Research Progress on Heat Stress of Rice at Flowering Stage
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摘要
Global warming has caused frequent occurrence of heat stress at the flowering stage of single-season rice in the Yangtze River region of China, which results in declines of spikelet fertility and yield in rice. Rice flowering stage is the most sensitive period to high temperatures, and therefore, the key for heat stress happening is the flowering stage coinciding with high temperature, which causes spikelet fertility decreasing in heat-sensitive varieties, and is the major factor for heat injury differences among various rice planting regions. With the development of rice breeding, temperature indexes for heat stress has been converted from daily maximum temperature of 35 oC to 38 oC with the stress duration of more than 3 d. During the flowering stage, anther dehiscence inhibition and low pollen shedding onto the stigma are two main reasons for spikelet fertility reduction under high temperatures. At panicle initiation stage, high temperatures aggravate spikelet degeneration, and destroy floral organ development. Various types of rice varieties coexist in production, and indica-japonica hybrid rice demonstrates the highest heat resistance in general, followed by indica and japonica rice varieties. In production, avoiding high temperature is the main strategy of preventing heat stress, and planting suitable cultivars and adjustment of sowing date are the most effective measures. Irrigation is an effective real-time cultivation measure to decline the canopy temperature during the rice flowering stage. We suggested that further study should be focused on exploring heat injury differences among different rice variety types, and innovating rice-planting methods according to planting system changes in rice planting regions with extreme heat stress. Meanwhile, high temperature monitor and warning systems should be improved to achieve optimal heat stress management efficiencies.
Global warming has caused frequent occurrence of heat stress at the flowering stage of single-season rice in the Yangtze River region of China, which results in declines of spikelet fertility and yield in rice. Rice flowering stage is the most sensitive period to high temperatures, and therefore, the key for heat stress happening is the flowering stage coinciding with high temperature, which causes spikelet fertility decreasing in heat-sensitive varieties, and is the major factor for heat injury differences among various rice planting regions. With the development of rice breeding, temperature indexes for heat stress has been converted from daily maximum temperature of 35 oC to 38 oC with the stress duration of more than 3 d. During the flowering stage, anther dehiscence inhibition and low pollen shedding onto the stigma are two main reasons for spikelet fertility reduction under high temperatures. At panicle initiation stage, high temperatures aggravate spikelet degeneration, and destroy floral organ development. Various types of rice varieties coexist in production, and indica-japonica hybrid rice demonstrates the highest heat resistance in general, followed by indica and japonica rice varieties. In production, avoiding high temperature is the main strategy of preventing heat stress, and planting suitable cultivars and adjustment of sowing date are the most effective measures. Irrigation is an effective real-time cultivation measure to decline the canopy temperature during the rice flowering stage. We suggested that further study should be focused on exploring heat injury differences among different rice variety types, and innovating rice-planting methods according to planting system changes in rice planting regions with extreme heat stress. Meanwhile, high temperature monitor and warning systems should be improved to achieve optimal heat stress management efficiencies.
Global warming has caused frequent occurrence of heat stress at the flowering stage of single-season rice in the Yangtze River region of China, which results in declines of spikelet fertility and yield in rice. Rice flowering stage is the most sensitive period to high temperatures, and therefore, the key for heat stress happening is the flowering stage coinciding with high temperature, which causes spikelet fertility decreasing in heat-sensitive varieties, and is the major factor for heat injury differences among various rice planting regions. With the development of rice breeding, temperature indexes for heat stress has been converted from daily maximum temperature of 35 oC to 38 oC with the stress duration of more than 3 d. During the flowering stage, anther dehiscence inhibition and low pollen shedding onto the stigma are two main reasons for spikelet fertility reduction under high temperatures. At panicle initiation stage, high temperatures aggravate spikelet degeneration, and destroy floral organ development. Various types of rice varieties coexist in production, and indica-japonica hybrid rice demonstrates the highest heat resistance in general, followed by indica and japonica rice varieties. In production, avoiding high temperature is the main strategy of preventing heat stress, and planting suitable cultivars and adjustment of sowing date are the most effective measures. Irrigation is an effective real-time cultivation measure to decline the canopy temperature during the rice flowering stage. We suggested that further study should be focused on exploring heat injury differences among different rice variety types, and innovating rice-planting methods according to planting system changes in rice planting regions with extreme heat stress. Meanwhile, high temperature monitor and warning systems should be improved to achieve optimal heat stress management efficiencies.
引文
Abiko M,Akibayashi K,Sakata T,Kimura M,Kihara M,Itoh K,Asamizu E,Sato S,Takahashi H,Higashitani A.2005.High-temperature induction of male sterility during barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)anther development is mediated by transcriptional inhibition.Sexual Plant Reprod,18(2):91-100.
Bheemanahalli R,Sathishraj R,Manoharan M,Sumanth H N,Muthurajan R,Ishimaru T,Krishna J S V.2017.Is early morning flowering an effective trait to minimize heat stress damage during flowering in rice?Field Crops Res,203(1):238-242.
Cao Z Z.2014.Effect of high temperature on rice(Oryza sativa L.)floral injury and grain quality in eelation to carbon and nitrogen mechanism.[PhD Thesis].Hangzhou,China:Zhejiang University.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cao Z Z,Zhao Q,Huang F D,Wei K S,Zaidi S H R,Zhou W J,Cheng F M.2015.Effects of high temperature at anthesis on spikelet fertility and grain weight in relation to floral positions within a panicle of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Crop Past Sci,66:922-929.
Coast O,Murdoch A J,Ellis R H,Hay F R,Jagadish K S V.2016.Resilience of rice(Oryza spp.)pollen germination and tube growth to temperature stress.Plant Cell Environ,39(1):26-37.
Das S,Krishnan P,Nayak M,Ramakrishnan B.2014.High temperature stress effects on pollens of rice(Oryza sativa L.)genotypes.Environ Exp Bot,101:36-46.
Deng Y,Tian X H,Wu C Y,Matsui T,Xiao B.2010.Early signs of heat stress-induced abnormal development of anther in rice.Chin J Ecol-Agric,18(2):377-383.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Endo M,Tsuchiya T,Hamada K,Kawamura S,Yano K,Ohshima M,Hiqashitani A,Watanabe M,Kawaqishi-Kobayashi M.2009.High temperatures cause male sterility in rice plants with transcriptional alterations during pollen development.Plant Cell Physiol,50(11):1911-1922.
Espe M B,Hill J E,Hijmans R J,McKenzie K,Mutters R,Espino L A,Leinfelder-Miles M,van Kessel C,Linquist B A.2017.Point stresses during reproductive stage rather than warming seasonal temperature determine yield in temperate rice.Glob Chang Biol,23(10):4386-4395.
Fahad S,Hussain S,Saud S,Khan F,Hassan S,Amanullah,Nasim W,Arif M,Wang F,Huang J.2016.Exogenously applied plant growth regulators affect heat-stressed rice pollens.J Agron Crop Sci,202(2):139-150.
Fan L,Zheng G Q,Zhao Q Z,Cheng Y Z,Feng X.2013.Analysis of rice meteorological disaster factors and major disaster regionalization in Henan Province.Chin J Agric Resour Region Planning,34(6):162-168.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fu G F,Zhang C X,Yang X Q,Yang Y J,Chen T T,Zhao X,Fu WM,Feng B H,Zhang X F,Tao L X,Jin Q Y.2015a.Action mechanism by which SA alleviates high temperature-induced inhibition to spikelet differentiation.Chin J Rice Sci,29(6):637-647.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fu G F,Zhang C X,Yang Y J,Xiong J,Yang X Q,Zhang X F,Jin Q Y,Tao L X.2015b.Male parent plays more important role in heat tolerance in three-line hybrid rice.Rice Sci,22(3):116-122.
Han R C,Su R Q,Wan J L,Long Q Z,Zeng Y J,Pan X H,Shi Q H,Wu Z M.2018.Protective roles of over-expression of OsXDH in rice seedlings under high temperature stress.Chin J Rice Sci,32(4):365-373.(in Chinese with English abstract)
He L,Cao Y,Wang C Z.2017.Effect of summer climate on agricultural production in 2017.Chin J Agrom,38(11):749-751.(in Chinese)
Hu S B.2013.Study on differences of varieties and its mechanism in rice apikelet sterility induced by high temperature.[Ph DThesis].Beijing,China:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ishimaru T,Hirabayashi H,Kuwagata T,Ogawa T,Kondo M.2012.The early-morning flowering trait of rice reduces spikelet sterility under windy and elevated temperature conditions at anthesis.Plant Prod Sci,15(1):19-22.
Jagadish S V K,Muthurajan R,Rang Z W,Malo R,Heuer S,Bennett J,Craufurd P Q.2011.Spikelet proteomic response to combined water deficit and heat stress in rice(Oryza sativa cv.N22).Rice,4(1):1-11.
Jagadish S V K,Craufurd P,Shi W,Oane R.2013.A phenotypic marker for quantifying heat stress impact during microsporogenesis in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Funct Plant Biol,41(1):48-55.
Kobayashi K,Matsui T,Murata Y,Yamamoto M.2011.Percentage of dehisced thecae and length of dehiscence control pollination stability of rice cultivars at high temperatures.Plant Prod Sci,14(2):89-95.
Li X M,Chao D Y,Wu Y,Huang X H,Chen K,Cui L G,Su L,Ye W W,Chen H,Chen H C,Dong N Q,Guo T,Shi M,Feng Q,Zhang P,Han B,Shan J X,Gao J P,Lin H X.2015.Natural alleles of a proteasome alpha2 subunit gene contribute to thermo tolerance and adaptation of African rice.Nat Genet,47:827-833.
Liu W,Han L J.2016.Influences of summer climate on agricultural production in 2016.Chin J Agrom,37:611-613.(in Chinese)
Luo Y,Wu X L,Zhou J P,Yu K,Jiang C,Wang C H.2015.Effects analysis of extreme high-temperature in 2013 on the single cropping rice in Hefei.Chin Agric Sci Bull,31:244-248.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Matsui T,Omasa K,Horie T.2000.High temperature at flowering inhibits swelling of pollen grains,a driving force for thecae dehiscence in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Plant Prod Sci,3:430-434.
Matsui T,Omasa K.2002.Rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars tolerant to high temperature at flowering:Anther characteristics.Ann Bot,89:683-687.
Matsui T,Omasa K,Horie T.2015.The difference in sterility due to high temperatures during the flowering period among japonica-rice varieties.Plant Prod Sci,4:90-93.
Meng L J,Ma X F,Tang Z Q,Sheng F,Cui Y R,Cai L,Chen K,Xu J L,Li Z K.2012.Screening and evaluation of heat tolerance of introgression lines with japonica Chaoyou 1 background.Acta Agron Sin,38(11):1949-1959.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People?s Republic of China.2017.Identification and Classification of Heat Injury of Rice.Beijing,China:China Agriculture Press.(in Chinese)
Muller F,Rieu I.2016.Acclimation to high temperature during pollen development.Plant Reprod,29:107-118.
Oshino T,Abiko M,Saito R,Ichiishi E,Endo M,KawagishiKobayashi M,Higashitani A.2007.Premature progression of anther early developmental programs accompanied by comprehensive alterations in transcription during high-temperature injury in barley plants.Mol Gen Genom,278(1):31-42.
Poli Y,Basava R K,Panigrahy M,Vinukonda V P,Dokula N R,Voleti S R,Desiraju S,Neelamraju S.2013.Characterization of a Nagina 22 rice mutant for heat tolerance and mapping of yield traits.Rice,6:36.
Rang Z W,Jagadish S V K,Zhou Q M,Craufurd P Q,Heuer S.2011.Effect of high temperature and water stress on pollen germination and spikelet fertility in rice.Environ Exp Bot,70(1):58-65.
Rieu I,Twell D,Firon N.2017.Pollen development at high temperature:From acclimation to collapse.Plant Physiol,173(4):1967-1976.
Satake T,Yoshida S.1978.High temperature-induced sterility in indica rices at flowering.Jpn J Crop Sci,47:6-17.
Shi P H,Zhu Y,Tang L,Chen J L,Sun T,Cao W X,Tian Y C.2016.Differential effects of temperature and duration of heat stress during anthesis and grain filling stages in rice.Environ Exp Bot,132:28-41.
Shi C L,Luo Z Q,Jiang M,Shi Y L,Li Y X,Xuan S L,Liu Y,Yang S B,Yu G K.2017.An quantitative analysis of high temperature effects during meiosis stage on rice grain number per panicle.Chin J Rice Sci,31(6):658-664.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Stocher T F,Plattner G K,Tignor M M B,Allen S K,Boschung J,Nauel A,Xia Y,Bex V,Midgley P.2013.CLIMATE CHANGE2013:The Physical Science Basis:Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge Vniversity Press.
Tan Z H,Zan T Y,Ren C F,Fang W.1985.Studies on high temperature injury on hybrid rice at flowering time and the strategy to avoid high temperature damage.Acta Agron Sin,11(2):103-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tang T,Jin R H,Peng X Y,Niu R Y.2014.Analysis on extremely high temperature over Southern China in summer 2013.Meteorol Monthly,40(10):1207-1215.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tian X H,Matsui T,Li S H,Lin J C.2007.High temperature stress on rice anthesis:Research progress and prospects.Chin J Appl Ecol,18(11):2632-2636.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tian X H,Matsui T,Li S H,Yoshimoto M,Kobayasi K,Hasegawa T.2010.Heat-induced floret sterility of hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars under humid and low wind conditions in the field of Jianghan Basin,China.Plant Prod Sci,13(3):243-251.
Wang D,Qin B X,Li X,Tang D,Zhang Y E,Cheng Z K,Xue Y B.2016.Nucleolar DEAD-Box RNA helicase TOGR1 regulates thermotolerant growth as a pre-rRNA chaperone in rice.PLoSGenet,12:2.
Wang H Y.2016.Investigation and prevention-and-control countermeasures for rice high temperature damage:A case of Ma?anshan City in 2013.J Anhui Agric Sci,44(8):50-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang P,Zhang Z,Chen Y,Wei X,Feng B Y,Tao F L.2015.How much yield loss has been caused by extreme temperature stress to the irrigated rice production in China?Clim Change,134:635-650.
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Zhang C X,Li G Y,Chen T T,Feng B H,Fu W M,Yan J X,Islam M R,Jin Q Y,Tao L X,Fu G F.2018.Heat stress induces spikelet sterility in rice at anthesis through inhibition of pollen tube elongation interfering with auxin homeostasis in pollinated pistils.Rice,11:14.
Zhang G L,Zhang S T,Xiao L T,Wu X,Xiao Y H,Chen L Y.2013.Physiological responses of anther to high temperature stress in rices.Plant Physiol J,49(9):923-928.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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Zhang Z J,Wang Q Q,Lang Y Z,Wang C G,Zhu Q S,Yang J H.2014.Effects of high temperature stress at heading stage on pollination and fertilization of different types of rice variety.Acta Agron Sin,40(2):273-282.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhao L,Zhu Z,Tian X H,Kobayasi K,Hasegawa T,Zhang Y D,Chen Z D,Wang C L,Matsui T.2016.Inheritance analysis of anther dehiscence as a trait for the heat tolerance at flowering in japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.).Euphytica,211(3):311-320.
Zhou J X.2014.Research on spikelet sterility induced by high temperature in rice.[PhD Thesis].Beijing,China:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Bheemanahalli R,Sathishraj R,Manoharan M,Sumanth H N,Muthurajan R,Ishimaru T,Krishna J S V.2017.Is early morning flowering an effective trait to minimize heat stress damage during flowering in rice?Field Crops Res,203(1):238-242.
Cao Z Z.2014.Effect of high temperature on rice(Oryza sativa L.)floral injury and grain quality in eelation to carbon and nitrogen mechanism.[PhD Thesis].Hangzhou,China:Zhejiang University.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cao Z Z,Zhao Q,Huang F D,Wei K S,Zaidi S H R,Zhou W J,Cheng F M.2015.Effects of high temperature at anthesis on spikelet fertility and grain weight in relation to floral positions within a panicle of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Crop Past Sci,66:922-929.
Coast O,Murdoch A J,Ellis R H,Hay F R,Jagadish K S V.2016.Resilience of rice(Oryza spp.)pollen germination and tube growth to temperature stress.Plant Cell Environ,39(1):26-37.
Das S,Krishnan P,Nayak M,Ramakrishnan B.2014.High temperature stress effects on pollens of rice(Oryza sativa L.)genotypes.Environ Exp Bot,101:36-46.
Deng Y,Tian X H,Wu C Y,Matsui T,Xiao B.2010.Early signs of heat stress-induced abnormal development of anther in rice.Chin J Ecol-Agric,18(2):377-383.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Endo M,Tsuchiya T,Hamada K,Kawamura S,Yano K,Ohshima M,Hiqashitani A,Watanabe M,Kawaqishi-Kobayashi M.2009.High temperatures cause male sterility in rice plants with transcriptional alterations during pollen development.Plant Cell Physiol,50(11):1911-1922.
Espe M B,Hill J E,Hijmans R J,McKenzie K,Mutters R,Espino L A,Leinfelder-Miles M,van Kessel C,Linquist B A.2017.Point stresses during reproductive stage rather than warming seasonal temperature determine yield in temperate rice.Glob Chang Biol,23(10):4386-4395.
Fahad S,Hussain S,Saud S,Khan F,Hassan S,Amanullah,Nasim W,Arif M,Wang F,Huang J.2016.Exogenously applied plant growth regulators affect heat-stressed rice pollens.J Agron Crop Sci,202(2):139-150.
Fan L,Zheng G Q,Zhao Q Z,Cheng Y Z,Feng X.2013.Analysis of rice meteorological disaster factors and major disaster regionalization in Henan Province.Chin J Agric Resour Region Planning,34(6):162-168.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fu G F,Zhang C X,Yang X Q,Yang Y J,Chen T T,Zhao X,Fu WM,Feng B H,Zhang X F,Tao L X,Jin Q Y.2015a.Action mechanism by which SA alleviates high temperature-induced inhibition to spikelet differentiation.Chin J Rice Sci,29(6):637-647.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fu G F,Zhang C X,Yang Y J,Xiong J,Yang X Q,Zhang X F,Jin Q Y,Tao L X.2015b.Male parent plays more important role in heat tolerance in three-line hybrid rice.Rice Sci,22(3):116-122.
Han R C,Su R Q,Wan J L,Long Q Z,Zeng Y J,Pan X H,Shi Q H,Wu Z M.2018.Protective roles of over-expression of OsXDH in rice seedlings under high temperature stress.Chin J Rice Sci,32(4):365-373.(in Chinese with English abstract)
He L,Cao Y,Wang C Z.2017.Effect of summer climate on agricultural production in 2017.Chin J Agrom,38(11):749-751.(in Chinese)
Hu S B.2013.Study on differences of varieties and its mechanism in rice apikelet sterility induced by high temperature.[Ph DThesis].Beijing,China:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ishimaru T,Hirabayashi H,Kuwagata T,Ogawa T,Kondo M.2012.The early-morning flowering trait of rice reduces spikelet sterility under windy and elevated temperature conditions at anthesis.Plant Prod Sci,15(1):19-22.
Jagadish S V K,Muthurajan R,Rang Z W,Malo R,Heuer S,Bennett J,Craufurd P Q.2011.Spikelet proteomic response to combined water deficit and heat stress in rice(Oryza sativa cv.N22).Rice,4(1):1-11.
Jagadish S V K,Craufurd P,Shi W,Oane R.2013.A phenotypic marker for quantifying heat stress impact during microsporogenesis in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Funct Plant Biol,41(1):48-55.
Kobayashi K,Matsui T,Murata Y,Yamamoto M.2011.Percentage of dehisced thecae and length of dehiscence control pollination stability of rice cultivars at high temperatures.Plant Prod Sci,14(2):89-95.
Li X M,Chao D Y,Wu Y,Huang X H,Chen K,Cui L G,Su L,Ye W W,Chen H,Chen H C,Dong N Q,Guo T,Shi M,Feng Q,Zhang P,Han B,Shan J X,Gao J P,Lin H X.2015.Natural alleles of a proteasome alpha2 subunit gene contribute to thermo tolerance and adaptation of African rice.Nat Genet,47:827-833.
Liu W,Han L J.2016.Influences of summer climate on agricultural production in 2016.Chin J Agrom,37:611-613.(in Chinese)
Luo Y,Wu X L,Zhou J P,Yu K,Jiang C,Wang C H.2015.Effects analysis of extreme high-temperature in 2013 on the single cropping rice in Hefei.Chin Agric Sci Bull,31:244-248.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Matsui T,Omasa K,Horie T.2000.High temperature at flowering inhibits swelling of pollen grains,a driving force for thecae dehiscence in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Plant Prod Sci,3:430-434.
Matsui T,Omasa K.2002.Rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars tolerant to high temperature at flowering:Anther characteristics.Ann Bot,89:683-687.
Matsui T,Omasa K,Horie T.2015.The difference in sterility due to high temperatures during the flowering period among japonica-rice varieties.Plant Prod Sci,4:90-93.
Meng L J,Ma X F,Tang Z Q,Sheng F,Cui Y R,Cai L,Chen K,Xu J L,Li Z K.2012.Screening and evaluation of heat tolerance of introgression lines with japonica Chaoyou 1 background.Acta Agron Sin,38(11):1949-1959.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People?s Republic of China.2017.Identification and Classification of Heat Injury of Rice.Beijing,China:China Agriculture Press.(in Chinese)
Muller F,Rieu I.2016.Acclimation to high temperature during pollen development.Plant Reprod,29:107-118.
Oshino T,Abiko M,Saito R,Ichiishi E,Endo M,KawagishiKobayashi M,Higashitani A.2007.Premature progression of anther early developmental programs accompanied by comprehensive alterations in transcription during high-temperature injury in barley plants.Mol Gen Genom,278(1):31-42.
Poli Y,Basava R K,Panigrahy M,Vinukonda V P,Dokula N R,Voleti S R,Desiraju S,Neelamraju S.2013.Characterization of a Nagina 22 rice mutant for heat tolerance and mapping of yield traits.Rice,6:36.
Rang Z W,Jagadish S V K,Zhou Q M,Craufurd P Q,Heuer S.2011.Effect of high temperature and water stress on pollen germination and spikelet fertility in rice.Environ Exp Bot,70(1):58-65.
Rieu I,Twell D,Firon N.2017.Pollen development at high temperature:From acclimation to collapse.Plant Physiol,173(4):1967-1976.
Satake T,Yoshida S.1978.High temperature-induced sterility in indica rices at flowering.Jpn J Crop Sci,47:6-17.
Shi P H,Zhu Y,Tang L,Chen J L,Sun T,Cao W X,Tian Y C.2016.Differential effects of temperature and duration of heat stress during anthesis and grain filling stages in rice.Environ Exp Bot,132:28-41.
Shi C L,Luo Z Q,Jiang M,Shi Y L,Li Y X,Xuan S L,Liu Y,Yang S B,Yu G K.2017.An quantitative analysis of high temperature effects during meiosis stage on rice grain number per panicle.Chin J Rice Sci,31(6):658-664.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Stocher T F,Plattner G K,Tignor M M B,Allen S K,Boschung J,Nauel A,Xia Y,Bex V,Midgley P.2013.CLIMATE CHANGE2013:The Physical Science Basis:Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge Vniversity Press.
Tan Z H,Zan T Y,Ren C F,Fang W.1985.Studies on high temperature injury on hybrid rice at flowering time and the strategy to avoid high temperature damage.Acta Agron Sin,11(2):103-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tang T,Jin R H,Peng X Y,Niu R Y.2014.Analysis on extremely high temperature over Southern China in summer 2013.Meteorol Monthly,40(10):1207-1215.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tian X H,Matsui T,Li S H,Lin J C.2007.High temperature stress on rice anthesis:Research progress and prospects.Chin J Appl Ecol,18(11):2632-2636.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tian X H,Matsui T,Li S H,Yoshimoto M,Kobayasi K,Hasegawa T.2010.Heat-induced floret sterility of hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars under humid and low wind conditions in the field of Jianghan Basin,China.Plant Prod Sci,13(3):243-251.
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