青海省兴海县天然草地牧草生长发育与气候条件的关系
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摘要
为了解青海省兴海县天然草地牧草生长发育及其与气候条件的关系,本研究基于青海省兴海县近11年的气象和牧草观测数据,较系统地分析了该区牧草返青、生长高度和产量与水热因子的关系特征。结果表明,春季多雨与春季干旱年份牧草返青期相差38d,牧草返青期提前或推迟主要与≥0℃初日的时间、当年3-4月份降水量和上年9-11月份降水量密切相关,牧草返青期降水的最佳气候模型为一次线性回归方程;牧草全生育期植物高度增加量与降水呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),而与气温呈负相关关系;另外,牧草生长高峰期6-7月份降水量每增加10 mm,鲜草增产225kg·hm~(-2)。因此,降水量是限制青海省兴海县天然草地牧草返青和生长发育的主要气象因子。
To understand the relationship between natural grassland vegetation growth and meteorological conditions in Xinghai,Qinghai Province,the present study was based on 11 meteorological and grass observation materials that analyzed the relationship of turning green,growth height,yield characteristics,and hydrothermal factors systematically.The results showed that the turning green period for grass during the spring rain was 38 dgreater than during the spring drought years.The grass turning green period was in advance or delay,which related with the time of≥0 ℃,the rainfall of March to April of the measured year and rainfall of September to November of the previous year during 2005-2015.In addition,precipitation was the best climate model to obtain a linear regression equation for the period of the grass turning green.Grass height growth amounts were positively correlated to precipitation during all stages;however,were negatively correlated to temperature.Moreover,precipitation increased 6~10 mm during the forage growth stage,and new herbage yields added 225 kg per hectare.Thus,precipitation was a major meteorological factor that limited the period of grass turning green,and its growth and development.
To understand the relationship between natural grassland vegetation growth and meteorological conditions in Xinghai,Qinghai Province,the present study was based on 11 meteorological and grass observation materials that analyzed the relationship of turning green,growth height,yield characteristics,and hydrothermal factors systematically.The results showed that the turning green period for grass during the spring rain was 38 dgreater than during the spring drought years.The grass turning green period was in advance or delay,which related with the time of≥0 ℃,the rainfall of March to April of the measured year and rainfall of September to November of the previous year during 2005-2015.In addition,precipitation was the best climate model to obtain a linear regression equation for the period of the grass turning green.Grass height growth amounts were positively correlated to precipitation during all stages;however,were negatively correlated to temperature.Moreover,precipitation increased 6~10 mm during the forage growth stage,and new herbage yields added 225 kg per hectare.Thus,precipitation was a major meteorological factor that limited the period of grass turning green,and its growth and development.
引文
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[9]Zhang G L,Zhang Y J,Dong J W,Xiao X M.Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982to2011.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(11):4309-4314.
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[11]Chen S B,Liu Y F,Thomas A.Climatic change on the Tibetan Plateau:Potential evapotranspiration trends from 1961-2000.Climatic Change,2006,76(3):291-319.
[12]You Q L,Fraedrich K,Ren G Y,Kang S C.Variability of temperature in the Tibetan Plateau based on homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data.International Journal of Climatologym,2013,33(6):1337-1347.
[13]魏占雄,郭连云,谢卫东.三江源区高寒草地牧草生长季气候变化特征及其对牧草生育期长度的影响.水土保持研究,2011,18(4):170-178.Wei Z X,Guo L Y,Xie W D.The characteristics of climate change on alpine pasture growing season and the impacts to the length of herbage growth of the 3-River Sources,Qinghai Province.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(4):170-178.(in Chinese)
[14]徐维新,辛元春,张娟,校瑞香,王晓明.近20年青藏高原东北部禾本科牧草生育期变化特征.生态学报,2014,34(7):1781-1793.Xu W X,Xing Y C,Zhang J,Xiao R X,Wang X M.Phenological variation of alpine grasses(Gramineae)in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China during the last 20years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(7):1781-1793.(in Chinese)
[15]郭连云,张旭萍,丁生祥.影响共和盆地天然草地牧草生育期的气候因子变化特征.干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(6):201-206.Guo L Y,Zhang X P,Ding S X.Characteristics of the change of climate factors affecting grass growth in the natural grassland of Gonghe Basin.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2008,26(6):201-206.(in Chinese)
[16]汪青春.牧草生长发育与气象条件的关系及气候年景研究.中国农业气象,1998,19(3):1-7.Wang Q C.Researches on the relationship between grass growth and meteorological condition climatic situation evaluation.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,1998,19(3):1-7.(in Chinese)
[17]韩炳宏,尚振艳,袁晓波,安卓,文海燕,李金博,傅华,牛得草.氮素添加对黄土高原典型草原长芒草光合特性的影响.草业科学,2016,33(6):1070-1076.Han B H,Shang Z Y,Yuan X B,An Z,Wen H Y,Li J B,Fu H,Niu D C.Effects of N addition on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf senescence in Stipa bungeana of steppe grasslands in the Loess Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(6):1070-1076.(in Chinese)
[18]赵恒和,郭连云,赵年武.高寒草地西北针茅生长发育特征及与气象因子的关系.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(11):187-192.Zhao H H,Guo L Y,Zhao N W.Effects of weather conditions on growth and developmental characteristics of Stipa krylovii in apline grassland.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(11):187-192.(in Chinese)
[19]李强.近12a三江源地区植被物候对水热的响应.干旱区研究,2016,33(1):150-158.Li Q.Phenology response of vegetation to hydrothermal condition in Three-river Resource and Region for the last 12years.Arid Zone Research,2016,33(1):150-158.(in Chinese)
[20]张春花,章志龙,贾鹏.甘南高寒草甸群落花期物候研究.草业科学,2016,33(2):283-289.Zhang C H,Zhang Z L,Jia P.Plants flowering phenology in Gannan alpine meadow.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(2):283-289.(in Chinese)
[21]郭连云,赵恒和,蓟尚玛.气象要素对高寒针茅草原产草量的影响评价.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(8):189-196.Guo L Y,Zhao H H,Ji S M.Effects of climates on primary production of alpine Stipa krylovii grassland.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Scienc Edition),2010,38(8):189-196.(in Chinese)
[22]李凤霞,李晓东,周秉荣,祁栋林,王力,傅华.放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响.草业科学,2015,32(1):11-18.Li F X,Li X D,Zhou B R,Qi D L,Wang L,Fu H.Effects of grazing intensity on biomass and soil physical and chemical characteristics in alpine meadow in the source of Three Rivers.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(1):11-18.(in Chinese)
[23]符瑜,潘学标.草本植物物候及其物候模拟模型的研究进展.中国农业气象,2011,32(3):319-325.Fu Y,Pan X B.Research advances in herbage plant phenology and phonological model of grassland.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(3):319-325.(in Chinese)
[2]Shen M G,Piao S L,Cong N,Zhang G X,Jassens I A.Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,2015,21(10):3647-3656.
[3]Walther G R,Post E,Convey P,Menzel A,Parmesan C,Trevor J C,Beebee J,Jean-Marc F,Ove H G,Franz B L.Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change.Nature,2002,416:389-395.
[4]牛得草,李茜,江世高,常佩静,傅华.阿拉善荒漠区6种主要灌木植物叶片C∶N∶P化学计量比的季节变化.植物生态学报,2013,37(4):317-325.Niu D C,Li Q,Jiang S G,Chang P J,Fu H.Seasonal variations of leaf C∶N∶P stoichiometry of six shrubs in desert of China’s Alxa Plateau.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(4):317-325.(in Chinese)
[5]Richardson A D,Anderson R S,Altaf A M,Barr A G,Bohrer G,Chen G S,Chen J M,Ciais P,Davis K J,Desai A R,Dietze M C,Dragoni D,Garrity S R,Gough C M,Grant R,Hollinger D Y,Margolis H A,McCaughey H,Migliavacca M,Monson R K,Munger J W,Poulter B,Raczka B M,Ricciuto D M,Sahoo A K,Schaefer K,Tian H Q,Vargas R,Verbeeck H,Xiao J F,Xue Y K.Terrestrial biosphere models need better representation of vegetation phenology:Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis.Global Change Biology,2012,18(2):566-584.
[6]Yang X,Mustard J F,Tang J W,Xu H.Regional-scale phenology modeling based on meteorological records and remote sensing observations.Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences,2012,117(3):1-18.
[7]Yang X,Tang J W,Mustard J.Beyond leaf color:Comparing camera-based phenological metrics with leaf biochemical,biophysical and spectral properties throughout the growing season of a temperate deciduous forest.Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences,2014,119(3):181-191.
[8]Piao S L,Tan J G,Chen A P,Fu Y H,Ciais P,Liu Q,Janssens I A,Vicca S,Zeng Z Z,Jeong S J,Li Y,Myneni R B,Peng S S,Shen M G,Penuelas J.Leaf onset in the northern hemisphere triggered by daytime temperature.Nature Communications,2015,6(4):6911-6919.
[9]Zhang G L,Zhang Y J,Dong J W,Xiao X M.Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982to2011.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(11):4309-4314.
[10]Piao S L,Fang J Y,Zhou L M,Ciais P,Zhu B.Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China’s temperate vegetation.Global Change Biology,2006,12(4):672-685.
[11]Chen S B,Liu Y F,Thomas A.Climatic change on the Tibetan Plateau:Potential evapotranspiration trends from 1961-2000.Climatic Change,2006,76(3):291-319.
[12]You Q L,Fraedrich K,Ren G Y,Kang S C.Variability of temperature in the Tibetan Plateau based on homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data.International Journal of Climatologym,2013,33(6):1337-1347.
[13]魏占雄,郭连云,谢卫东.三江源区高寒草地牧草生长季气候变化特征及其对牧草生育期长度的影响.水土保持研究,2011,18(4):170-178.Wei Z X,Guo L Y,Xie W D.The characteristics of climate change on alpine pasture growing season and the impacts to the length of herbage growth of the 3-River Sources,Qinghai Province.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(4):170-178.(in Chinese)
[14]徐维新,辛元春,张娟,校瑞香,王晓明.近20年青藏高原东北部禾本科牧草生育期变化特征.生态学报,2014,34(7):1781-1793.Xu W X,Xing Y C,Zhang J,Xiao R X,Wang X M.Phenological variation of alpine grasses(Gramineae)in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China during the last 20years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(7):1781-1793.(in Chinese)
[15]郭连云,张旭萍,丁生祥.影响共和盆地天然草地牧草生育期的气候因子变化特征.干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(6):201-206.Guo L Y,Zhang X P,Ding S X.Characteristics of the change of climate factors affecting grass growth in the natural grassland of Gonghe Basin.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2008,26(6):201-206.(in Chinese)
[16]汪青春.牧草生长发育与气象条件的关系及气候年景研究.中国农业气象,1998,19(3):1-7.Wang Q C.Researches on the relationship between grass growth and meteorological condition climatic situation evaluation.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,1998,19(3):1-7.(in Chinese)
[17]韩炳宏,尚振艳,袁晓波,安卓,文海燕,李金博,傅华,牛得草.氮素添加对黄土高原典型草原长芒草光合特性的影响.草业科学,2016,33(6):1070-1076.Han B H,Shang Z Y,Yuan X B,An Z,Wen H Y,Li J B,Fu H,Niu D C.Effects of N addition on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf senescence in Stipa bungeana of steppe grasslands in the Loess Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(6):1070-1076.(in Chinese)
[18]赵恒和,郭连云,赵年武.高寒草地西北针茅生长发育特征及与气象因子的关系.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(11):187-192.Zhao H H,Guo L Y,Zhao N W.Effects of weather conditions on growth and developmental characteristics of Stipa krylovii in apline grassland.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(11):187-192.(in Chinese)
[19]李强.近12a三江源地区植被物候对水热的响应.干旱区研究,2016,33(1):150-158.Li Q.Phenology response of vegetation to hydrothermal condition in Three-river Resource and Region for the last 12years.Arid Zone Research,2016,33(1):150-158.(in Chinese)
[20]张春花,章志龙,贾鹏.甘南高寒草甸群落花期物候研究.草业科学,2016,33(2):283-289.Zhang C H,Zhang Z L,Jia P.Plants flowering phenology in Gannan alpine meadow.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(2):283-289.(in Chinese)
[21]郭连云,赵恒和,蓟尚玛.气象要素对高寒针茅草原产草量的影响评价.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(8):189-196.Guo L Y,Zhao H H,Ji S M.Effects of climates on primary production of alpine Stipa krylovii grassland.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Scienc Edition),2010,38(8):189-196.(in Chinese)
[22]李凤霞,李晓东,周秉荣,祁栋林,王力,傅华.放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响.草业科学,2015,32(1):11-18.Li F X,Li X D,Zhou B R,Qi D L,Wang L,Fu H.Effects of grazing intensity on biomass and soil physical and chemical characteristics in alpine meadow in the source of Three Rivers.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(1):11-18.(in Chinese)
[23]符瑜,潘学标.草本植物物候及其物候模拟模型的研究进展.中国农业气象,2011,32(3):319-325.Fu Y,Pan X B.Research advances in herbage plant phenology and phonological model of grassland.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(3):319-325.(in Chinese)