饵料种类及密度对透明溞繁殖和种群动态的影响
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摘要
为了研究饵料种类及密度对透明溞Daphnia hyaline繁殖和种群动态的影响,以蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、双对栅藻Scenedesmus bijugatus、四尾栅藻Scenedesmus quadricauda和沙角衣藻Chlamydomonas sajao 4种不同饵料(生物量均为7.5 mg/L),以及1.0×10~4、5.0×10~4、10.0×10~4、50.0×10~4、100.0×10~4 cells/mL 5种不同密度的蛋白核小球藻,分别培养北京密云水库透明溞,研究透明溞的寿命、生长、繁殖和种群动态变化情况。结果表明:用蛋白核小球藻、双对栅藻、四尾栅藻和沙角衣藻培养的透明溞内禀增长率r_m分别为(0.310 2±0.025 0)、(0.292 3±0.030 6)、(0.292 9±0.031 7)、(0.252 1±0.018 9)ind./d,前3者之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),但均与后者有显著性差异(P<0.05);透明溞的寿命以双对栅藻最长,为(38.48±1.88)d,且与其他组有显著性差异(P<0.05);产前发育期以小球藻最短,为(6.80±0.74)d,各试验组间均有显著性差异(P<0.05);生殖总量以四尾栅藻最高,为(70.27±5.34)ind.,与其他组有显著性差异(P<0.05);饵料密度试验中,透明溞内禀增长率和净生殖率均随蛋白核小球藻饵料密度的升高而增大,内禀增长率最大为(0.357 6±0.015 6)ind./d,净生殖率最大为(83.54±8.80) ind.;而寿命随饵料密度升高先略有增加,之后快速减少;产前发育期随饵料密度的升高而降低。本试验结果可为透明溞规模化培养利用中,饵料藻类的选取和藻类密度的确定提供理论参考依据。
Lifespan, growth, reproduction and population dynamics were investigated in water fleas Daphnia hyaline collected from Miyun Reservoir in Beijing cultured in a SE medium incubator and fed four species of microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlamydomonas sajao and single C.pyrenoidosa at five cell densities of 1.0×10~4, 5.0×10~4, 10.0×10~4, 50.0×10~4 and 100.0×10~4 cells/mL at water temperature of 25 ℃ and photoperid of light∶dark=12 h∶12 h to explore for effects of microalgal species and density on reproduction and population dynamics of water fleas. It was found that the water fleas had intrinsic rates of increase(r_m) of(0.310 2±0.025 0)ind./d in the medium of C.pyrenoidosa,(0.292 3±0.030 6) ind./d in the medium of S.bijugatus,(0.292 9±0.031 7)ind./d in the medium of S.quadricauda and(0.252 1±0.018 9)ind./d in the medium of C.sajao, without significant differences in r_m between the first three diets(P>0.05), and with significant different from that in the fourth diet(P<0.05). The maximal lifespan(38.48±1.88)days was observed in the water fleas fed S.bijugatus, significantly different from those in the water fleas fed the other three diets(P<0.05). The shortest period of prenatal development(6.80±0.74 days), was found in the water fleas fed C.pyrenoidosa, significant differences among the four diets(P<0.05). The water fleas fed S.quadricauda had the maximal reproductive capacity of(70.27±5.34)ind., significantly different from those in the water fleas fed the other three diets(P<0.05). The r_m and net production rate were shown to be increased with the increase in the algal food density within the five densities of C.pyrenoidosa, with the maximal r_m of(0.357 6±0.015 6)ind./d and net reproductive rate of(83.54±0.80)individuals. The life span, however, was increased slightly at first and then decreased rapidly with the increase in the diet density; the period of prenatal development was decreased with the increase in the diet density. The findings provide basis for the choice of microalgae as food and the optimal microalgal density in the large-scale culture and utilization of D.hyaline.
Lifespan, growth, reproduction and population dynamics were investigated in water fleas Daphnia hyaline collected from Miyun Reservoir in Beijing cultured in a SE medium incubator and fed four species of microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlamydomonas sajao and single C.pyrenoidosa at five cell densities of 1.0×10~4, 5.0×10~4, 10.0×10~4, 50.0×10~4 and 100.0×10~4 cells/mL at water temperature of 25 ℃ and photoperid of light∶dark=12 h∶12 h to explore for effects of microalgal species and density on reproduction and population dynamics of water fleas. It was found that the water fleas had intrinsic rates of increase(r_m) of(0.310 2±0.025 0)ind./d in the medium of C.pyrenoidosa,(0.292 3±0.030 6) ind./d in the medium of S.bijugatus,(0.292 9±0.031 7)ind./d in the medium of S.quadricauda and(0.252 1±0.018 9)ind./d in the medium of C.sajao, without significant differences in r_m between the first three diets(P>0.05), and with significant different from that in the fourth diet(P<0.05). The maximal lifespan(38.48±1.88)days was observed in the water fleas fed S.bijugatus, significantly different from those in the water fleas fed the other three diets(P<0.05). The shortest period of prenatal development(6.80±0.74 days), was found in the water fleas fed C.pyrenoidosa, significant differences among the four diets(P<0.05). The water fleas fed S.quadricauda had the maximal reproductive capacity of(70.27±5.34)ind., significantly different from those in the water fleas fed the other three diets(P<0.05). The r_m and net production rate were shown to be increased with the increase in the algal food density within the five densities of C.pyrenoidosa, with the maximal r_m of(0.357 6±0.015 6)ind./d and net reproductive rate of(83.54±0.80)individuals. The life span, however, was increased slightly at first and then decreased rapidly with the increase in the diet density; the period of prenatal development was decreased with the increase in the diet density. The findings provide basis for the choice of microalgae as food and the optimal microalgal density in the large-scale culture and utilization of D.hyaline.
引文
[1] 邓道贵,孟琼,殷四涛,等.温度和食物浓度对大型溞Daphnia magna种群动态和两性生殖的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(9):4268-4276.
[2] 史文,刘其根,吴晶,等.不同藻类对大型溞存活和生殖的影响[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(6):1128-1133.
[3] 唐超智,于淼,阮瑞,等.微囊藻毒素对大型溞摄食行为的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010,38(6):181-186.
[4] 刘玮,杜蓓蓓,刘钢,等.饥饿时间对大型溞摄食行为的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(6):582-587.
[5] Nizn S,Dimentman C,Shilo M.Acute toxic effects of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on Daphnia magna[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1986,31(3):497-502.
[6] Holm N P,Ganf G G,Shapiro J.Feeding and assimilation rates of Daphnia pulex fed Aphanizomenon flos aquae[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1983,28(4):677-687.
[7] Meise C J,Munns Jr W R,Hairston Jr N G.An analysis of the feeding behavior of Daphnia pulex[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1985,30(4):862-870.
[8] McCauley E,Murdoch W W,Nisbet R M.Growth,reproduction,and mortality of Daphnia pulex Leydig:life at low food[J].Functional Ecology,1990,4(4):505-514.
[9] 王金秋,桑月婵,堵南山,等.不同培养条件下多刺裸腹溞的生殖和种群增长参数[J].湖泊科学,1999,11(2):141-144.
[10] 何志辉,阎立光,张毅.食物条件对蒙古裸腹溞生长、生殖和内禀增长率的影响[J].大连水产学院学报,1988(3-4):21-28.
[11] Johnsen G H,B?rsheim K Y.Functional response and food selection of the water flea,Bosmina longispina[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1988,10(2):319-325.
[12] Demott W R.Feeding selectivities and relative ingestion rates of Daphnia and Bosmina[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1982,27(3):516-527.
[13] 高梦婵,李治,张清靖,等.密云水库长额象鼻溞的种群动态研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2018,33(6):709-714.
[14] 黄祥飞.温度对透明溞和隆线溞——亚种发育及生长的影响[J].水生生物学集刊,1984,8(2):207-224.
[15] 赖伟,林汉刚,堵南山.淀山湖三种枝角类种群动态初步研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1988,19(2):101-108.
[16] 李共国,虞左明.千岛湖枝角类的群落结构[J].浙江万里学院学报,2001,14(2):51-55.
[17] Burns C W.The relationship between body size of filter-feeding cladocera and the maximum size of particle ingested[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1968,13(4):675-678.
[18] Levine S N,Zehrer R F,Burns C W.Impact of resuspended sediment on zooplankton feeding in Lake Waihola,New Zealand[J].Freshwater Biology,2005,50(9):1515-1536.
[19] 黄翠,刘其根,胡忠军,等.不同食物对透明溞种群生长的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(2):131-135.
[20] 林娴,韩博平.富营养化水体中自然食物对透明溞(Daphnia hyalina)生长与繁殖影响的初步实验[J].生态科学,2006,25(2):116-121.
[21] 徐怡,胡忠军,刘其根,等.温度和不同氮磷浓度培养的小球藻对透明溞生长和繁殖的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2011,20(5):712-719.
[22] 林昌善.动物种群数量变动的理论与试验研究:Ⅱ.杂拟谷盗Tribolium confusum (H.)的内禀增长能力(rm)的研究[J].动物学报,1964,16(3):323-338.
[23] Boersma M,Vijverberg J.Food effects on life history traits and seasonal dynamics of Ceriodaphnia pulchella[J].Freshwater Biology,1996,35(1):25-34.
[24] Work K,Havens K,Sharfstein B,et al.How important is bacterial carbon to planktonic grazers in a turbid,subtropical lake?[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2005,27(4):357-372.
[25] Mourelatos S,Lacroix G.In situ filtering rates of cladocera:effect of body length,temperature,and food concentration[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1990,35(5):1101-1111.
[26] Stemberger R S,Gilbert J J.Assessment of threshold food levels and population growth in planktonic rotifers[J].Archives Hydrobiology Beihefte,1985,21:269-275.
[27] Antunes S C,Castro B B,Gon?alves F.Chronic responses of different clones of Daphnia longispina(field and ephippia)to different food levels[J].Acta Oecologica,2003,24(S1):S325-S332.
[28] 罗晓霞,刘正文.食物浓度对拟同形溞(Daphnia similoides)生长和繁殖的影响[J].生态科学,2014,33(2):288-293.
[29] Müller-Navarra D,Lampert W.Seasonal patterns of food limitation in Daphnia galeata:separating food quantity and food quality effects[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1996,18(7):1137-1157.
[30] 尹娟,韩博平.食物浓度对模糊秀体溞生长和繁殖的影响[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(3):344-350.
[31] Nandini S,Sarma S S S.Lifetable demography of four cladoceran species in relation to algal food(Chlorella vulgaris)density[J].Hydrobiologia,2000,435(1-3):117-126.
[32] Nandini S,Sarma S S S.Population growth of some genera of cladocerans(Cladocera)in relation to algal food(Chlorella vulgaris)levels[J].Hydrobiologia,2003,491(1-3):211-219.
[33] Urabe J,Sterner R W.Contrasting effects of different types of resource depletion on life-history traits in Daphnia[J].Functional Ecology,2001,15(2):165-174.
[2] 史文,刘其根,吴晶,等.不同藻类对大型溞存活和生殖的影响[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(6):1128-1133.
[3] 唐超智,于淼,阮瑞,等.微囊藻毒素对大型溞摄食行为的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010,38(6):181-186.
[4] 刘玮,杜蓓蓓,刘钢,等.饥饿时间对大型溞摄食行为的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(6):582-587.
[5] Nizn S,Dimentman C,Shilo M.Acute toxic effects of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on Daphnia magna[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1986,31(3):497-502.
[6] Holm N P,Ganf G G,Shapiro J.Feeding and assimilation rates of Daphnia pulex fed Aphanizomenon flos aquae[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1983,28(4):677-687.
[7] Meise C J,Munns Jr W R,Hairston Jr N G.An analysis of the feeding behavior of Daphnia pulex[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1985,30(4):862-870.
[8] McCauley E,Murdoch W W,Nisbet R M.Growth,reproduction,and mortality of Daphnia pulex Leydig:life at low food[J].Functional Ecology,1990,4(4):505-514.
[9] 王金秋,桑月婵,堵南山,等.不同培养条件下多刺裸腹溞的生殖和种群增长参数[J].湖泊科学,1999,11(2):141-144.
[10] 何志辉,阎立光,张毅.食物条件对蒙古裸腹溞生长、生殖和内禀增长率的影响[J].大连水产学院学报,1988(3-4):21-28.
[11] Johnsen G H,B?rsheim K Y.Functional response and food selection of the water flea,Bosmina longispina[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1988,10(2):319-325.
[12] Demott W R.Feeding selectivities and relative ingestion rates of Daphnia and Bosmina[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1982,27(3):516-527.
[13] 高梦婵,李治,张清靖,等.密云水库长额象鼻溞的种群动态研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2018,33(6):709-714.
[14] 黄祥飞.温度对透明溞和隆线溞——亚种发育及生长的影响[J].水生生物学集刊,1984,8(2):207-224.
[15] 赖伟,林汉刚,堵南山.淀山湖三种枝角类种群动态初步研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1988,19(2):101-108.
[16] 李共国,虞左明.千岛湖枝角类的群落结构[J].浙江万里学院学报,2001,14(2):51-55.
[17] Burns C W.The relationship between body size of filter-feeding cladocera and the maximum size of particle ingested[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1968,13(4):675-678.
[18] Levine S N,Zehrer R F,Burns C W.Impact of resuspended sediment on zooplankton feeding in Lake Waihola,New Zealand[J].Freshwater Biology,2005,50(9):1515-1536.
[19] 黄翠,刘其根,胡忠军,等.不同食物对透明溞种群生长的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(2):131-135.
[20] 林娴,韩博平.富营养化水体中自然食物对透明溞(Daphnia hyalina)生长与繁殖影响的初步实验[J].生态科学,2006,25(2):116-121.
[21] 徐怡,胡忠军,刘其根,等.温度和不同氮磷浓度培养的小球藻对透明溞生长和繁殖的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2011,20(5):712-719.
[22] 林昌善.动物种群数量变动的理论与试验研究:Ⅱ.杂拟谷盗Tribolium confusum (H.)的内禀增长能力(rm)的研究[J].动物学报,1964,16(3):323-338.
[23] Boersma M,Vijverberg J.Food effects on life history traits and seasonal dynamics of Ceriodaphnia pulchella[J].Freshwater Biology,1996,35(1):25-34.
[24] Work K,Havens K,Sharfstein B,et al.How important is bacterial carbon to planktonic grazers in a turbid,subtropical lake?[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2005,27(4):357-372.
[25] Mourelatos S,Lacroix G.In situ filtering rates of cladocera:effect of body length,temperature,and food concentration[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1990,35(5):1101-1111.
[26] Stemberger R S,Gilbert J J.Assessment of threshold food levels and population growth in planktonic rotifers[J].Archives Hydrobiology Beihefte,1985,21:269-275.
[27] Antunes S C,Castro B B,Gon?alves F.Chronic responses of different clones of Daphnia longispina(field and ephippia)to different food levels[J].Acta Oecologica,2003,24(S1):S325-S332.
[28] 罗晓霞,刘正文.食物浓度对拟同形溞(Daphnia similoides)生长和繁殖的影响[J].生态科学,2014,33(2):288-293.
[29] Müller-Navarra D,Lampert W.Seasonal patterns of food limitation in Daphnia galeata:separating food quantity and food quality effects[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1996,18(7):1137-1157.
[30] 尹娟,韩博平.食物浓度对模糊秀体溞生长和繁殖的影响[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(3):344-350.
[31] Nandini S,Sarma S S S.Lifetable demography of four cladoceran species in relation to algal food(Chlorella vulgaris)density[J].Hydrobiologia,2000,435(1-3):117-126.
[32] Nandini S,Sarma S S S.Population growth of some genera of cladocerans(Cladocera)in relation to algal food(Chlorella vulgaris)levels[J].Hydrobiologia,2003,491(1-3):211-219.
[33] Urabe J,Sterner R W.Contrasting effects of different types of resource depletion on life-history traits in Daphnia[J].Functional Ecology,2001,15(2):165-174.