新疆金坝金矿成矿作用的地质和流体包裹体证据
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摘要
金坝金矿作为额尔齐斯构造成矿带的典型金矿,人们对其构造蚀变特征、成矿流体演化以及成矿热液来源还缺乏深入研究,区内岩浆活动与金坝金矿之间的关系尚不明确.在矿床地质特征研究基础上,详细分析矿化蚀变特征,使用扫描电镜阴极发光(SEM-CL)分析石英显微结构,通过流体包裹体研究和S-D-O同位素分析对成矿流体和矿质来源进行探讨.区内黄铁矿化、绢云母化、硅化普遍发育,是重要的找矿标志.矿区斜长花岗岩和闪长岩的钻孔样品由矿化中心向外蚀变及矿化逐渐减弱,变化明显.SEM-CL显示石英微结构具有热液石英特征的穿插结构和重结晶结构,表明变形变质作用强烈.热液成矿分为4个阶段:磁铁矿-石英阶段、金-黄铁矿-石英阶段、金-多金属硫化物-石英阶段和石英-碳酸盐化阶段.金坝金矿的流体包裹体多以水溶液包裹体为主,并有CO_2-H_2O包裹体及碳质流体包裹体.成矿温度主峰为260~280℃和380~400℃,盐度范围在0.88%~13.72%Nacleqv,流体密度为0.90~0.95g/cm3.表明成矿流体体系为中高温热液、中低盐度、中低密度的H_2O-NaCl-CO_2体系.成矿流体有从中高温富CO_2向低温盐水溶液演化的特点.矿床硫质来源具有深源硫特征.流体包裹体中δD_(H_2O)值为-78.0‰~-80.5‰,成矿溶液的δ~(18) O_(H_2O)值为1.49‰~5.31‰,表明成矿热液流体由成矿早期的岩浆水向晚期成矿流体的大气降水演化.
Jinba gold deposit is typical of the Ertix tectonic metallogenic belt,however,exsiting studies on its characteristics of tectonic alteration,evolution of ore-forming fluid and the source of hydrothermal fluid are insuffienct and the relationship between magmatic activity and Jinba gold deposit in the area is not clear.We carried out hydrothermal alteration,fluid inclusions and mineral sources based on the study of the geological characteristics of the deposit so as to provide useful information and reference for the genesis,mineralization and prospecting of Jinba gold deposit.It is found that sericitization,pyritization,silicification develop widely,which is an important sign of prospecting.Gold mineralization in the area is closely related to plagioclase granite and diorite,the drilling rock samples show gradual weakening mineralization and alteration from the center to the outside,with significant changes.The interpenetration texture and recrystallized texture characteristics of SEM-CL show that the deformation and metamorphism are very strong.And it has the characteristics of hydrothermal quartz.The hydrother-mal mineralization is divided into four mineralization stages:magnetite quartz stage,gold-pyrite-quartz stage,gold-polymetallic sulfide-quartz stage,and quartz-carbonatation stage.Through the study on fluid inclusions,it is confirmed that the types of fluid inclusions in the Jinba gold deposit are:aqueous inclusions(LH2O-VCO_2),CO_2-H_2O inclusions(LCO_2-LH_2O)and carbonic fluid inclusions.H_2O and CO_2 are the main ore-forming fluids in the gold deposit.There are two homogenization temperature peaks:260-280℃ and 380-400℃,with salinity from 0.88% to 13.72% Nacleqv and density from 0.90 to 0.95 g/cm3,so the fluid characteristics reflect that it is in medium-high temperature,low salinity and low-density environment.The composition of sulfur isotope present the ore-forming materials are derived from the deep crust.The data of δ~(18)O_(H_2O)(1.49‰-5.31‰)and δD_(H_2O)(-78.0‰--80.5‰)suggest that meteoric water involves in the mineralization.
Jinba gold deposit is typical of the Ertix tectonic metallogenic belt,however,exsiting studies on its characteristics of tectonic alteration,evolution of ore-forming fluid and the source of hydrothermal fluid are insuffienct and the relationship between magmatic activity and Jinba gold deposit in the area is not clear.We carried out hydrothermal alteration,fluid inclusions and mineral sources based on the study of the geological characteristics of the deposit so as to provide useful information and reference for the genesis,mineralization and prospecting of Jinba gold deposit.It is found that sericitization,pyritization,silicification develop widely,which is an important sign of prospecting.Gold mineralization in the area is closely related to plagioclase granite and diorite,the drilling rock samples show gradual weakening mineralization and alteration from the center to the outside,with significant changes.The interpenetration texture and recrystallized texture characteristics of SEM-CL show that the deformation and metamorphism are very strong.And it has the characteristics of hydrothermal quartz.The hydrother-mal mineralization is divided into four mineralization stages:magnetite quartz stage,gold-pyrite-quartz stage,gold-polymetallic sulfide-quartz stage,and quartz-carbonatation stage.Through the study on fluid inclusions,it is confirmed that the types of fluid inclusions in the Jinba gold deposit are:aqueous inclusions(LH2O-VCO_2),CO_2-H_2O inclusions(LCO_2-LH_2O)and carbonic fluid inclusions.H_2O and CO_2 are the main ore-forming fluids in the gold deposit.There are two homogenization temperature peaks:260-280℃ and 380-400℃,with salinity from 0.88% to 13.72% Nacleqv and density from 0.90 to 0.95 g/cm3,so the fluid characteristics reflect that it is in medium-high temperature,low salinity and low-density environment.The composition of sulfur isotope present the ore-forming materials are derived from the deep crust.The data of δ~(18)O_(H_2O)(1.49‰-5.31‰)and δD_(H_2O)(-78.0‰--80.5‰)suggest that meteoric water involves in the mineralization.
引文
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Buslov,M.M.,Watanabe,T.,Fujiwara,Y.,et al.,2004.Late Paleozoic Faults of the Altai Region,Central Asia:Tectonic Pattern and Model of Formation.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,23(5):655-671.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00131-7
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Chen,Z.F.,Rui,X.J.,1997.Ore-Forming Geochemical Environments of Saidu Gold Deposit in Habahe Xinjiang.Volcanology and Mineral Resources,18(1):27-36(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,X.C.,Liang,X.W.,Duan,D.,et al.,2014.Detailed Investigation Report of Jinba Gold Deposit in Habahe County,Xinjiang.Xinjiang Geological Explration Institute of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau,Urumqi(in Chinese).
Deng,S.L.,2011.Mineralization of Ductile Shear Belt Gold Deposit of Maerkakuli in Habahe,Xinjiang(Dissertation).Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu,16-29(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dong,Y.G.,2000.Distribution of Gold Deposits Related to Fault Structures in Altay,Xinjiang.Volcanology and Mineral Resources,21(1):41-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Gebre,M.,et al.,1998.Orogenic Gold Deposits:A Proposed Classification in the Context of Their Crustal Distribution and Relationship to Other Gold Deposit Types.Ore Geology Reviews,13(1):7-27.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00012-7
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Lai,Y.,1995.Application of Cathodoluminescence to Mineralization and Lithogenesis Study.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,31(5):631-638(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,G.M.,Shen,Y.C.,Liu,T.B.,et al.,2007.Metallogenic Evolution of Tuokuzibayi Gold Deposit in Southern Altay,North Xinjiang:Evidence from Characteristics of Quartz Vein Systems,Isotopic Geochemistry and Ar-Ar Chronology.Mineral Deposits,26(1):15-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,Y.,Zhou,G.,Chai,F.M.,2012.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Ages and Geological Implications of the Habahe Pluton at the Southern Margin of the Altay,Xinjiang.Xinjiang Geology,30(2):146-151(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,Y.Q.,She,Z.B.,Ma,C.Q.,2011.SEM-CL Analysis of Quartz and Its Application in Petrology.Advances in Earth Science,26(3):325-331(in Chinese with English abstract).
Loucks,R.R.,Mavrogenes,J.A.,1999.Cold Solubility in Supercritical Hydrothermal Brines Measured in Synthetic Fluid Inclusion.Science,284(5423):2159-2163.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2159
Müller,A.,René,M.,Behr,H.J.,et al.,2003.Trace Elements and Cathodoluminescence of Iigneous Quartz in Topaz Granites from the Hub Stock.Mineralogy and Petrology,79(3-4):167-191.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-003-0238-3
Roedder,E.,1984.Fluid Inclusions:Reviews in Mineralogy.Mineralogical Society of America,12:1-644.
Rui,X.J.,Zhu,S.H.,Liu,K.J.,1993.The Main Characteristics and Regional Metallogenic Model of Altay Primary Gold Deposits in Xinjiang.Eeological Review,39(2):138-148(in Chinese with English abstract).
Rusk,B.G.,Reed,M.H.,Dilles,J.H.,2006.Intensity of Quartz Cathodoluminescence and Trace-Element Content in Quartz from the Porphyry Copper Deposit at Butte,Montana.American Mineralogist,91(8-9):1300-1312.https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.1984
Seyedolali,A.,Krinsley,D.,Boggs,S.,et al.,1997.Provenance Interpretation of Quartz by Scanning Electron Microscope-Cathodoluminescence Fabric Analysis.Geology,25(9):787-790.https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0787:PIOQBS>2.3.CO;2
Shan,L.H.,2008.Study on Ore-Controlling Regularities and Prospecting Directions on the Axile Gold Deposit in Xinjiang(Dissertation).University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing,77-80(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tian,X.Y.,Xiao,G.L.,2007.Geological Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Tukuzbuy Gold Deposit in Habahe County.Xinjiang.Xinjiang Geology,25(3):258-262(in Chinese with English abstract).
Van den Kerkhof,A.,Thiéry,R.,2001.Carbonic Inclusions.Lithos,55(1):49-68.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00038-4
Wei,X.F.,Xu,J.H.,Yin,Y.J.,et al.,2011.Characteristics of Ore-Forming Fluid in Axile Gold Deposit,Xinjiang.Nonferrous Metals(Mining Section),63(4):29-35(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,J.H.,Ding,R.F.,Xie,Y.L.,et al.,2008.The Source of Hydrothermal Fluids for the Sarekoubu Gold Deposit in the Southern Altai,Xinjiang,China:Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Geochemistry.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,32(2):247-258.https://doi.org/10.1016/jj.seaes.2007.10.010
Xu,J.H.,Xie,Y.L.,Ding,R.F.,et al.,2007.CO2-CH4 Fluids and Gold Mineralization:Southern Margin of Altay,China and Muruntau of Uzbekisatn.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(8):2026-2032(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,J.H.,Yang,R.,Xiao,X.,et al.,2015.CO2-Rich Inclusions in Vein Gold-Copper Mineralization of the SarekoubuQiaxia District,Southern Altaides,China:Implication for Ore Genesis.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,159(12):262-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.10.001
Xu,J.H.,Zhang,G.R.,Xie,Y.L.,et al.,2009.The Evolution of Teconic-Metallogenic Fluids in the Saidu Gold Deposit,Southern Altay.Acta Petrologica et Mineralogical,28(2):141-151(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,G.R.,2007.Characteristics of Ore Forming Fluids and Geochemistry of Saidu Gold Deposit,Altay(Dissertation).University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing,25-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,L.G.,Liu,J.X.,Zhou,H.B.,et al.,1990.Oxygen Isotope Fracitonation in the Quartz-Water-Salt System.Mineral Deposits,9(2):158-166(in Chinese with English abstract).
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陈华勇,陈衍景,刘玉琳,2000.新疆额尔齐斯金矿带的成矿作用及其与中亚型造山作用的关系.中国科学(D辑),30(增刊):38-44.
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程忠富,芮行健,1997.赛都金矿成矿地球化学环境.火山地质与矿产,18(1):27-36.
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Bodnar,R.J.,1993.Revised Equation and Table for Determining the Freezing Point Depression of H2O-NaCl Solutions.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,57(3):683-684.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90378-A
Buslov,M.M.,Watanabe,T.,Fujiwara,Y.,et al.,2004.Late Paleozoic Faults of the Altai Region,Central Asia:Tectonic Pattern and Model of Formation.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,23(5):655-671.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00131-7
Cai,K.D.,2007.Magmatism of the Western Chinese Altai Orogen:Geochronology,Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications(Dissertation).Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou,31-41(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,H.Y.,Chen,Y.J.,Liu,Y.L.,2000.Mineralization and Its Relationship with Central Asian Orogenic in the Irtysh Gold Metallogenic Belt,Xinjiang.Science in China(Series D),30(S):38-44(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,Z.F.,Rui,X.J.,1997.Ore-Forming Geochemical Environments of Saidu Gold Deposit in Habahe Xinjiang.Volcanology and Mineral Resources,18(1):27-36(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,X.C.,Liang,X.W.,Duan,D.,et al.,2014.Detailed Investigation Report of Jinba Gold Deposit in Habahe County,Xinjiang.Xinjiang Geological Explration Institute of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau,Urumqi(in Chinese).
Deng,S.L.,2011.Mineralization of Ductile Shear Belt Gold Deposit of Maerkakuli in Habahe,Xinjiang(Dissertation).Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu,16-29(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dong,Y.G.,2000.Distribution of Gold Deposits Related to Fault Structures in Altay,Xinjiang.Volcanology and Mineral Resources,21(1):41-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Gebre,M.,et al.,1998.Orogenic Gold Deposits:A Proposed Classification in the Context of Their Crustal Distribution and Relationship to Other Gold Deposit Types.Ore Geology Reviews,13(1):7-27.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00012-7
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Robert,F.,et al.,2003.Gold Deposits in Metamorphic Belts:Overview of Current Understanding,Outstanding Problems,Future Research,and Exploration Significance.Economic Geology,98:1-29.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.1
Lai,Y.,1995.Application of Cathodoluminescence to Mineralization and Lithogenesis Study.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,31(5):631-638(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,G.M.,Shen,Y.C.,Liu,T.B.,et al.,2007.Metallogenic Evolution of Tuokuzibayi Gold Deposit in Southern Altay,North Xinjiang:Evidence from Characteristics of Quartz Vein Systems,Isotopic Geochemistry and Ar-Ar Chronology.Mineral Deposits,26(1):15-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,Y.,Zhou,G.,Chai,F.M.,2012.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Ages and Geological Implications of the Habahe Pluton at the Southern Margin of the Altay,Xinjiang.Xinjiang Geology,30(2):146-151(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,Y.Q.,She,Z.B.,Ma,C.Q.,2011.SEM-CL Analysis of Quartz and Its Application in Petrology.Advances in Earth Science,26(3):325-331(in Chinese with English abstract).
Loucks,R.R.,Mavrogenes,J.A.,1999.Cold Solubility in Supercritical Hydrothermal Brines Measured in Synthetic Fluid Inclusion.Science,284(5423):2159-2163.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2159
Müller,A.,René,M.,Behr,H.J.,et al.,2003.Trace Elements and Cathodoluminescence of Iigneous Quartz in Topaz Granites from the Hub Stock.Mineralogy and Petrology,79(3-4):167-191.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-003-0238-3
Roedder,E.,1984.Fluid Inclusions:Reviews in Mineralogy.Mineralogical Society of America,12:1-644.
Rui,X.J.,Zhu,S.H.,Liu,K.J.,1993.The Main Characteristics and Regional Metallogenic Model of Altay Primary Gold Deposits in Xinjiang.Eeological Review,39(2):138-148(in Chinese with English abstract).
Rusk,B.G.,Reed,M.H.,Dilles,J.H.,2006.Intensity of Quartz Cathodoluminescence and Trace-Element Content in Quartz from the Porphyry Copper Deposit at Butte,Montana.American Mineralogist,91(8-9):1300-1312.https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.1984
Seyedolali,A.,Krinsley,D.,Boggs,S.,et al.,1997.Provenance Interpretation of Quartz by Scanning Electron Microscope-Cathodoluminescence Fabric Analysis.Geology,25(9):787-790.https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0787:PIOQBS>2.3.CO;2
Shan,L.H.,2008.Study on Ore-Controlling Regularities and Prospecting Directions on the Axile Gold Deposit in Xinjiang(Dissertation).University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing,77-80(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tian,X.Y.,Xiao,G.L.,2007.Geological Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Tukuzbuy Gold Deposit in Habahe County.Xinjiang.Xinjiang Geology,25(3):258-262(in Chinese with English abstract).
Van den Kerkhof,A.,Thiéry,R.,2001.Carbonic Inclusions.Lithos,55(1):49-68.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00038-4
Wei,X.F.,Xu,J.H.,Yin,Y.J.,et al.,2011.Characteristics of Ore-Forming Fluid in Axile Gold Deposit,Xinjiang.Nonferrous Metals(Mining Section),63(4):29-35(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,J.H.,Ding,R.F.,Xie,Y.L.,et al.,2008.The Source of Hydrothermal Fluids for the Sarekoubu Gold Deposit in the Southern Altai,Xinjiang,China:Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Geochemistry.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,32(2):247-258.https://doi.org/10.1016/jj.seaes.2007.10.010
Xu,J.H.,Xie,Y.L.,Ding,R.F.,et al.,2007.CO2-CH4 Fluids and Gold Mineralization:Southern Margin of Altay,China and Muruntau of Uzbekisatn.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(8):2026-2032(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,J.H.,Yang,R.,Xiao,X.,et al.,2015.CO2-Rich Inclusions in Vein Gold-Copper Mineralization of the SarekoubuQiaxia District,Southern Altaides,China:Implication for Ore Genesis.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,159(12):262-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.10.001
Xu,J.H.,Zhang,G.R.,Xie,Y.L.,et al.,2009.The Evolution of Teconic-Metallogenic Fluids in the Saidu Gold Deposit,Southern Altay.Acta Petrologica et Mineralogical,28(2):141-151(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,G.R.,2007.Characteristics of Ore Forming Fluids and Geochemistry of Saidu Gold Deposit,Altay(Dissertation).University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing,25-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,L.G.,Liu,J.X.,Zhou,H.B.,et al.,1990.Oxygen Isotope Fracitonation in the Quartz-Water-Salt System.Mineral Deposits,9(2):158-166(in Chinese with English abstract).
蔡克大,2007.阿尔泰造山带西段岩浆活动的时代、成因机制及其构造意义(硕士学位论文).广州:中国科学研究院广州地化研究所,31-41.
陈华勇,陈衍景,刘玉琳,2000.新疆额尔齐斯金矿带的成矿作用及其与中亚型造山作用的关系.中国科学(D辑),30(增刊):38-44.
陈孝聪,梁孝伟,段旦,等,2014.新疆哈巴河县金坝金矿详查报告.乌鲁木齐:中国冶金地质总局新疆地质勘察院.
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