye Y.2017.Urban density,diversity and design:Is more always better for walking?A study from Hong Kong[J].Preventive Medicine,103:S99-S103.
Nagel C L,Carlson N E,Bosworth M,et al.2008.The relation between neighborhood built environment and walking activity among older adults[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,168(4):461-468.
Oakes J M,Forsyth A,Schmitz K H.2007.The effects of neighborhood density and street connectivity on walking behavior:The Twin Cities walking study[J].Epidemiologic Perspectives&Innovations,4(1),doi:10.1186/1742-5573-4-16.
Pratt M,Sarmiento O L,Montes F,et al.2012.The implications of megatrends in information and communication technology and transportation for changes in global physical activity[J].The Lancet,380:282-293.
Sun G,Oreskovic N M,Lin H.2014.How do changes to the built environment influence walking behaviors?A longitudinal study within a university campus in Hong Kong[J].International Journal of Health Geographics,13(1),doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-28.
Vale D S,Pereira M.2016.Influence on pedestrian commuting behavior of the built environment surrounding destinations:A structural equations modeling approach[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,10(8):730-741.
Wankel L M,Berger B G.1990.The psychological and social benefits of sport and physical activity[J].Journal of Leisure Research,22(2):167-182.
Yang L C,Wang B,Zhou J P,et al.2018.Walking accessibility and property prices[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,62:551-562.
Yang L C,Wang X,Sun G B,et al.2019.Modeling the perception of walking environmental quality in a traffic-free tourist destination[J].Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing,doi:10.1080/10548408.2019.1598534.
Yang L C,Zhou J P,Shyr O F,et al.2019.Does bus accessibility affect property prices?[J].Cities,84:56-65.
何嘉明,周素红,谢雪梅.2017.女性主义地理学视角下的广州女性居民日常出行目的及影响因素[J].地理研究,36(6):1053-1064.[He J M,Zhou S H,Xie X M.2017.Female residents’daily travel purpose and its influencing factors from the perspective of feminism:A case study in Guangzhou,China.Geographical Research,36(6):1053-1064.]
何舟,宋杰洁,孙斌栋.2014.城市通勤时耗的空间结构影响因素:基于文献的研究与启示[J].城市规划学刊,57(1):65-70.[He Z,Song J J,Sun B D.2014.Impacts of urban spatial structure on urban commuting duration:Based on literature review.Urban Planning Forum,57(1):65-70.]
齐兰兰,周素红.2017.广州不同阶层城市居民日常家外休闲行为时空间特征[J].地域研究与开发,35(5):57-63.[Qi L L,Zhou S H.2017.Spatial and temporal characteristics of city residents daily leisure behavior outside the home under view of stratum in Guangzhou City.Areal Research and Development,35(5):57-63.]
孙斌栋,但波.2015.上海城市建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响[J].地理学报,70(10):1664-1674.[Sun B D,Dan B.2015.Impact of urban built environment on residential choice of commuting mode in Shanghai.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(10):1664-1674.]
孙斌栋,何舟,李南菲,等.2017.职住均衡能够缓解交通拥堵吗?基于GIS缓冲区方法的上海实证研究[J].城市规划学刊,60(5):98-104.[Sun B D,He Z,Li N F,et al.2017.Could jobs-housing balance relieve traffic congestion?A case study of Shanghai based on GIS buffer.Urban Planning Review,60(5):98-104.]
孙斌栋,李南菲,宋杰洁,等.2010.职住平衡对通勤交通的影响分析:对一个传统城市规划理念的实证检验[J].城市规划学刊,43(6):55-60.[Sun B D,Li N F,Song J J,et al.2010.Analysis of the impact of occupational-residential balance on commuting traffic:An empirical test of a traditional urban planning concept.Urban Planning Review,43(6):55-60.]
孙斌栋,潘鑫.2008.城市空间结构对交通出行影响研究的进展:单中心与多中心的论争[J].城市问题,26(1):19-22.[Sun B D,Pan X.2008.Progress in research on the impact of urban spatial structure on travel:Debate between single center and multi-center pattern.Urban Questions,26(1):19-22.]
杨林川,张衔春,洪世键,等.2016.公共服务设施步行可达性对住宅价格的影响:基于累积机会的可达性度量方法[J].南方经济,34(1):57-70.[Yang L C,Zhang X C,Hong S J,et al.2016.The impact of walking accessibility of public services on housing prices:Based on the cumulative opportunities measure.South China Journal of Economics,34(1):57-70.]
赵莹,柴彦威,关美宝.2014.中美城市居民出行行为的比较:以北京市与芝加哥市为例[J].地理研究,33(12):2275-2285.[Zhao Y,Chai Y W,Kwan M P.2014.Comparison of urban residents’travel behavior in China and the US:A case study between Beijing and Chicago.Geographical Research,33(12):2275-2285.]
周垠,李果.2018.15分钟步行圈生活便利指数评价与区县比较:以成都市中心城区为例[J].上海城市规划,27(5):78-82.[Zhou Y,Li G.2018.Evaluation and district comparison of life convenience index in 15-minute walking circle:A case study of Chengdu central city.Shanghai Urban Planning Review,27(5):78-82.]
Adlakha D,Hipp J A,Sallis J F,et al.2018.Exploring neighborhood environments and active commuting in Chennai,India[J].International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health,15(9):1840.doi:10.3390/ijerph15091840.
Bauman A E,Reis R S,Sallis J F,et al.2012.Correlates of physical activity:Why are some people physically active and others not?[J].The Lancet,380:258-271.
Boone-Heinonen J,Gordon-Larsen P,Guilkey D K,et al.2011.Environment and physical activity dynamics:The role of residential self-selection[J].Psychology of Sport and Exercise,12(1):54-60.
Carr L J,Dunsiger S I,Marcus B H.2010a.Validation of walk score for estimating access to walkable amenities[J].British Journal of Sports Medicine,45(14):1144-1148.
Carr L J,Dunsiger S I,Marcus B H.2010b.Walk score?as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,39(5):460-463.
Cervero R.1989.Land-use mixing and suburban mobility[J].Transportation Quarterly,42(3):429-446.
Cervero R,Kockelman K.1997.Travel demand and the 3Ds:Density,diversity,and design[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2(3):199-219.
Cervero R,Sarmiento O L,Jacoby E,et al.2009.Influences of built environments on walking and cycling:Lessons from Bogotá[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,3(4):203-226.
Duncan M J,Winkler E,Sugiyama T,et al.2010.Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport:Do land uses and geographical scale matter?[J].Journal of Urban Health,87(5):782-795.
Ewing R,Cervero R.2010.Travel and the built environment:A meta-analysis[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,76(3):265-294.
Forsyth A,Oakes J M,Lee B,et al.2009.The built environment,walking,and physical activity:Is the environment more important to some people than others?[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,14(1):42-49.
Forsyth A,Oakes J M,Schmitz K H,et al.2007.Does residential density increase walking and other physical activity?[J].Urban Studies,44(4):679-697.
Handy S,Cao X,Mokhtarian P L.2006.Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking:Empirical evidence from Northern California[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,72(1):55-74.
Heath G W,Parra D C,Sarmiento O L,et al.2012.Evidencebased intervention in physical activity:Lessons from around the world[J].The Lancet,380:272-281.
Lee I-M,Buchner D M.2008.The importance of walking to public health[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,40(S7),doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c65d0.
Lu W,McKyer E L J,Lee C,et al.2014.Perceived barriers to children’s active commuting to school:A systematic review of empirical,methodological and theoretical evidence[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,11(1),doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0140-x.
Lu Y,Sun G,Sarkar C,et al.2018.Commuting mode choice in a high-density city:Do land-use density and diversity matter in Hong Kong?[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,15(5),doi:10.3390/ijerph15050920.
Lu Y,Xiao Y,Ye Y.2017.Urban density,diversity and design:Is more always better for walking?A study from Hong Kong[J].Preventive Medicine,103:S99-S103.
Nagel C L,Carlson N E,Bosworth M,et al.2008.The relation between neighborhood built environment and walking activity among older adults[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,168(4):461-468.
Oakes J M,Forsyth A,Schmitz K H.2007.The effects of neighborhood density and street connectivity on walking behavior:The Twin Cities walking study[J].Epidemiologic Perspectives&Innovations,4(1),doi:10.1186/1742-5573-4-16.
Pratt M,Sarmiento O L,Montes F,et al.2012.The implications of megatrends in information and communication technology and transportation for changes in global physical activity[J].The Lancet,380:282-293.
Sun G,Oreskovic N M,Lin H.2014.How do changes to the built environment influence walking behaviors?A longitudinal study within a university campus in Hong Kong[J].International Journal of Health Geographics,13(1),doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-28.
Vale D S,Pereira M.2016.Influence on pedestrian commuting behavior of the built environment surrounding destinations:A structural equations modeling approach[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,10(8):730-741.
Wankel L M,Berger B G.1990.The psychological and social benefits of sport and physical activity[J].Journal of Leisure Research,22(2):167-182.
Yang L C,Wang B,Zhou J P,et al.2018.Walking accessibility and property prices[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,62:551-562.
Yang L C,Wang X,Sun G B,et al.2019.Modeling the perception of walking environmental quality in a traffic-free tourist destination[J].Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing,doi:10.1080/10548408.2019.1598534.
Yang L C,Zhou J P,Shyr O F,et al.2019.Does bus accessibility affect property prices?[J].Cities,84:56-65.