Responses of benthic foraminifera to changes of temperature and salinity: Results from a laboratory culture experiment
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摘要
The effects of temperature and salinity on intertidal foraminiferal community under laboratory conditions are poorly understood. We designed a two-factor crossed experiment in which foraminiferal communities were cultured at different temperatures (6, 12, and 18℃) and salinities (15, 20, 25, and 30 psu) for 10 weeks. In total, 2616 living (stained) specimens were obtained and analyzed. Foraminiferal abundance ranged from 9 to 202 individuals/10 g wet weight of sediment. The highest abundance was obtained at 12℃, 25 psu and the lowest at 6℃, 15 psu. Statistical results demonstrated that temperature affected foraminiferal community more significantly than salinity. Most foraminiferal community parameters (abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) were significantly positively correlated to temperature, but not to salinity, whereas Pielou's evenness was significantly negatively correlated to both temperature and salinity. The interactive effect of temperature and salinity on foraminiferal abundance was significant. In addition, with increasing temperature, the species composition shifted from hyaline Rotaliida to porcellaneous Miliolida. The abundance of dominant species (e.g., Ammonia aomoriensis, A. beccarii, and Quinqueloculina seminula) showed significant positive correlations to temperature. Our study indicated that the intertidal foraminiferal community responds sensitively and rapidly to the changes of salinity and, especially,temperature by shifting foraminiferal species composition and altering the community parameters.
The effects of temperature and salinity on intertidal foraminiferal community under laboratory conditions are poorly understood. We designed a two-factor crossed experiment in which foraminiferal communities were cultured at different temperatures (6, 12, and 18℃) and salinities (15, 20, 25, and 30 psu) for 10 weeks. In total, 2616 living (stained) specimens were obtained and analyzed. Foraminiferal abundance ranged from 9 to 202 individuals/10 g wet weight of sediment. The highest abundance was obtained at 12℃, 25 psu and the lowest at 6℃, 15 psu. Statistical results demonstrated that temperature affected foraminiferal community more significantly than salinity. Most foraminiferal community parameters (abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) were significantly positively correlated to temperature, but not to salinity, whereas Pielou's evenness was significantly negatively correlated to both temperature and salinity. The interactive effect of temperature and salinity on foraminiferal abundance was significant. In addition, with increasing temperature, the species composition shifted from hyaline Rotaliida to porcellaneous Miliolida. The abundance of dominant species (e.g., Ammonia aomoriensis, A. beccarii, and Quinqueloculina seminula) showed significant positive correlations to temperature. Our study indicated that the intertidal foraminiferal community responds sensitively and rapidly to the changes of salinity and, especially,temperature by shifting foraminiferal species composition and altering the community parameters.
The effects of temperature and salinity on intertidal foraminiferal community under laboratory conditions are poorly understood. We designed a two-factor crossed experiment in which foraminiferal communities were cultured at different temperatures (6, 12, and 18℃) and salinities (15, 20, 25, and 30 psu) for 10 weeks. In total, 2616 living (stained) specimens were obtained and analyzed. Foraminiferal abundance ranged from 9 to 202 individuals/10 g wet weight of sediment. The highest abundance was obtained at 12℃, 25 psu and the lowest at 6℃, 15 psu. Statistical results demonstrated that temperature affected foraminiferal community more significantly than salinity. Most foraminiferal community parameters (abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) were significantly positively correlated to temperature, but not to salinity, whereas Pielou's evenness was significantly negatively correlated to both temperature and salinity. The interactive effect of temperature and salinity on foraminiferal abundance was significant. In addition, with increasing temperature, the species composition shifted from hyaline Rotaliida to porcellaneous Miliolida. The abundance of dominant species (e.g., Ammonia aomoriensis, A. beccarii, and Quinqueloculina seminula) showed significant positive correlations to temperature. Our study indicated that the intertidal foraminiferal community responds sensitively and rapidly to the changes of salinity and, especially,temperature by shifting foraminiferal species composition and altering the community parameters.
引文
Allison N,Austin W,Paterson D,Austin H.2010.Culture studies of the benthic foraminifera Elphidium williamsoni:Evaluating p H,?[CO32-]and inter-individual effects on test Mg/Ca.Chem Geol,274:87-93
Al-Sabouni N,Kucera M,Schmidt D N.2007.Vertical niche separation control of diversity and size disparity in planktonic foraminifera.Mar Micropaleontol,63:75-90
Alve E,Murray J W.1999.Marginal marine environments of the Skagerrak and Kattegat:A baseline study of living(stained)benthic foraminiferal ecology.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,146:171-193
Alve E,Murray J W.2001.Temporal variability in vertical distributions of live(stained)intertidal foraminifera,southern England.J Foraminifer Res,31:12-24
Basson P W,Murray J W.1995.Temporal variations in four species of intertidal foraminifera,Bahrain,Arabian Gulf.Micropaleontology,41:69-76
BéA W H,Hutson W H.1977.Ecology of planktonic foraminifera and biogeographic patterns of life and fossil assemblages in the Indian Ocean.Micropaleontology,23:369-414
Berkeley A,Perry C T,Smithers S G,Horton B P.2008.The spatial and vertical distribution of living(stained)benthic foraminifera from a tropical,intertidal environment,north Queensland,Australia.Mar Micropaleontol,69:240-261
Berkeley A,Perry C T,Smithers S G,Horton B P,Taylor K G.2007.Areview of the ecological and taphonomic controls on foraminiferal assemblage development in intertidal environments.Earth-Sci Rev,83:205-230
Bernhard J M.1988.Postmortem vital staining in benthic foraminifera;duration and importance in population and distributional studies.JForaminifer Res,18:143-146
Bernhard J M.2000.Distinguishing live from dead foraminifera:Methods review and proper applications.Micropaleontology,46:38-46
Bernhard J M,Buck K R,Barry J P.2001.Monterey Bay cold-seep biota:Assemblages,abundance,and ultrastructure of living foraminifera.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,48:2233-2249
Buzas M A,Hayek L A C,Reed S A,Jett J A.2002.Foraminiferal densities over five years in the Indian River Lagoon,Florida:A model of pulsating patches.J Foraminifer Res,32:68-92
Clarke K R,Gorley R N.2006.PRIMER:User Manual/Tutorial Version 6
Culver S J,Buzas M A.1995.The effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance,habitat destruction,and global warming on shallow marine benthic foraminifera.J Foraminifer Res,25:204-211
de Rijk S.1995.Salinity control on the distribution of salt marsh foraminifera(Great Marshes,Massachusetts).J Foraminifer Res,25:156-166
Debenay J P.2012.A Guide to 1000 Foraminifera from Southwestern Pacific:New Caledonia.IRDéditions,Institut de recherche pourle développement,Marseille,Publications Scientifiques du Muséum,Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle,Paris.378
Debenay J P,Guillou J J,Redois F,Geslin E.2000.Distribution trends of foraminiferal assemblages in paralic environments:A base for using foraminifera as bioindicators.In:Martin R E,ed.Environmental Micropaleontology:The Application of Microfossils to Environmental Geology.Boston:Springer.39-67
Debenay J P,Bicchi E,Goubert E,Armynot du Chatelet E.2006.Spatiotemporal distribution of benthic foraminifera in relation to estuarine dynamics(Vie estuary,Vendée,W France).Estuar Coast Shelf Sci,67181-197
Dissard D,Nehrke G,Reichart G J,Bijma J.2010.Impact of seawater p CO2on calcification and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera calcite:Results from culturing experiments with Ammonia tepida.Biogeosciences,7:81-93
Dorst S,Sch?nfeld J.2013.Diversity of benthic foraminifera on the shelf and slope of the NE Atlantic:Analysis of datasets.J Foraminifer Res43:238-254
Duros P,Jorissen F J,Cesbron F,Zaragosi S,Schmidt S,Metzger EFontanier C.2014.Benthic foraminiferal thanatocoenoses from the Cap-Ferret Canyon area(NE Atlantic):A complex interplay between hydro-sedimentary and biological processes.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,104:145-163
Fontanier C,Jorissen F J,Licari L,Alexandre A,Anschutz P,Carbonel P2002.Live benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Bay of Biscay:Fauna density,composition,and microhabitats.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,49:751-785
Frontalini F,Margaritelli G,Francescangeli F,Rettori R,Armynot du Chatelet E,Coccioni R.2013.Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and biotopes in a coastal lake:The case study of Lake Varano(southern Italy).Acta Protozool,52:147-160
GB/T 34656-2017.2017.Specification for Marine Sediment Interstitia Biota Survey.National Standard of the People’s Republic of China(in Chinese).Beijing:China Standard Press
Ghosh A,Saha S,Saraswati P K,Banerjee S,Burley S.2009.Intertida foraminifera in the macro-tidal estuaries of the Gulf of Cambay:Implications for interpreting sea-level change in palaeo-estuaries.Mar Pe Geol,26:1592-1599
Goineau A,Fontanier C,Jorissen F J,Lansard B,Buscail R,Mouret AKerhervéP,Zaragosi S,Ernoult E,Artéro C,Anschutz P,Metzger ERabouille C.2011.Live(stained)benthic foraminifera from the Rh?ne prodelta(Gulf of Lion,NW Mediterranean):Environmental controls on a river-dominated shelf.J Sea Res,65:58-75
Goineau A,Fontanier C,Mojtahid M,Fanget A S,Bassetti M A,BernéSJorissen F.2015.Live-dead comparison of benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Rh?ne prodelta(Gulf of Lions,NW Mediterranean):Development of a proxy for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.Mar Micropaleontol,119:17-33
Goldstein S,Alve E.2011.Experimental assembly of foraminiferal communities from coastal propagule banks.Mar Ecol Prog Ser,437:1-11
Gross O.2000.Influence of temperature,oxygen and food availability on the migrational activity of bathyal benthic foraminifera:Evidence by microcosm experiments.Hydrobiologia,426:123-137
Haynert K,Sch?nfeld J,Schiebel R,Wilson B,Thomsen J.2014.Response of benthic foraminifera to ocean acidification in their natural sedimen environment:A long-term culturing experiment.Biogeosciences,111581-1597
Haynert K,Sch?nfeld J.2014.Impact of changing carbonate chemistry temperature,and salinity on growth and test degradation of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia aomoriensis.J Foraminifer Res,44:76-89
Hayward B W,Grenfell H R,Nicholson K,Parker R,Wilmhurst J,Horrocks M,Swales A,Sabaa A T.2004.Foraminiferal record of human impact on intertidal estuarine environments in New Zealand’s larges city.Mar Micropaleontol,53:37-66
Horton B P,Edwards R J,Lloyd J M.1999.UK intertidal foraminifera distributions:Implications for sea-level studies.Mar Micropaleontol36:205-223
Jorissen F,Fontanier C,Thomas E.2007.Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics.In Hillaire-Marcel C,Vernal A de,eds.Proxies in Late Cenozoic paleoceanography.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science.263-326
Kitazato H,Bernhard J M.2014.Approaches to Study Living Foraminifera Tokyo:Springer.227
Kurtarkar S R,Nigam R,Saraswat R,Linshy V N.2011.Regeneration and abnormality in benthic foraminifera Rosalina leei:Implications in reconstructing past salinity changes.Riv Ital Paleontol Stratigr,117:189-196
Lee J J,Pierce S,Tentchoff M,McLaughlin J J A.1961.Growth and physiology of foraminifera in the laboratory:Part 1 Collection and maintenance.Micropaleontology,7:461-466
Lei Y,Li C,Li T,Jian Z.2016.Laboratorial culture of Ammonia beccarii(Linnaeus,1758):The effect of temperature and food concentration on chamber growth and ingestion rate on diatom(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,33:350-362
Lei Y,Li T.2015.Ammonia Aomoriensis(Asano,1951)and Ammonia Beccarii(Linnaeus,1758)(Foraminifera):Comparisons on their taxonomy and ecological distributions correlated to temperature,salinity and depth in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,32:1-19
Lei Y,Li T.2016.Atlas of Benthic Foraminifera from China Seas the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.Beijing:Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany and Science Press.399
Lei Y,Li T,Jian Z,Nigam R.2017a.Taxonomy and distribution of benthic foraminifera in an intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea,PR China:Correlations with sediment temperature and salinity.Mar Micropaleontol,133:1-20
Lei Y,Li T,Nigam R,Holzmann M,Lyu M.2017b.Environmental significance of morphological variations in the foraminifer Ammonia aomoriensis(Asano,1951)and its molecular identification:A study from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea,PR China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,483:49-57
Li T,Xiang R,Li T.2015.Application of a self-organizing map and canonical correspondence analysis in modern benthic foraminiferal communities:A case study from the Pearl River Estuary,China.JForaminifer Res,45:305-318
Loeblich A R,Tappan H.1988.Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification.New York:Springer.970
Lombard F,Labeyrie L,Michel E,Spero H J,Lea D W.2009.Modelling the temperature dependent growth rates of planktic foraminifera.Mar Micropaleontol,70:1-7
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Murray J W,Alve E.2000.Major aspects of foraminiferal variability(standing crop and biomass)on a monthly scale in an intertidal zone.JForaminifer Res,30:177-191
Nardelli M P,Sabbatini A,Negri A.2013.Experimental chronic exposure of the foraminifer Pseudotriloculina rotunda to zinc.Acta Protozool,52:193
Nigam R.2005.Addressing environmental issues through foraminiferaCase studies from the Arabian Sea.J Palaeontol Soc India,50:25-36
Nigam R,Saraswat R,Kurtarkar S R.2006.Laboratory experiment to study the effect of salinity variations on benthic foraminiferal species-Pararotalia nipponica(Asano).J Geol Soc India,67:41-46
Nigam R,Kurtarkar S R,Saraswat R,Linshy V N,Rana S S.2008.Response of benthic foraminifera Rosalina leei to different temperature and salinity,under laboratory culture experiment.J Mar Biol Ass,88:699-704
Ongan D,Algan O,Kapan-Ye?ilyurt S,Nazik A,Ergin M,Eastoe C,Güneybat?K,Holosen?,Topluluklar?F.2009.Benthic faunal assemblages of the Holocene sediments from the southwest Black Sea shelf.Turk J Earth Sci,18:239-297
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Al-Sabouni N,Kucera M,Schmidt D N.2007.Vertical niche separation control of diversity and size disparity in planktonic foraminifera.Mar Micropaleontol,63:75-90
Alve E,Murray J W.1999.Marginal marine environments of the Skagerrak and Kattegat:A baseline study of living(stained)benthic foraminiferal ecology.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,146:171-193
Alve E,Murray J W.2001.Temporal variability in vertical distributions of live(stained)intertidal foraminifera,southern England.J Foraminifer Res,31:12-24
Basson P W,Murray J W.1995.Temporal variations in four species of intertidal foraminifera,Bahrain,Arabian Gulf.Micropaleontology,41:69-76
BéA W H,Hutson W H.1977.Ecology of planktonic foraminifera and biogeographic patterns of life and fossil assemblages in the Indian Ocean.Micropaleontology,23:369-414
Berkeley A,Perry C T,Smithers S G,Horton B P.2008.The spatial and vertical distribution of living(stained)benthic foraminifera from a tropical,intertidal environment,north Queensland,Australia.Mar Micropaleontol,69:240-261
Berkeley A,Perry C T,Smithers S G,Horton B P,Taylor K G.2007.Areview of the ecological and taphonomic controls on foraminiferal assemblage development in intertidal environments.Earth-Sci Rev,83:205-230
Bernhard J M.1988.Postmortem vital staining in benthic foraminifera;duration and importance in population and distributional studies.JForaminifer Res,18:143-146
Bernhard J M.2000.Distinguishing live from dead foraminifera:Methods review and proper applications.Micropaleontology,46:38-46
Bernhard J M,Buck K R,Barry J P.2001.Monterey Bay cold-seep biota:Assemblages,abundance,and ultrastructure of living foraminifera.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,48:2233-2249
Buzas M A,Hayek L A C,Reed S A,Jett J A.2002.Foraminiferal densities over five years in the Indian River Lagoon,Florida:A model of pulsating patches.J Foraminifer Res,32:68-92
Clarke K R,Gorley R N.2006.PRIMER:User Manual/Tutorial Version 6
Culver S J,Buzas M A.1995.The effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance,habitat destruction,and global warming on shallow marine benthic foraminifera.J Foraminifer Res,25:204-211
de Rijk S.1995.Salinity control on the distribution of salt marsh foraminifera(Great Marshes,Massachusetts).J Foraminifer Res,25:156-166
Debenay J P.2012.A Guide to 1000 Foraminifera from Southwestern Pacific:New Caledonia.IRDéditions,Institut de recherche pourle développement,Marseille,Publications Scientifiques du Muséum,Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle,Paris.378
Debenay J P,Guillou J J,Redois F,Geslin E.2000.Distribution trends of foraminiferal assemblages in paralic environments:A base for using foraminifera as bioindicators.In:Martin R E,ed.Environmental Micropaleontology:The Application of Microfossils to Environmental Geology.Boston:Springer.39-67
Debenay J P,Bicchi E,Goubert E,Armynot du Chatelet E.2006.Spatiotemporal distribution of benthic foraminifera in relation to estuarine dynamics(Vie estuary,Vendée,W France).Estuar Coast Shelf Sci,67181-197
Dissard D,Nehrke G,Reichart G J,Bijma J.2010.Impact of seawater p CO2on calcification and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera calcite:Results from culturing experiments with Ammonia tepida.Biogeosciences,7:81-93
Dorst S,Sch?nfeld J.2013.Diversity of benthic foraminifera on the shelf and slope of the NE Atlantic:Analysis of datasets.J Foraminifer Res43:238-254
Duros P,Jorissen F J,Cesbron F,Zaragosi S,Schmidt S,Metzger EFontanier C.2014.Benthic foraminiferal thanatocoenoses from the Cap-Ferret Canyon area(NE Atlantic):A complex interplay between hydro-sedimentary and biological processes.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,104:145-163
Fontanier C,Jorissen F J,Licari L,Alexandre A,Anschutz P,Carbonel P2002.Live benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Bay of Biscay:Fauna density,composition,and microhabitats.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,49:751-785
Frontalini F,Margaritelli G,Francescangeli F,Rettori R,Armynot du Chatelet E,Coccioni R.2013.Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and biotopes in a coastal lake:The case study of Lake Varano(southern Italy).Acta Protozool,52:147-160
GB/T 34656-2017.2017.Specification for Marine Sediment Interstitia Biota Survey.National Standard of the People’s Republic of China(in Chinese).Beijing:China Standard Press
Ghosh A,Saha S,Saraswati P K,Banerjee S,Burley S.2009.Intertida foraminifera in the macro-tidal estuaries of the Gulf of Cambay:Implications for interpreting sea-level change in palaeo-estuaries.Mar Pe Geol,26:1592-1599
Goineau A,Fontanier C,Jorissen F J,Lansard B,Buscail R,Mouret AKerhervéP,Zaragosi S,Ernoult E,Artéro C,Anschutz P,Metzger ERabouille C.2011.Live(stained)benthic foraminifera from the Rh?ne prodelta(Gulf of Lion,NW Mediterranean):Environmental controls on a river-dominated shelf.J Sea Res,65:58-75
Goineau A,Fontanier C,Mojtahid M,Fanget A S,Bassetti M A,BernéSJorissen F.2015.Live-dead comparison of benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Rh?ne prodelta(Gulf of Lions,NW Mediterranean):Development of a proxy for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.Mar Micropaleontol,119:17-33
Goldstein S,Alve E.2011.Experimental assembly of foraminiferal communities from coastal propagule banks.Mar Ecol Prog Ser,437:1-11
Gross O.2000.Influence of temperature,oxygen and food availability on the migrational activity of bathyal benthic foraminifera:Evidence by microcosm experiments.Hydrobiologia,426:123-137
Haynert K,Sch?nfeld J,Schiebel R,Wilson B,Thomsen J.2014.Response of benthic foraminifera to ocean acidification in their natural sedimen environment:A long-term culturing experiment.Biogeosciences,111581-1597
Haynert K,Sch?nfeld J.2014.Impact of changing carbonate chemistry temperature,and salinity on growth and test degradation of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia aomoriensis.J Foraminifer Res,44:76-89
Hayward B W,Grenfell H R,Nicholson K,Parker R,Wilmhurst J,Horrocks M,Swales A,Sabaa A T.2004.Foraminiferal record of human impact on intertidal estuarine environments in New Zealand’s larges city.Mar Micropaleontol,53:37-66
Horton B P,Edwards R J,Lloyd J M.1999.UK intertidal foraminifera distributions:Implications for sea-level studies.Mar Micropaleontol36:205-223
Jorissen F,Fontanier C,Thomas E.2007.Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics.In Hillaire-Marcel C,Vernal A de,eds.Proxies in Late Cenozoic paleoceanography.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science.263-326
Kitazato H,Bernhard J M.2014.Approaches to Study Living Foraminifera Tokyo:Springer.227
Kurtarkar S R,Nigam R,Saraswat R,Linshy V N.2011.Regeneration and abnormality in benthic foraminifera Rosalina leei:Implications in reconstructing past salinity changes.Riv Ital Paleontol Stratigr,117:189-196
Lee J J,Pierce S,Tentchoff M,McLaughlin J J A.1961.Growth and physiology of foraminifera in the laboratory:Part 1 Collection and maintenance.Micropaleontology,7:461-466
Lei Y,Li C,Li T,Jian Z.2016.Laboratorial culture of Ammonia beccarii(Linnaeus,1758):The effect of temperature and food concentration on chamber growth and ingestion rate on diatom(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,33:350-362
Lei Y,Li T.2015.Ammonia Aomoriensis(Asano,1951)and Ammonia Beccarii(Linnaeus,1758)(Foraminifera):Comparisons on their taxonomy and ecological distributions correlated to temperature,salinity and depth in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,32:1-19
Lei Y,Li T.2016.Atlas of Benthic Foraminifera from China Seas the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.Beijing:Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany and Science Press.399
Lei Y,Li T,Jian Z,Nigam R.2017a.Taxonomy and distribution of benthic foraminifera in an intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea,PR China:Correlations with sediment temperature and salinity.Mar Micropaleontol,133:1-20
Lei Y,Li T,Nigam R,Holzmann M,Lyu M.2017b.Environmental significance of morphological variations in the foraminifer Ammonia aomoriensis(Asano,1951)and its molecular identification:A study from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea,PR China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,483:49-57
Li T,Xiang R,Li T.2015.Application of a self-organizing map and canonical correspondence analysis in modern benthic foraminiferal communities:A case study from the Pearl River Estuary,China.JForaminifer Res,45:305-318
Loeblich A R,Tappan H.1988.Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification.New York:Springer.970
Lombard F,Labeyrie L,Michel E,Spero H J,Lea D W.2009.Modelling the temperature dependent growth rates of planktic foraminifera.Mar Micropaleontol,70:1-7
Murray J W.1991.Ecology and Palaeoecology of Benthic Foraminifera.New York:Longman.397
Murray J W.2006.Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera.New York:Cambridge University Press.426
Murray J W,Alve E.2000.Major aspects of foraminiferal variability(standing crop and biomass)on a monthly scale in an intertidal zone.JForaminifer Res,30:177-191
Nardelli M P,Sabbatini A,Negri A.2013.Experimental chronic exposure of the foraminifer Pseudotriloculina rotunda to zinc.Acta Protozool,52:193
Nigam R.2005.Addressing environmental issues through foraminiferaCase studies from the Arabian Sea.J Palaeontol Soc India,50:25-36
Nigam R,Saraswat R,Kurtarkar S R.2006.Laboratory experiment to study the effect of salinity variations on benthic foraminiferal species-Pararotalia nipponica(Asano).J Geol Soc India,67:41-46
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