A comparison of fish tissue mercury concentrations from homogenized fillet and nonlethal biopsy plugs
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摘要
The use of biopsy plugs to sample fish muscle tissue for mercury analyses is a viable alternative to lethal sampling; however, the practice has yet to be widely implemented in routine monitoring due to concerns about variability of mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissues. Here we examine distribution of mercury in fillets of four fish species(Walleye, Northern Pike, Smallmouth Bass and Lake Trout), suitability of left/right side of fillet for biopsy sampling, and appropriateness of re-using a biopsy punch. The results showed that average mercury concentrations in left and right fillets of fish are similar.Mercury concentrations in biopsy plug samples, taken from the anterior dorsal area of the fish fillet, were statistically equivalent to the mercury concentrations in homogenized fillets. There was no discernible cross contamination between samples when a biopsy punch was reused after washing in hot soapy water, and as such, biopsy punches can be recycled during sampling to reduce the sampling cost. If a tissue mass collected from a specific site on the fillet is insufficient, then we suggest sampling corresponding locations on the other fillet rather than sampling two adjacent sites on one fillet to obtain more tissue. The results presented here can improve the accuracy of fillet biopsy plug sampling,minimize fish mortality for mercury monitoring, and reduce labor and material costs in monitoring programs.
The use of biopsy plugs to sample fish muscle tissue for mercury analyses is a viable alternative to lethal sampling; however, the practice has yet to be widely implemented in routine monitoring due to concerns about variability of mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissues. Here we examine distribution of mercury in fillets of four fish species(Walleye, Northern Pike, Smallmouth Bass and Lake Trout), suitability of left/right side of fillet for biopsy sampling, and appropriateness of re-using a biopsy punch. The results showed that average mercury concentrations in left and right fillets of fish are similar.Mercury concentrations in biopsy plug samples, taken from the anterior dorsal area of the fish fillet, were statistically equivalent to the mercury concentrations in homogenized fillets. There was no discernible cross contamination between samples when a biopsy punch was reused after washing in hot soapy water, and as such, biopsy punches can be recycled during sampling to reduce the sampling cost. If a tissue mass collected from a specific site on the fillet is insufficient, then we suggest sampling corresponding locations on the other fillet rather than sampling two adjacent sites on one fillet to obtain more tissue. The results presented here can improve the accuracy of fillet biopsy plug sampling,minimize fish mortality for mercury monitoring, and reduce labor and material costs in monitoring programs.
The use of biopsy plugs to sample fish muscle tissue for mercury analyses is a viable alternative to lethal sampling; however, the practice has yet to be widely implemented in routine monitoring due to concerns about variability of mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissues. Here we examine distribution of mercury in fillets of four fish species(Walleye, Northern Pike, Smallmouth Bass and Lake Trout), suitability of left/right side of fillet for biopsy sampling, and appropriateness of re-using a biopsy punch. The results showed that average mercury concentrations in left and right fillets of fish are similar.Mercury concentrations in biopsy plug samples, taken from the anterior dorsal area of the fish fillet, were statistically equivalent to the mercury concentrations in homogenized fillets. There was no discernible cross contamination between samples when a biopsy punch was reused after washing in hot soapy water, and as such, biopsy punches can be recycled during sampling to reduce the sampling cost. If a tissue mass collected from a specific site on the fillet is insufficient, then we suggest sampling corresponding locations on the other fillet rather than sampling two adjacent sites on one fillet to obtain more tissue. The results presented here can improve the accuracy of fillet biopsy plug sampling,minimize fish mortality for mercury monitoring, and reduce labor and material costs in monitoring programs.
引文
Ackerson,J.R.,McKee,M.J.,Schmitt,C.J.,Brumbaugh,W.G.,2014.Implementation of a non-lethal biopsy punch monitoring program for mercury in smallmouth bass,Micropterus dolomieu LacepSde,from the eleven Point River,Missouri.B.Environ.Contam.Tox.92,125-131.
Awad,E.,2006.The Results of the 2003 Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish Questionnaire.Ontario Ministry of the Environment,Toronto,Ontario,Canada,p.22.
Baker,R.F.,Blanchfield,P.J.,Paterson,M.J.,Flett,R.J.,Wesson,L.,2004.Evaluation of nonlethal methods for the analysis of mercury in fish tissue.T.Am.Fish.Soc.133,568-576.
Bank,M.S.,Chesney,E.,Shine,J.P.,Maage,A.,Senn,D.B.,2007.Mercury bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in sympatric snapper species from the Gulf of Mexico.Ecol.Appl.17,2100-2110.
Bhavsar,S.P.,Awad,E.,Mahon,C.G.,Petro,S.,2011.Great Lakes fish consumption advisories:is mercury a concern?Ecotoxicology 20,1588-1598.
Bhavsar,S.P.,Gewurtz,S.B.,McGoldrick,D.J.,Keir,M.J.,Backus,S.M.,2010.Changes in mercury levels in Great Lakes fish between 1970s and 2007.Envi.Sci.Tech.44,3273-3279.
Bishop,J.N.,Neary,B.P.,1975.The Distribution of Mercury within the Tissues of Freshwater Fish.Ontario Ministry of the Environment,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
Environment Canada,2013a.About mercury.Available at.https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/pollutants/mercury-environment/about.html.
Environment Canada,2013b.Fish consumption advisories.Available at.http://ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=DCBE5083-97AD-4C62-8862.
Health Canada,2008.Human Health Risk Assessment of Mercury in Fish and Health Benefits of Fish Consumption.Heath Canada.
Health Canada,2011.Mercury in Fish-Questions and Answers.Available at.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/chemical-contaminants/environmental-contaminants/mercury/mercury-fish-questionsanswers.html.
Chalmers,A.T.,Argue,D.M.,Gay,D.A.,Brigham,M.E.,Schmitt,C.J.,Lorenz,D.L.,2011.Mercury trends in fish from rivers and lakes in the United States,1969-2005.Environ.Moni.Assess.175,175-191.
Cizdziel,J.,Hinners,T.,Cross,C.,Pollard,J.,2003.Distribution of mercury in the tissues of five species of freshwater fish from Lake Mead,USA.J.Environ.Monitor.5,802-807.
Cizdziel,J.,Hinners,T.,Pollard,J.,Heithmar,E.,Cross,C.,Status,N.,et al.,2002.Mercury concentrations in fish from Lake Mead,USA,related to fish size,condition,trophic level,location,and consumption risk.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.43,309-317.
Clarkson,T.W.,Magos,L.,Myers,G.J.,2003.The toxicology of mercury-current exposures and clinical manifestations.New Engl.J.Med.349,1731-1737.
CODEX,2009.CODEX STAN 193-1995 CODEX General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed.Available at.http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/1_CXS_193e.pdf.
Gewurtz,S.B.,Backus,S.M.,Bhavsar,S.P.,McGoldrick,D.J.,de Solla,S.R.,Murphy,E.W.,2011.Contaminant biomonitoring programs in the Great Lakes region:Review of approaches and critical factors.Environ.Rev.19,162-184.
Harada,M.,1995.Minamata disease-methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental-pollution.Crc.Rev.Toxicol.25,1-24.
Leitner,J.K.,Isely,J.J.,1994.A liver and muscle biopsy technique for electrophoretic evaluation of largemouth bass.Prof.Fish Cult.56,288-290.
Lepak,J.M.,Kraft,C.E.,Weldel,B.C.,2006.Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.63,569-575.
Mergler,D.,Anderson,H.A.,Chan,L.H.M.,Mahaffey,K.R.,Murray,M.,Sakamoto,M.,et al.,2007.Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans:a worldwide concern.Ambio 36,3-11.
Monson,B.A.,Staples,D.F.,Bhavsar,S.P.,Holsen,T.M.,Schrank,C.S.,Moses,S.K.,et al.,2011.Spatiotemporal trends of mercury in walleye and largemouth bass from the Laurentian Great Lakes Region.Ecotoxicology 20,1555-1567.
Moy,D.C.,Dredge,M.C.L.,1979.Novel biopsy technique for monitoring environmental contaminants in fish.B.Environ.Contam.Tox.22,35-37.
OMOE,2006.The Determination of Mercury in Biomaterials by Cold Vapour-Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(CV-FAAS).Ontario Ministry of the Environment,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
OMOECC,2015.2015-2016 Guide to Eating Ontario Fish.Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
OMOECC,2016.The determination of mercury in biomaterials by cold vapour-flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy(CV-FAAS).Laboratory Services Branch Method HGBIO-E3057.Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
Osmundson,B.C.,May,T.W.,Osmundson,D.B.,2000.Selenium concentrations in the Colorado pikeminnow(Ptychocheilus lucius):Relationship with flows in the upper Colorado River.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.38,479-485.
Palmeri,G.,Turchini,G.M.,De Silva,S.S.,2007.Lipid characterisation and distribution in the fillet of the farmed Australian native fish,Murray cod(Maccullochella peelii peelii).Food Chem.102,796-807.
Peterson,S.A.,Van Sickle,J.,Hughes,R.M.,Schacher,J.A.,Echols,S.F.,2005.A biopsy procedure for determining filet and predicting whole-fish mercury concentration.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.48,99-107.
Phillips,K.F.,1990.Power of the 2 one-sided tests procedure in bioequivalence.J.Pharmacokinet.Biop.18,137-144.
Schmitt,C.J.,Brumbaugh,W.G.,2007.Evaluation of potentially nonlethal sampling methods for monitoring mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass(Micropterus dolomieu).Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.53,84-95.
Schuirmann,D.J.,1987.A comparison of the 2 one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability.J.Pharmacokinet.Biop.15,657-680.
Scott,W.,Crossman,E.,1973.Freshwater Fishes of Canada.Fisheries Research Board of Canada,Ottawa.
Tyus,H.M.,Starnes,W.C.,Karp,C.A.,Saunders III,J.F.,1999.Effects of invasive tissue collection on rainbow trout,razorback sucker,and bonytail chub.N.Am.J.Fish.Manage.19,848-855.
UNEP,2013.Minamata Convention on Mercury.Available at.http://www.mercuryconvention.org.
UNEP/WHO,2008.Guidance for Identifying Populations at Risk from Mercury Exposure.Geneva,Switzerland.p.176.
USEPA,2015.Fish Consumption Advisories.Available at.http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/fishshellfish/fishadvisories/index.cfm USEPA.
Uthe,J.F.,1971.Simple field technique for obtaining small samples of muscle from living fish.J.Fish.Res.Board Can.28,1203-1204.
Waddell,B.,May,T.,1995.Selenium concentrations in the razorback sucker(Xyrauchen texanus)-substitution of nonlethal muscle plugs for muscle-tissue in contaminant assessment.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.28,321-326.
Zhang,X.,Gandhi,N.,Bhavsar,S.P.,Ho,L.S.W.,2013.Effects of skin removal on contaminant levels in salmon and trout filets.Sci.Total Environ.443,218-225.
Awad,E.,2006.The Results of the 2003 Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish Questionnaire.Ontario Ministry of the Environment,Toronto,Ontario,Canada,p.22.
Baker,R.F.,Blanchfield,P.J.,Paterson,M.J.,Flett,R.J.,Wesson,L.,2004.Evaluation of nonlethal methods for the analysis of mercury in fish tissue.T.Am.Fish.Soc.133,568-576.
Bank,M.S.,Chesney,E.,Shine,J.P.,Maage,A.,Senn,D.B.,2007.Mercury bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in sympatric snapper species from the Gulf of Mexico.Ecol.Appl.17,2100-2110.
Bhavsar,S.P.,Awad,E.,Mahon,C.G.,Petro,S.,2011.Great Lakes fish consumption advisories:is mercury a concern?Ecotoxicology 20,1588-1598.
Bhavsar,S.P.,Gewurtz,S.B.,McGoldrick,D.J.,Keir,M.J.,Backus,S.M.,2010.Changes in mercury levels in Great Lakes fish between 1970s and 2007.Envi.Sci.Tech.44,3273-3279.
Bishop,J.N.,Neary,B.P.,1975.The Distribution of Mercury within the Tissues of Freshwater Fish.Ontario Ministry of the Environment,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
Environment Canada,2013a.About mercury.Available at.https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/pollutants/mercury-environment/about.html.
Environment Canada,2013b.Fish consumption advisories.Available at.http://ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=DCBE5083-97AD-4C62-8862.
Health Canada,2008.Human Health Risk Assessment of Mercury in Fish and Health Benefits of Fish Consumption.Heath Canada.
Health Canada,2011.Mercury in Fish-Questions and Answers.Available at.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/chemical-contaminants/environmental-contaminants/mercury/mercury-fish-questionsanswers.html.
Chalmers,A.T.,Argue,D.M.,Gay,D.A.,Brigham,M.E.,Schmitt,C.J.,Lorenz,D.L.,2011.Mercury trends in fish from rivers and lakes in the United States,1969-2005.Environ.Moni.Assess.175,175-191.
Cizdziel,J.,Hinners,T.,Cross,C.,Pollard,J.,2003.Distribution of mercury in the tissues of five species of freshwater fish from Lake Mead,USA.J.Environ.Monitor.5,802-807.
Cizdziel,J.,Hinners,T.,Pollard,J.,Heithmar,E.,Cross,C.,Status,N.,et al.,2002.Mercury concentrations in fish from Lake Mead,USA,related to fish size,condition,trophic level,location,and consumption risk.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.43,309-317.
Clarkson,T.W.,Magos,L.,Myers,G.J.,2003.The toxicology of mercury-current exposures and clinical manifestations.New Engl.J.Med.349,1731-1737.
CODEX,2009.CODEX STAN 193-1995 CODEX General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed.Available at.http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/1_CXS_193e.pdf.
Gewurtz,S.B.,Backus,S.M.,Bhavsar,S.P.,McGoldrick,D.J.,de Solla,S.R.,Murphy,E.W.,2011.Contaminant biomonitoring programs in the Great Lakes region:Review of approaches and critical factors.Environ.Rev.19,162-184.
Harada,M.,1995.Minamata disease-methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental-pollution.Crc.Rev.Toxicol.25,1-24.
Leitner,J.K.,Isely,J.J.,1994.A liver and muscle biopsy technique for electrophoretic evaluation of largemouth bass.Prof.Fish Cult.56,288-290.
Lepak,J.M.,Kraft,C.E.,Weldel,B.C.,2006.Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.63,569-575.
Mergler,D.,Anderson,H.A.,Chan,L.H.M.,Mahaffey,K.R.,Murray,M.,Sakamoto,M.,et al.,2007.Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans:a worldwide concern.Ambio 36,3-11.
Monson,B.A.,Staples,D.F.,Bhavsar,S.P.,Holsen,T.M.,Schrank,C.S.,Moses,S.K.,et al.,2011.Spatiotemporal trends of mercury in walleye and largemouth bass from the Laurentian Great Lakes Region.Ecotoxicology 20,1555-1567.
Moy,D.C.,Dredge,M.C.L.,1979.Novel biopsy technique for monitoring environmental contaminants in fish.B.Environ.Contam.Tox.22,35-37.
OMOE,2006.The Determination of Mercury in Biomaterials by Cold Vapour-Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(CV-FAAS).Ontario Ministry of the Environment,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
OMOECC,2015.2015-2016 Guide to Eating Ontario Fish.Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
OMOECC,2016.The determination of mercury in biomaterials by cold vapour-flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy(CV-FAAS).Laboratory Services Branch Method HGBIO-E3057.Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
Osmundson,B.C.,May,T.W.,Osmundson,D.B.,2000.Selenium concentrations in the Colorado pikeminnow(Ptychocheilus lucius):Relationship with flows in the upper Colorado River.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.38,479-485.
Palmeri,G.,Turchini,G.M.,De Silva,S.S.,2007.Lipid characterisation and distribution in the fillet of the farmed Australian native fish,Murray cod(Maccullochella peelii peelii).Food Chem.102,796-807.
Peterson,S.A.,Van Sickle,J.,Hughes,R.M.,Schacher,J.A.,Echols,S.F.,2005.A biopsy procedure for determining filet and predicting whole-fish mercury concentration.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.48,99-107.
Phillips,K.F.,1990.Power of the 2 one-sided tests procedure in bioequivalence.J.Pharmacokinet.Biop.18,137-144.
Schmitt,C.J.,Brumbaugh,W.G.,2007.Evaluation of potentially nonlethal sampling methods for monitoring mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass(Micropterus dolomieu).Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.53,84-95.
Schuirmann,D.J.,1987.A comparison of the 2 one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability.J.Pharmacokinet.Biop.15,657-680.
Scott,W.,Crossman,E.,1973.Freshwater Fishes of Canada.Fisheries Research Board of Canada,Ottawa.
Tyus,H.M.,Starnes,W.C.,Karp,C.A.,Saunders III,J.F.,1999.Effects of invasive tissue collection on rainbow trout,razorback sucker,and bonytail chub.N.Am.J.Fish.Manage.19,848-855.
UNEP,2013.Minamata Convention on Mercury.Available at.http://www.mercuryconvention.org.
UNEP/WHO,2008.Guidance for Identifying Populations at Risk from Mercury Exposure.Geneva,Switzerland.p.176.
USEPA,2015.Fish Consumption Advisories.Available at.http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/fishshellfish/fishadvisories/index.cfm USEPA.
Uthe,J.F.,1971.Simple field technique for obtaining small samples of muscle from living fish.J.Fish.Res.Board Can.28,1203-1204.
Waddell,B.,May,T.,1995.Selenium concentrations in the razorback sucker(Xyrauchen texanus)-substitution of nonlethal muscle plugs for muscle-tissue in contaminant assessment.Arch.Environ.Con.Tox.28,321-326.
Zhang,X.,Gandhi,N.,Bhavsar,S.P.,Ho,L.S.W.,2013.Effects of skin removal on contaminant levels in salmon and trout filets.Sci.Total Environ.443,218-225.