Climate change impacts and forest adaptation in the Asia–Pacific region: from regional experts' perspectives
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摘要
Expert opinions have been used in a variety of fields to identify relevant issues and courses of action. This study surveys experts in forestry and climate change from the Asia–Pacific region to gauge their perspectives on the impacts of climate change and on the challenges faced by forest adaptation in the region, and explores recommendations and initiatives for adapting forests to climate change. There was consensus regarding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and on economic sectors such as agriculture and forestry. Respondents also indicated a lack of public awareness and policy and legislation as challenges to addressing climate change. However, the results indicate differences in opinion between regions on the negative impacts of climate change and in satisfaction with actions taken to address climate change,highlighting the need for locally specific policies and research. The study presents specific recommendations to address issues of most concern, based on subregion and professional affiliation throughout the Asia–Pacific region.The results can be used to improve policy and forest management throughout the region. This research will also provide valuable suggestions on how to apply research findings and management recommendations outside of the AP region. The conclusions should be communicated relative to the level of the research and the target audience,ensuring that scientific findings and management recommendations are effectively communicated to ensure successful implementation of forest adaptation strategies.
Expert opinions have been used in a variety of fields to identify relevant issues and courses of action. This study surveys experts in forestry and climate change from the Asia–Pacific region to gauge their perspectives on the impacts of climate change and on the challenges faced by forest adaptation in the region, and explores recommendations and initiatives for adapting forests to climate change. There was consensus regarding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and on economic sectors such as agriculture and forestry. Respondents also indicated a lack of public awareness and policy and legislation as challenges to addressing climate change. However, the results indicate differences in opinion between regions on the negative impacts of climate change and in satisfaction with actions taken to address climate change,highlighting the need for locally specific policies and research. The study presents specific recommendations to address issues of most concern, based on subregion and professional affiliation throughout the Asia–Pacific region.The results can be used to improve policy and forest management throughout the region. This research will also provide valuable suggestions on how to apply research findings and management recommendations outside of the AP region. The conclusions should be communicated relative to the level of the research and the target audience,ensuring that scientific findings and management recommendations are effectively communicated to ensure successful implementation of forest adaptation strategies.
Expert opinions have been used in a variety of fields to identify relevant issues and courses of action. This study surveys experts in forestry and climate change from the Asia–Pacific region to gauge their perspectives on the impacts of climate change and on the challenges faced by forest adaptation in the region, and explores recommendations and initiatives for adapting forests to climate change. There was consensus regarding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and on economic sectors such as agriculture and forestry. Respondents also indicated a lack of public awareness and policy and legislation as challenges to addressing climate change. However, the results indicate differences in opinion between regions on the negative impacts of climate change and in satisfaction with actions taken to address climate change,highlighting the need for locally specific policies and research. The study presents specific recommendations to address issues of most concern, based on subregion and professional affiliation throughout the Asia–Pacific region.The results can be used to improve policy and forest management throughout the region. This research will also provide valuable suggestions on how to apply research findings and management recommendations outside of the AP region. The conclusions should be communicated relative to the level of the research and the target audience,ensuring that scientific findings and management recommendations are effectively communicated to ensure successful implementation of forest adaptation strategies.
引文
Agrawal A,Cashore B,Hardin R,Shepherd G,Benson C,Miller D(2013)Economic contributions of forests.United Nations Forum on Forests,Istanbul,p 132
Ahmed M,Suphachalasai S(2014)Assessing the costs of climate change adaptation in South Asia.Asian Development Bank,Mandaluyong City,p 163
Asia Development Bank(2009)The economics of climate change in Southeast Asia:a regional review.Asia Development Bank,Manila,p 255
Begum RA,Pereira JJ(2013)The awareness,perception and motivational analysis of climate change and business perspectives in Malaysia.Mitigation Adapt Strateg Glob Chang20(3):361-370
Boisvenue C,Running SW(2006)Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity:evidence since the middle of the 20th century.Glob Chang Biol 12:862-882
CEPF(2016)[Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund:Hotspots:AsiaPacific][Internet].Conservation International;[cited 2016 Mar22].http://www.cepf.net/resources/hotspots/Asia-Pacific/Pages/default.aspx
Christensen JH,Krishna Kumar K,Aldrian E,An SI,Cavalcanti IFA,de Castro M,Dong W,Goswami P,Hall A,Kanyanga JK,Kitoh A,Kossin J,Lau NC,Renwick J,Stephenson DB,Xie SP,Zhou T(2013)Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change.In:Stocker TF,Qin D,Plattner GK,Tignor M,Allen SK,Boschung J,Nauels A,Xia Y,Bex V,Midgley PM,editors.Climate Change(2013)The physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge and New York,1535 p
Dannevig H,Rauken T,Hovelsrud G(2012)Implementing adaptation to climate change at the local level.Local Environ17(6-7):597-611
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2010)Forests and climate change working paper 7:forest and climate change in the Asia-Pacific region.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 126
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2012a)Forests and climate change working paper 10:forests management and climate change:a literature review.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 55
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2012b)Forests and climate change working paper 11:forests management and climate change:stakeholder perceptions.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 30
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2015)Global forest resources assessment.How are the world’s forests changing,2nd edn.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 54
Ford JD,Berrang-Ford L,Paterson J(2011)A systematic review of observed climate change adaptation in developed nations.Clim Chang 106:327-336
Girvetz EH,Zganjar C,Raber GT,Maurer EP,Kareiva P,Lawler JJ(2009)Applied climate-change analysis:the climate wizard tool.PLoS ONE 4(12):e8320.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008320
Hijioka Y,Lin E,Pereira JJ,Corlett RT,Cui X,Insarov GE,Lasco RD,Lindgren E,Surjan A.In:Barros VR,Field CB,Dokken DJ,Mastrandrea MD,Mach KJ,Bilir TE,Chatterjee M,Ebi KL,Estrada YO,Genova RC,Girma B,Kissel ES,Levy AN,MacCracken S,Mastrandrea PR,White LL,editors(2014)Climate change 2014:Impacts,adaptation,and vulnerability.Part B:regional aspects.Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge and New York,696 p
IFAD[International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Global Mechanism](2009)Climate change impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region[Internet].International Fund for Agricultural Development;Rome.[cited 2016 Mar 15].https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/88baa1cf-4661-4077-9292-84dfff5253f0
IPCC[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](2014)Field CB,Barros VR,Dokken DJ,Mach KJ,Mastrandrea MD,Bilir TE,Chatterjee M,Ebi KL,Estrada YO,Genova RC,Girma B,Kissel ES,Levy AN,MacCracken S,Mastrandrea PR,White LL,editors.Climate change 2014:impacts,adaptation,and vulnerability.Part A:global and sectoral aspects.Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge(United Kingdom)and New York(USA):Cambridge University Press;1150p
ITTO(2005)[International Tropical Timber Organization].Revised ITTO criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of forests including reporting format.International Tropical Timber Organization;42 p
Jantarasami LC,Lawler JJ,Thomas DW(2010)Institutional barriers to climate change adaptation in US national parks and forests.Ecol Soc 15(4):33
Kang H(2015)Study on the adaptive management of Chinese fir plantations to climate change.Ph.D.Thesis,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
Kang H,Seely B,Wang G,Cai Y,Innes J,Zheng D,Chen P,Wang T,Li Q(2016)Evaluating management tradeoffs between economic fiber production and other ecosystem services in a Chinese-fir dominated forest plantation in Fujian Province.Sci Total Environ 557-558:80-90
Kang H,Seely B,Wang G,Cai Y,Innes J,Zheng D,Chen P,Wang T(2017)Simulating the impact of climate change on the growth of Chinese fir plantations in,Fujian province,China.NZ J Forest Sci 47:20
Lebedys A(2004)Trends and current status of the contribution of the forestry sector to national economies.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 151
Lee TM,Markowitz EM,Howe DP,Ko CY,Leiserowitz AA(2015)Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world.Nat Clim Chang 5:1014-1020
Loo YY,Billa L,Singh A(2015)Effects of climate change on seasonal monsoon in Asia and its impact on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia.Geosci Front 6:817-823
Milfont TL(2012)The interplay between knowledge,perceived efficacy,and concern about global warming and climate change:a one-year longitudinal study.Risk Anal 32:1003-1020
Mollicone D,Freibauer A,Schulze ED,Braatz S,Grassi G,Federici S(2007)Elements for the expected mechanisms on reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation,REDD under UNFCCC.Environ Res Lett 2:045024.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045024
Morgan MG,Adams PJ,Keith DW(2006)Elicitation of expert judgments of aerosol forcing.Clim Chang 75(1):195-214
Moser SC,Ekstrom JA(2010)A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA107(51):22026-22031
Natural Resources Canada(2016)Natural Resources Canada;Ottawa.[updated 2016 Jan 26;cited 2016 Mar 22].http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/fire-insects-disturbances/top-insects/13397
O’Neill SJ,Osborn TJ,Hulme M,Lorenzoni I,Watkinson AR(2008)Using expert knowledge to assess uncertainties in future polar bear populations under climate change.J Appl Ecol45(6):1649-1659
OCED/FAO(2017)OCED-FAO Agricultural outlook 2017-2016.[cited 2018 Sept.6].http://www.fao.org/3/a-BT099e.pdf
Ong CK,Black C,Wilson J(eds)(2015)Tree-crop interactions:agroforestry in a changing climate.CABI,Wallingford
Panos South Asia(2014)Enhancing climate change awareness and understanding among journalists in South Asia:impact assessment,baseline and country studies.Kathmandu:Panos South Asia;[cited 2016 Mar 10,2018].http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/140429-final-Impacts-assessment-and-countrystudies-2.pdf
Preston BL,Westaway RM,Yuen EJ(2011)Climate adaptation planning in practice:an evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations.Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Chang 16:407-438
Runhaar H,Mees H,Wardekker A,van der Sluis J,Driessen P(2012)Adaptation to climate change-related risks in Dutch urban areas:stimuli and barriers.Reg Environ Chang 12(4):777-790
Schulte S,Miller KA(2010)Wildfire risk and climate change:the influence on homeowner mitigation behavior in the wildlandurban interface.Soc Nat Resour 23(5):417-435
Seely B,Welham C,Scoullar K(2015)Application of a hybrid forest growth model to evaluate climate change impacts on productivity,nutrient cycling and mortality in a montane forest ecosystem.PLoS ONE 10(8):e0135034.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135034
Sterrett C(2011)Review of climate change adaptation practices in South Asia[Internet].Melbourne:Oxfam;[cited 2016 Mar 8].https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attach ments/rr-climate-change-adaptation-south-asia-161111-en_3.pdf
The World Bank(2013)Turn down the heat:climate extremes,regional impacts,and the case for resilience[Internet].International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank,Washington;[cited 2016 Mar 20].http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Full_Report_Vol_2_Turn_Down_The_Heat_%20Climate_Extremes_Regional_Impacts_Case_for_Resilience_Print%20version_FINAL.pdf
UNEP(2010)[United Nations Environment Programme.]State of biodiversity in Asia and the Pacific,United Nations Environment Programme,Bangkok;[cited 2016 Mar 8 2018].http://www.unep.org/delc/Portals/119/regional%20brief%20for%20Asia%20and%20Pacific.pdf
Vaughan DG,Spouge JR(2002)Risk estimation of collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet.Clim Chang 52(1):65-91
Verchot LV,Van Noordwijk M,Kandji S,Tomich T,Ong C,Albrecht A,Mackensen J,Bantilan C,Anupama KV,Palm C(2007)Climate change:linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry.Mitigation Adapt Strateg Glob Chang12(5):901-918
Wang T,Hamann A,Spittlehouse DL,Murdock TQ(2012)ClimateWNA-high-resolution spatial climate data for Western North America.J App Meteorol Climatol 51:16-29
Wang G,Mang S,Krzyzanowski J,Guo F,Wang T,Riehl B,Kang H,Li Q,Innes JL(2015)Climate change and forest adaptation in the Asia-Pacific.J Geograph Res 63:73-109
Wang G,Wang T,Innes JL,Mang SL,Riehl B,Seely B,Kang H,Li Q,Guo F,Nitschke C(2016a)Adaptation of Asia-Pacific forests to climate change.J For Res 27(3):469-488
Wang T,Wang G,Innes J,Nitschke C,Kang H(2016b)Climatic niche models and their consensus projections for future climates for four major forest tree species in the Asia-Pacific region.For Ecol Manag 360(15):357-366
Westphal MI,Hughes GA,Brommelhorster J(2013)Economics of climate change in East Asia.Asia Development Bank,Mandaluyong City,p 216
Wilson KA,Auerbach NA,Sam K,Magini AG,Moss ASL,Langhans SD,Budiharta S,Terzano D,Meijaard E(2016)Conservation research is not happening where it is most needed.PLoS Biol14(3):e1002413.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002413
Ahmed M,Suphachalasai S(2014)Assessing the costs of climate change adaptation in South Asia.Asian Development Bank,Mandaluyong City,p 163
Asia Development Bank(2009)The economics of climate change in Southeast Asia:a regional review.Asia Development Bank,Manila,p 255
Begum RA,Pereira JJ(2013)The awareness,perception and motivational analysis of climate change and business perspectives in Malaysia.Mitigation Adapt Strateg Glob Chang20(3):361-370
Boisvenue C,Running SW(2006)Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity:evidence since the middle of the 20th century.Glob Chang Biol 12:862-882
CEPF(2016)[Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund:Hotspots:AsiaPacific][Internet].Conservation International;[cited 2016 Mar22].http://www.cepf.net/resources/hotspots/Asia-Pacific/Pages/default.aspx
Christensen JH,Krishna Kumar K,Aldrian E,An SI,Cavalcanti IFA,de Castro M,Dong W,Goswami P,Hall A,Kanyanga JK,Kitoh A,Kossin J,Lau NC,Renwick J,Stephenson DB,Xie SP,Zhou T(2013)Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change.In:Stocker TF,Qin D,Plattner GK,Tignor M,Allen SK,Boschung J,Nauels A,Xia Y,Bex V,Midgley PM,editors.Climate Change(2013)The physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge and New York,1535 p
Dannevig H,Rauken T,Hovelsrud G(2012)Implementing adaptation to climate change at the local level.Local Environ17(6-7):597-611
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2010)Forests and climate change working paper 7:forest and climate change in the Asia-Pacific region.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 126
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2012a)Forests and climate change working paper 10:forests management and climate change:a literature review.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 55
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2012b)Forests and climate change working paper 11:forests management and climate change:stakeholder perceptions.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 30
FAO[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](2015)Global forest resources assessment.How are the world’s forests changing,2nd edn.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 54
Ford JD,Berrang-Ford L,Paterson J(2011)A systematic review of observed climate change adaptation in developed nations.Clim Chang 106:327-336
Girvetz EH,Zganjar C,Raber GT,Maurer EP,Kareiva P,Lawler JJ(2009)Applied climate-change analysis:the climate wizard tool.PLoS ONE 4(12):e8320.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008320
Hijioka Y,Lin E,Pereira JJ,Corlett RT,Cui X,Insarov GE,Lasco RD,Lindgren E,Surjan A.In:Barros VR,Field CB,Dokken DJ,Mastrandrea MD,Mach KJ,Bilir TE,Chatterjee M,Ebi KL,Estrada YO,Genova RC,Girma B,Kissel ES,Levy AN,MacCracken S,Mastrandrea PR,White LL,editors(2014)Climate change 2014:Impacts,adaptation,and vulnerability.Part B:regional aspects.Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge and New York,696 p
IFAD[International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Global Mechanism](2009)Climate change impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region[Internet].International Fund for Agricultural Development;Rome.[cited 2016 Mar 15].https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/88baa1cf-4661-4077-9292-84dfff5253f0
IPCC[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](2014)Field CB,Barros VR,Dokken DJ,Mach KJ,Mastrandrea MD,Bilir TE,Chatterjee M,Ebi KL,Estrada YO,Genova RC,Girma B,Kissel ES,Levy AN,MacCracken S,Mastrandrea PR,White LL,editors.Climate change 2014:impacts,adaptation,and vulnerability.Part A:global and sectoral aspects.Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge(United Kingdom)and New York(USA):Cambridge University Press;1150p
ITTO(2005)[International Tropical Timber Organization].Revised ITTO criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of forests including reporting format.International Tropical Timber Organization;42 p
Jantarasami LC,Lawler JJ,Thomas DW(2010)Institutional barriers to climate change adaptation in US national parks and forests.Ecol Soc 15(4):33
Kang H(2015)Study on the adaptive management of Chinese fir plantations to climate change.Ph.D.Thesis,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
Kang H,Seely B,Wang G,Cai Y,Innes J,Zheng D,Chen P,Wang T,Li Q(2016)Evaluating management tradeoffs between economic fiber production and other ecosystem services in a Chinese-fir dominated forest plantation in Fujian Province.Sci Total Environ 557-558:80-90
Kang H,Seely B,Wang G,Cai Y,Innes J,Zheng D,Chen P,Wang T(2017)Simulating the impact of climate change on the growth of Chinese fir plantations in,Fujian province,China.NZ J Forest Sci 47:20
Lebedys A(2004)Trends and current status of the contribution of the forestry sector to national economies.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Rome,p 151
Lee TM,Markowitz EM,Howe DP,Ko CY,Leiserowitz AA(2015)Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world.Nat Clim Chang 5:1014-1020
Loo YY,Billa L,Singh A(2015)Effects of climate change on seasonal monsoon in Asia and its impact on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia.Geosci Front 6:817-823
Milfont TL(2012)The interplay between knowledge,perceived efficacy,and concern about global warming and climate change:a one-year longitudinal study.Risk Anal 32:1003-1020
Mollicone D,Freibauer A,Schulze ED,Braatz S,Grassi G,Federici S(2007)Elements for the expected mechanisms on reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation,REDD under UNFCCC.Environ Res Lett 2:045024.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045024
Morgan MG,Adams PJ,Keith DW(2006)Elicitation of expert judgments of aerosol forcing.Clim Chang 75(1):195-214
Moser SC,Ekstrom JA(2010)A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA107(51):22026-22031
Natural Resources Canada(2016)Natural Resources Canada;Ottawa.[updated 2016 Jan 26;cited 2016 Mar 22].http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/fire-insects-disturbances/top-insects/13397
O’Neill SJ,Osborn TJ,Hulme M,Lorenzoni I,Watkinson AR(2008)Using expert knowledge to assess uncertainties in future polar bear populations under climate change.J Appl Ecol45(6):1649-1659
OCED/FAO(2017)OCED-FAO Agricultural outlook 2017-2016.[cited 2018 Sept.6].http://www.fao.org/3/a-BT099e.pdf
Ong CK,Black C,Wilson J(eds)(2015)Tree-crop interactions:agroforestry in a changing climate.CABI,Wallingford
Panos South Asia(2014)Enhancing climate change awareness and understanding among journalists in South Asia:impact assessment,baseline and country studies.Kathmandu:Panos South Asia;[cited 2016 Mar 10,2018].http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/140429-final-Impacts-assessment-and-countrystudies-2.pdf
Preston BL,Westaway RM,Yuen EJ(2011)Climate adaptation planning in practice:an evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations.Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Chang 16:407-438
Runhaar H,Mees H,Wardekker A,van der Sluis J,Driessen P(2012)Adaptation to climate change-related risks in Dutch urban areas:stimuli and barriers.Reg Environ Chang 12(4):777-790
Schulte S,Miller KA(2010)Wildfire risk and climate change:the influence on homeowner mitigation behavior in the wildlandurban interface.Soc Nat Resour 23(5):417-435
Seely B,Welham C,Scoullar K(2015)Application of a hybrid forest growth model to evaluate climate change impacts on productivity,nutrient cycling and mortality in a montane forest ecosystem.PLoS ONE 10(8):e0135034.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135034
Sterrett C(2011)Review of climate change adaptation practices in South Asia[Internet].Melbourne:Oxfam;[cited 2016 Mar 8].https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attach ments/rr-climate-change-adaptation-south-asia-161111-en_3.pdf
The World Bank(2013)Turn down the heat:climate extremes,regional impacts,and the case for resilience[Internet].International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank,Washington;[cited 2016 Mar 20].http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Full_Report_Vol_2_Turn_Down_The_Heat_%20Climate_Extremes_Regional_Impacts_Case_for_Resilience_Print%20version_FINAL.pdf
UNEP(2010)[United Nations Environment Programme.]State of biodiversity in Asia and the Pacific,United Nations Environment Programme,Bangkok;[cited 2016 Mar 8 2018].http://www.unep.org/delc/Portals/119/regional%20brief%20for%20Asia%20and%20Pacific.pdf
Vaughan DG,Spouge JR(2002)Risk estimation of collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet.Clim Chang 52(1):65-91
Verchot LV,Van Noordwijk M,Kandji S,Tomich T,Ong C,Albrecht A,Mackensen J,Bantilan C,Anupama KV,Palm C(2007)Climate change:linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry.Mitigation Adapt Strateg Glob Chang12(5):901-918
Wang T,Hamann A,Spittlehouse DL,Murdock TQ(2012)ClimateWNA-high-resolution spatial climate data for Western North America.J App Meteorol Climatol 51:16-29
Wang G,Mang S,Krzyzanowski J,Guo F,Wang T,Riehl B,Kang H,Li Q,Innes JL(2015)Climate change and forest adaptation in the Asia-Pacific.J Geograph Res 63:73-109
Wang G,Wang T,Innes JL,Mang SL,Riehl B,Seely B,Kang H,Li Q,Guo F,Nitschke C(2016a)Adaptation of Asia-Pacific forests to climate change.J For Res 27(3):469-488
Wang T,Wang G,Innes J,Nitschke C,Kang H(2016b)Climatic niche models and their consensus projections for future climates for four major forest tree species in the Asia-Pacific region.For Ecol Manag 360(15):357-366
Westphal MI,Hughes GA,Brommelhorster J(2013)Economics of climate change in East Asia.Asia Development Bank,Mandaluyong City,p 216
Wilson KA,Auerbach NA,Sam K,Magini AG,Moss ASL,Langhans SD,Budiharta S,Terzano D,Meijaard E(2016)Conservation research is not happening where it is most needed.PLoS Biol14(3):e1002413.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002413