Experimental investigation of changes in petrophysical properties and structural deformation of carbonate reservoirs
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摘要
To examine the effect of pressure on pore structure and petrophysical properties of carbonate rock, the porosity, permeability,CT scanning, SEM and elastic wave velocity of two carbonate core plug samples from an oilfield in Southwest Iran were analyzed under cyclic pressure. One of the plugs was calcite and the other was dolomite with anhydrite nodules. The cyclic pressure exerted on the samples increased from 13.79 MPa to 27.58 MPa in six steps, and the variations in petrophysical properties of the two samples at different pressure loading and unloading steps were counted and analyzed. The results show that the calcite sample decreases in porosity and permeability with the increase of pressure, which is consistent with the results from compression and shear wave velocity tests. In the dolomite sample, the decreasing trend was not observed; fluctuations of compressive and shear velocities were observed during the loading stage, which may be due to different geometries of the pores and the porosity variation in the sample. Understanding the variation of carbonate petrophysical properties with pressure is helpful for optimizing reservoir development scheme.
To examine the effect of pressure on pore structure and petrophysical properties of carbonate rock, the porosity, permeability,CT scanning, SEM and elastic wave velocity of two carbonate core plug samples from an oilfield in Southwest Iran were analyzed under cyclic pressure. One of the plugs was calcite and the other was dolomite with anhydrite nodules. The cyclic pressure exerted on the samples increased from 13.79 MPa to 27.58 MPa in six steps, and the variations in petrophysical properties of the two samples at different pressure loading and unloading steps were counted and analyzed. The results show that the calcite sample decreases in porosity and permeability with the increase of pressure, which is consistent with the results from compression and shear wave velocity tests. In the dolomite sample, the decreasing trend was not observed; fluctuations of compressive and shear velocities were observed during the loading stage, which may be due to different geometries of the pores and the porosity variation in the sample. Understanding the variation of carbonate petrophysical properties with pressure is helpful for optimizing reservoir development scheme.
To examine the effect of pressure on pore structure and petrophysical properties of carbonate rock, the porosity, permeability,CT scanning, SEM and elastic wave velocity of two carbonate core plug samples from an oilfield in Southwest Iran were analyzed under cyclic pressure. One of the plugs was calcite and the other was dolomite with anhydrite nodules. The cyclic pressure exerted on the samples increased from 13.79 MPa to 27.58 MPa in six steps, and the variations in petrophysical properties of the two samples at different pressure loading and unloading steps were counted and analyzed. The results show that the calcite sample decreases in porosity and permeability with the increase of pressure, which is consistent with the results from compression and shear wave velocity tests. In the dolomite sample, the decreasing trend was not observed; fluctuations of compressive and shear velocities were observed during the loading stage, which may be due to different geometries of the pores and the porosity variation in the sample. Understanding the variation of carbonate petrophysical properties with pressure is helpful for optimizing reservoir development scheme.
引文
[1]ADDIS M A,CHOI X,GUNNING J.The influence of the reservoir stress-depletion response on the lifetime considerations of well completion design.SPE 47289,1998.
[2]SMART B G,SOMERVILLE J M,JIN M,et al.Reservoir characterization for the management of stress-sensitivity.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2003,209:145-153.
[3]KARACAN C O,GRADER A S,HALLECK P M.4-D mapping of porosity and investigation of permeability changes in deforming porous medium.SPE 72379,2001.
[4]MA F,HE S,ZHU H,et al.The effect of stress and pore pressure on formation permeability of ultra-low-permeability reservoir.Petroleum Science and Technology,2012,30(12):1221-1231.
[5]HAMID O,OSMAN H,RAHIM Z,et al.Stress dependent permeability of carbonate rock.SPE 181589,2016.
[6]WANG C,WU Y S,XIONG Y,et al.Geomechanics coupling simulation of fracture closure and its influence on gas production in shale gas reservoirs.SPE 173222,2015.
[7]ELHAJ M A,BARRI A,HASHAN M,et al.State of the art on porosity and permeability hysteresis:Useful techniques for hydrocarbon recovery.SPE 192409,2018.
[8]WONG T F,DAVID C,ZHU W.The transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow in porous sandstones:Mechanical deformation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1997,102(B2):3009-3025.
[9]ZHENG J,ZHENG L,LIU H H,et al.Relationships between permeability,porosity and effective stress for low-permeability sedimentary rock.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2015,78:304-318.
[10]TEKLU T W,LI X,ZHOU Z,ABASS H.Experimental investigation on permeability and porosity hysteresis of tight formations.SPE 180226,2018.
[11]OLIVEIRA G,CEIA M,MISSAGIA R,et al.Permeability dependence of porosity and p-wave velocity in carbonate rocks.Tulsa:SEG,2016.
[12]SHABANINEJAD M,HAGHIGHI B.Rock typing and generalization of permeability-porosity relationship for Iranian carbonate gas reservoir.SPE 150819,2011.
[13]YALALOVA V,ZHUKOV A,VOLNOV I,et al.Impact of pore structure on reservoir quality of carbonates.SPE 187893,2017.
[14]FJ?R E,HOLT RM,HORSRUD P,et al.Petroleum related rock mechanics.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2008.
[15]CIVAN F.Effect of stress shock and pressurization/depressurization hysteresis on petrophysical properties of naturally-fractured reservoir formations.SPE 190081,2018.
[16]TEKLU T W,ZHOU Z,LI X,et al.Cyclic permeability and porosity hysteresis in mudrocks:Experimental study.Houston:American Rock Mechanics Association,2016.
[17]JASTI J K,JESION G,FELDKAMP L.Microscopic imaging of porous media with X-Ray computer tomography.SPE20495,1993.
[18]?REN P E,BAKKE S.Reconstruction of berea sandstone and pore-scale modeling of wettability effects.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2003,39(3/4):177-199.
[19]RAHIMOV K,ALSUMAITI A M,JOUINI M S.Quantitative analysis of absolute permeability and porosity in carbonate rocks using digital rock physics.Tokyo:22nd Formation Evaluation Symposium of Japan,2016.
[20]VINEGAR H J,WELLINGTON S L.Tomographic imaging of three-phase flow experiments.Review of Scientific Instruments,1987,58(1):96-107.
[21]HUNT P K,ENGLER P,BAJSAROWICZ C.Computed tomography as a core analysis tool:Applications,instrument evaluation,and image improvement techniques.SPE 16952,1988.
[22]LI B,TAN X,WANG F,et al.Fracture and vug characterization and carbonate rock type automatic classification using X-ray CT images.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,153:88-96.
[23]WITHJACK E M.Computed tomography for rock-property determination and fluid-flow visualization.SPE 16951,1988.
[24]WITHJACK E M,DEVIER C,MICHAEL G.The role of X-ray computed tomography in core analysis.SPE 83467,2003.
[25]WEGER R J,EBERLI G P,BAECHLE G T,et al.Quantification of pore structure and its effect on sonic velocity and permeability in carbonates.AAPG Bulletin,2009,93:1297-1317.
[26]ABDELKARIM A,ABDULLATIF O.Combining petrophysical properties and ultrasonic velocity for improved prediction of tight carbonate reservoir.Utah:Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,2017.
[27]SKINNER J T,TOVAR F D,SCHECHTER D S.Computed tomography for petrophysical characterization of highly heterogeneous reservoir rock.SPE 177257,2015.
[28]ADEBAYO A R,KANDIL M E,OKASHA T M,et al.Measurements of electrical resistivity,NMR pore size and distribution,and x-ray CT-scan for performance evaluation of CO2injection in carbonate rocks:A pilot study.International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2017,63:1-11.
[29]AKIN S,KOVSCEK A R.Computed tomography in petroleum engineering research.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2003,215:23-38.
[30]KANTZAS A.Investigation of physical properties of porous rocks and fluid flow phenomena in porous media using computer assisted tomography.Situ,1990,14(1):77-132.
[31]RASSENFOSS S.Need a faster measure of relative permeability?Take a CT scan and follow with digital rock analysis.SPE Journal,2017,69(8):28-31.
[32]SIDDIQUI S,KHAMEES A A.Dual-energy CT-scanning applications in rock characterization.SPE 90520,2004.
[33]PETUNIN V V,YIN X,TUTUNCU A N.Porosity and permeability changes in sandstones and carbonates under stress and their correlation to rock texture.SPE 147401,2011.
[34]PETUNIN V V,TUTUNCU A N,PRASAD M,et al.An experimental study for investigating the stress dependence of permeability in sandstones and carbonates.Houston:45th USRock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium,2011.
[35]JONES S C.Two-point determinations of permeability and PV vs.net confining stress.SPE Formation Evaluation,1988,3(1):235-241.
[36]MCPHEE C,REED J,ZUBIZARRETA I.Core analysis:Abest practice guide.Elsevier,2015,64:101-110.
[37]EBERLI G P,BAECHLE G T,ANSELMETTI F S,et al.Factors controlling elastic properties in carbonate sediments and rocks.The Leading Edge,2003,22:654-660.
[38]BRIGAUD B,VINCENT B,DURLET C,et al.Acoustic properties of ancient shallow-marine carbonates:Effects of depositional environment and digenetic processes(Middle Jurassic,Paris Basin,France).Journal of Sedimentary Research,2010,80:791-807.
[39]WANG Z.Seismic properties of carbonate rocks.Geophysical Development Series,1997,6:29-52.
[40]BAUD P,VINCIGUERRA S,DAVID C,et al.Compaction and failure in high porosity carbonates:Mechanical data and microstructural observations.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2009,166(5/6/7):869-898.
[41]MAIN I,KWON O,NGWENYA BT,et al.Fault sealing during deformation-band growth in porous sandstone.Geology,2000,28:1131-1134.
[42]CASTAGNA J P,BATZLE M L,EASTWOOD R L.Relationships between compressional-wave and shear-wave velocities in clastic silicate rocks.Geophysics,1985,50(4):571-581.
[43]SUN S,JI S,WANG Q,et al.Seismic velocities and anisotropy of core samples from the Chinese continental scientific drilling borehole in the Sulu UHP terrane,eastern China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2012,117:B01206-B01230.
[44]HE T W.P-and S-wave velocity measurement and pressure sensitivity analysis of AVA response.Alberta,Canada:CSPG-CSEG-CWLS Convention,2006.
[45]KING M S.Wave velocities in rocks as a function of changes in overburden pressure and pore fluid saturates.Geophysics,1966,31(1):50-73.
[46]GARDNER G H F,GARDNER L W,GREGORY A R.Formation velocity and density,the diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps.Geophysics,1974,39(6):770-780.
[47]FORTIN J,SCHUBNEL A,GUéGUEN Y.Elastic wave velocities and permeability evolution during compaction of Bleurswiller sandstone.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2005,42(7/8):873-889.
[48]ZHANG J,WONG T F,DAVIS D M.Micromechanics of pressure-induced grain crushing in porous rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1990,95(B1):341-352.
[2]SMART B G,SOMERVILLE J M,JIN M,et al.Reservoir characterization for the management of stress-sensitivity.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2003,209:145-153.
[3]KARACAN C O,GRADER A S,HALLECK P M.4-D mapping of porosity and investigation of permeability changes in deforming porous medium.SPE 72379,2001.
[4]MA F,HE S,ZHU H,et al.The effect of stress and pore pressure on formation permeability of ultra-low-permeability reservoir.Petroleum Science and Technology,2012,30(12):1221-1231.
[5]HAMID O,OSMAN H,RAHIM Z,et al.Stress dependent permeability of carbonate rock.SPE 181589,2016.
[6]WANG C,WU Y S,XIONG Y,et al.Geomechanics coupling simulation of fracture closure and its influence on gas production in shale gas reservoirs.SPE 173222,2015.
[7]ELHAJ M A,BARRI A,HASHAN M,et al.State of the art on porosity and permeability hysteresis:Useful techniques for hydrocarbon recovery.SPE 192409,2018.
[8]WONG T F,DAVID C,ZHU W.The transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow in porous sandstones:Mechanical deformation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1997,102(B2):3009-3025.
[9]ZHENG J,ZHENG L,LIU H H,et al.Relationships between permeability,porosity and effective stress for low-permeability sedimentary rock.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2015,78:304-318.
[10]TEKLU T W,LI X,ZHOU Z,ABASS H.Experimental investigation on permeability and porosity hysteresis of tight formations.SPE 180226,2018.
[11]OLIVEIRA G,CEIA M,MISSAGIA R,et al.Permeability dependence of porosity and p-wave velocity in carbonate rocks.Tulsa:SEG,2016.
[12]SHABANINEJAD M,HAGHIGHI B.Rock typing and generalization of permeability-porosity relationship for Iranian carbonate gas reservoir.SPE 150819,2011.
[13]YALALOVA V,ZHUKOV A,VOLNOV I,et al.Impact of pore structure on reservoir quality of carbonates.SPE 187893,2017.
[14]FJ?R E,HOLT RM,HORSRUD P,et al.Petroleum related rock mechanics.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2008.
[15]CIVAN F.Effect of stress shock and pressurization/depressurization hysteresis on petrophysical properties of naturally-fractured reservoir formations.SPE 190081,2018.
[16]TEKLU T W,ZHOU Z,LI X,et al.Cyclic permeability and porosity hysteresis in mudrocks:Experimental study.Houston:American Rock Mechanics Association,2016.
[17]JASTI J K,JESION G,FELDKAMP L.Microscopic imaging of porous media with X-Ray computer tomography.SPE20495,1993.
[18]?REN P E,BAKKE S.Reconstruction of berea sandstone and pore-scale modeling of wettability effects.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2003,39(3/4):177-199.
[19]RAHIMOV K,ALSUMAITI A M,JOUINI M S.Quantitative analysis of absolute permeability and porosity in carbonate rocks using digital rock physics.Tokyo:22nd Formation Evaluation Symposium of Japan,2016.
[20]VINEGAR H J,WELLINGTON S L.Tomographic imaging of three-phase flow experiments.Review of Scientific Instruments,1987,58(1):96-107.
[21]HUNT P K,ENGLER P,BAJSAROWICZ C.Computed tomography as a core analysis tool:Applications,instrument evaluation,and image improvement techniques.SPE 16952,1988.
[22]LI B,TAN X,WANG F,et al.Fracture and vug characterization and carbonate rock type automatic classification using X-ray CT images.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,153:88-96.
[23]WITHJACK E M.Computed tomography for rock-property determination and fluid-flow visualization.SPE 16951,1988.
[24]WITHJACK E M,DEVIER C,MICHAEL G.The role of X-ray computed tomography in core analysis.SPE 83467,2003.
[25]WEGER R J,EBERLI G P,BAECHLE G T,et al.Quantification of pore structure and its effect on sonic velocity and permeability in carbonates.AAPG Bulletin,2009,93:1297-1317.
[26]ABDELKARIM A,ABDULLATIF O.Combining petrophysical properties and ultrasonic velocity for improved prediction of tight carbonate reservoir.Utah:Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,2017.
[27]SKINNER J T,TOVAR F D,SCHECHTER D S.Computed tomography for petrophysical characterization of highly heterogeneous reservoir rock.SPE 177257,2015.
[28]ADEBAYO A R,KANDIL M E,OKASHA T M,et al.Measurements of electrical resistivity,NMR pore size and distribution,and x-ray CT-scan for performance evaluation of CO2injection in carbonate rocks:A pilot study.International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2017,63:1-11.
[29]AKIN S,KOVSCEK A R.Computed tomography in petroleum engineering research.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2003,215:23-38.
[30]KANTZAS A.Investigation of physical properties of porous rocks and fluid flow phenomena in porous media using computer assisted tomography.Situ,1990,14(1):77-132.
[31]RASSENFOSS S.Need a faster measure of relative permeability?Take a CT scan and follow with digital rock analysis.SPE Journal,2017,69(8):28-31.
[32]SIDDIQUI S,KHAMEES A A.Dual-energy CT-scanning applications in rock characterization.SPE 90520,2004.
[33]PETUNIN V V,YIN X,TUTUNCU A N.Porosity and permeability changes in sandstones and carbonates under stress and their correlation to rock texture.SPE 147401,2011.
[34]PETUNIN V V,TUTUNCU A N,PRASAD M,et al.An experimental study for investigating the stress dependence of permeability in sandstones and carbonates.Houston:45th USRock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium,2011.
[35]JONES S C.Two-point determinations of permeability and PV vs.net confining stress.SPE Formation Evaluation,1988,3(1):235-241.
[36]MCPHEE C,REED J,ZUBIZARRETA I.Core analysis:Abest practice guide.Elsevier,2015,64:101-110.
[37]EBERLI G P,BAECHLE G T,ANSELMETTI F S,et al.Factors controlling elastic properties in carbonate sediments and rocks.The Leading Edge,2003,22:654-660.
[38]BRIGAUD B,VINCENT B,DURLET C,et al.Acoustic properties of ancient shallow-marine carbonates:Effects of depositional environment and digenetic processes(Middle Jurassic,Paris Basin,France).Journal of Sedimentary Research,2010,80:791-807.
[39]WANG Z.Seismic properties of carbonate rocks.Geophysical Development Series,1997,6:29-52.
[40]BAUD P,VINCIGUERRA S,DAVID C,et al.Compaction and failure in high porosity carbonates:Mechanical data and microstructural observations.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2009,166(5/6/7):869-898.
[41]MAIN I,KWON O,NGWENYA BT,et al.Fault sealing during deformation-band growth in porous sandstone.Geology,2000,28:1131-1134.
[42]CASTAGNA J P,BATZLE M L,EASTWOOD R L.Relationships between compressional-wave and shear-wave velocities in clastic silicate rocks.Geophysics,1985,50(4):571-581.
[43]SUN S,JI S,WANG Q,et al.Seismic velocities and anisotropy of core samples from the Chinese continental scientific drilling borehole in the Sulu UHP terrane,eastern China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2012,117:B01206-B01230.
[44]HE T W.P-and S-wave velocity measurement and pressure sensitivity analysis of AVA response.Alberta,Canada:CSPG-CSEG-CWLS Convention,2006.
[45]KING M S.Wave velocities in rocks as a function of changes in overburden pressure and pore fluid saturates.Geophysics,1966,31(1):50-73.
[46]GARDNER G H F,GARDNER L W,GREGORY A R.Formation velocity and density,the diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps.Geophysics,1974,39(6):770-780.
[47]FORTIN J,SCHUBNEL A,GUéGUEN Y.Elastic wave velocities and permeability evolution during compaction of Bleurswiller sandstone.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2005,42(7/8):873-889.
[48]ZHANG J,WONG T F,DAVIS D M.Micromechanics of pressure-induced grain crushing in porous rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1990,95(B1):341-352.