优化施肥对萝卜产量和肥料利用率的影响
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摘要
【目的】我国萝卜生产中施肥过量和不平衡现象普遍,研究优化施肥对萝卜产量和肥料利用率的影响,旨在为萝卜科学施肥提供依据。【方法】于2016年秋季和2017年春季分别在天津、山东、浙江和河北四个萝卜产区布置4个田间试验,共设置7个处理:农民习惯施肥(FP);优化施肥[NPK (S)];基于NPK (S)处理的减氮、减磷和减钾处理;优化施肥+有机肥[NPKM (S),钾肥为硫酸钾];优化施肥+有机肥[NPKM (Cl),钾肥为氯化钾]。测定了萝卜产量、养分吸收量、肥料利用率和氮素表观损失。【结果】与FP处理相比,两季NPK(S)处理的萝卜肉质根产量增幅平均为3.9%,植株氮、磷和钾养分吸收量增幅平均为12.4%、15.3%和4.4%,其中河北试验点产量和养分吸收量均达到显著水平。四个试验点NPK (S)和NPKM (S)处理以及NPKM (S)和NPKM (Cl)处理相比,萝卜产量和养分吸收量均无显著性差异。与FP处理相比,两季NPK (S)处理的氮素农学效率(AEN)、氮素回收率(REN)和氮素偏生产力(PFPN)平均分别增加了32.8 kg/kg、18.9%和110.5 kg/kg;磷素农学效率(AEP)、磷素回收率(REP)和磷素偏生产力(PFPP)平均分别增加了53.0 kg/kg、15.3%和296.7kg/kg;钾素农学效率(AEK)和钾素回收率(REK)平均分别增加了17.6 kg/kg和11.5%。与NPKM (S)处理相比,两季NPK (S)处理的AEN、REN和PFPN平均分别增加了34.0 kg/kg、13.5%和221.7 kg/kg,AEP、REP和FPP平均分别增加了20.8 kg/kg、6.6%和217.2 kg/kg,AEK、REK和钾素偏生产力(PFPK)平均分别增加了9.0 kg/kg、3.6%和89.5 kg/kg。与NPKM (Cl)处理相比,两季NPKM (S)处理的REP和REK分别显著提高了6.2%和7.4%。由氮素表观损失结果得出,两季NPK (S)处理的氮素表观损失比FP处理平均降低了106.7kg/hm~2,氮素残留降低了42.1 kg/hm~2;与NPKM (S)处理相比,NPK (S)处理的氮素表观损失平均降低了84.6kg/hm~2,氮素残留降低了55.6 kg/hm~2;NPKM (S)和NPKM (Cl)处理平均氮素表观损失和氮素残留量均无显著性差异。【结论】在保证萝卜产量的基础上,优化施肥量和施肥时期可有效提高肥料的利用率,降低氮素损失。肥料用量的增减需依据各地具体施肥量而定,硫酸钾和氯化钾都可在萝卜生产中用作钾源,二者在肥效和萝卜产量及品质方面没有差异。
【Objectives】Excessive and unbalanced fertilization is common in radish production in China, which is unfavorable to ecological environment protection and sustainable agricultural production. The effects of optimized fertilization on fleshy root yield and fertilizer use efficiency of radish were studied using field experiment to provide basis for scientific fertilization of radish production. 【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in Tianjin, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Hebei provinces in autumn of 2016 and spring of 2017,respectively. Experiment comprised of seven treatments: farmers' practice(FP); optimized fertilization NPK(S), K fertilizer was potassium sulfate; a series of nutrient omission treatments, which excluded N, P, and K from the NPK(S) treatments; combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer, K fertilizer was potassium sulfate or potassium chloride, namely NPKM(S) or NPKM(Cl). The fleshy root yield of radish,plant nutrient uptake, fertilizer use efficiency, and apparent N loss were investigated. 【Results】Compared with the FP treatment, NPK(S) treatment increased fleshy root yield and plant nutrient uptake, with an average increase of 3.9% in yield in two seasons, and with an average increase of 12.4%, 15.3%, and 4.4% in plant nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake in two seasons, respectively, and there was a significant difference in Hebei. There were no significant differences between NPK(S) and NPKM(S) treatments and between NPKM(S)and NPKM(Cl) treatments in fleshy root yield and plant nutrient uptake. The fertilizer use efficiency of NPK(S)was significantly higher than that of FP treatment. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen(AEN), recovery efficiency of nitrogen(REN), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFPN) in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 32.8 kg/kg, 18.9%, and 110.5 kg/kg in two seasons compared with FP treatment. The agronomy efficiency of phosphorus(AEP), recovery efficiency of phosphorus(REP), and partial factor productivity of phosphorus(PFPP) in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 53.0 kg/kg, 15.3%,and 296.7 kg/kg in two seasons compared with FP treatment, respectively. The agronomy efficiency of potassium(AEK) and recovery efficiency of potassium(REK) in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of17.6 kg/kg and 11.5% in two seasons compared with FP treatment. Compared with NPKM(S) treatment, AEN,REN, and PFPN in NPK(S) treatment were significantly increased by an average of 34.0 kg/kg, 13.5%, and 221.7 kg/kg in two seasons. AEP, REP, and PFPP in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 20.8 kg/kg,6.6%, and 217.2 kg/kg in two seasons. AEK, REK, and PFPK in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 9.0 kg/kg, 3.6%, and 89.5 kg/kg in two seasons. Compared with NPKM(Cl) treatment, REP and REK in the NPKM(S) treatment were significantly increased by an average of 6.2% and 7.4% in two seasons.Compared with the FP treatment, the average apparent N loss was decreased by 106.7 kg/hm~2 and residual N average was decreased by 42.1 kg/hm~2 in NPK(S) treatment in the two seasons. The average apparent N loss was decreased by 84.6 kg/hm~2 and residual N average was decreased by 55.6 kg/hm~2 in NPK(S) treatment compared with NPKM(S) treatment in the two seasons. There were no significant differences between NPKM(S) and NPKM(Cl) treatments in apparent N loss and residual N. 【Conclusions】On the basis of guarantee the radish yield, optimizing the fertilizer rate and application period could improve the fertilizer use efficiency and reduce the apparent N loss. The fertilizer rate should be increased or reduced according to the practical uses in different areas, and both potassium chloride and potassium sulfate are good potassium source for radish production.
【Objectives】Excessive and unbalanced fertilization is common in radish production in China, which is unfavorable to ecological environment protection and sustainable agricultural production. The effects of optimized fertilization on fleshy root yield and fertilizer use efficiency of radish were studied using field experiment to provide basis for scientific fertilization of radish production. 【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in Tianjin, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Hebei provinces in autumn of 2016 and spring of 2017,respectively. Experiment comprised of seven treatments: farmers' practice(FP); optimized fertilization NPK(S), K fertilizer was potassium sulfate; a series of nutrient omission treatments, which excluded N, P, and K from the NPK(S) treatments; combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer, K fertilizer was potassium sulfate or potassium chloride, namely NPKM(S) or NPKM(Cl). The fleshy root yield of radish,plant nutrient uptake, fertilizer use efficiency, and apparent N loss were investigated. 【Results】Compared with the FP treatment, NPK(S) treatment increased fleshy root yield and plant nutrient uptake, with an average increase of 3.9% in yield in two seasons, and with an average increase of 12.4%, 15.3%, and 4.4% in plant nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake in two seasons, respectively, and there was a significant difference in Hebei. There were no significant differences between NPK(S) and NPKM(S) treatments and between NPKM(S)and NPKM(Cl) treatments in fleshy root yield and plant nutrient uptake. The fertilizer use efficiency of NPK(S)was significantly higher than that of FP treatment. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen(AEN), recovery efficiency of nitrogen(REN), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFPN) in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 32.8 kg/kg, 18.9%, and 110.5 kg/kg in two seasons compared with FP treatment. The agronomy efficiency of phosphorus(AEP), recovery efficiency of phosphorus(REP), and partial factor productivity of phosphorus(PFPP) in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 53.0 kg/kg, 15.3%,and 296.7 kg/kg in two seasons compared with FP treatment, respectively. The agronomy efficiency of potassium(AEK) and recovery efficiency of potassium(REK) in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of17.6 kg/kg and 11.5% in two seasons compared with FP treatment. Compared with NPKM(S) treatment, AEN,REN, and PFPN in NPK(S) treatment were significantly increased by an average of 34.0 kg/kg, 13.5%, and 221.7 kg/kg in two seasons. AEP, REP, and PFPP in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 20.8 kg/kg,6.6%, and 217.2 kg/kg in two seasons. AEK, REK, and PFPK in the NPK(S) treatment were increased by an average of 9.0 kg/kg, 3.6%, and 89.5 kg/kg in two seasons. Compared with NPKM(Cl) treatment, REP and REK in the NPKM(S) treatment were significantly increased by an average of 6.2% and 7.4% in two seasons.Compared with the FP treatment, the average apparent N loss was decreased by 106.7 kg/hm~2 and residual N average was decreased by 42.1 kg/hm~2 in NPK(S) treatment in the two seasons. The average apparent N loss was decreased by 84.6 kg/hm~2 and residual N average was decreased by 55.6 kg/hm~2 in NPK(S) treatment compared with NPKM(S) treatment in the two seasons. There were no significant differences between NPKM(S) and NPKM(Cl) treatments in apparent N loss and residual N. 【Conclusions】On the basis of guarantee the radish yield, optimizing the fertilizer rate and application period could improve the fertilizer use efficiency and reduce the apparent N loss. The fertilizer rate should be increased or reduced according to the practical uses in different areas, and both potassium chloride and potassium sulfate are good potassium source for radish production.
引文
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[3] Zotarelli L, Dukes M D, Scholberg J M S, et al. Tomato nitrogen accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96(8):1247-1258.
[4]张新星,王玉,孙志梅,等.不同养分管理措施下萝卜的产量效应和养分利用效应比较[J].河北农业大学学报,2017, 40(4):25-30.Zhang X X, Wang Y, Sun Z M, et al. Effects of different nutrient management practices on yield and nutrient use efficiency of radish[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 2017, 40(4):25-30.
[5]张福锁,巨晓棠.对我国持续农业发展中氮肥管理与环境问题的几点认识[J].土壤学报,2002, 39(1):41-55.Zhang F S, Ju X T. Discussion on nitrogen management and environment in agroecosystem of sustained development of agriculture[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2002, 39(1):41-55.
[6]朱静华,李明悦,高贤彪,等.蔬菜的养分吸收特性与钾肥利用率的研究[J].高效施肥,2006,(2):40-45.Zhu J H, Li M Y, Gao X B, et al. Study on nutrient absorption characteristic and potassium use efficiency of vegetables[J]. Better Crops,2006,(2):40-45.
[7]侯庆山,庄倩梅.氯化钾对夏甘薯产质量和土壤性质的影响[J].土壤,1995,(4):213-215.Hou Q S, Zhuang Q M. Effects of potassium chloride on the yield and soil properties of summer sweet potato[J]. Soils, 1995,(4):213-215.
[8]周芳,张振洲,贾景丽,等.不同钾肥品种及用量对马铃薯产量和品质的影响[J].中国马铃薯,2013,(3):158-161.Zhou F, Zhang Z Z, Jia J L, et al. Effects of different sources and rates of potassium fertilizer on potato yield and quality[J]. Chinese Potato Journal,2013,(3):158-161.
[9]刘杏兰,高宗,刘存寿,等.有机-无机肥配施的增产效应及对土壤肥力影响的定位研究[J].土壤学报,1996,33(2):138-147.Liu X L, Gao Z, Liu C S, et al. Effect of combined application of organic manure and fertilizers on crop yield and soil fertility in a located experiment[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1996, 33(2):138-147.
[10]周卫军,王凯荣,张光远,等.有机无机肥配合对红壤稻田系统生产力及其土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002, 35(9):1109-1113.Zhou W J, Wang K R, Zhang G Y, et al. Effects of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation on productivity and soil fertility of rice cropping system in red soil area of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2002, 35(9):1109-1113.
[11]张凤华,廖文华,刘建玲.连续过量施磷和有机肥的产量效应及环境风险评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009, 15(6):1280-1287.Zhang F H, Liao W H, Liu J L. Application of phosphorus and organic fertilizers on yields of vegetables and their environmental impacts[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009, 15(6):1280-1287.
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