Mean Flow–Storm Track Relationship and Rossby Wave Breaking in Two Types of El-Nino
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摘要
The features of large-scale circulation, storm tracks and the dynamical relationship between them were examined by investigating Rossby wave breaking(RWB) processes associated with Eastern Pacific(EP) and Central Pacific(CP) El-Nin o. During EP El-Nin o, the geopotential height anomaly at 500 hPa(Z500) exhibits a Pacific–North America(PNA) pattern. During CP El-Nin o, the Z500 anomaly shows a north positive–south negative pattern over the North Pacific. The anomalous distributions of baroclinicity and storm track are consistent with those of upper-level zonal wind for both EP and CP El-Nin o, suggesting impacts of mean flow on storm track variability. Anticyclonic wave breaking(AWB) occurs less frequently in EP El-Nin o years, while cyclonic wave breaking(CWB) occurs more frequently in CP El-Nin o years over the North Pacific sector. Outside the North Pacific, more CWB events occur over North America during EP El-Nin o. When AWB events occur less frequently over the North Pacific during EP El-Nin o, Z500 decreases locally and the zonal wind is strengthened(weakened) to the south(north). This is because AWB events reflect a monopole high anomaly at the centroid of breaking events. When CWB events occur more frequently over the North Pacific under CP El-Nin o conditions, and over North America under EP El-Nin o condition, Z500 increases(decreases) to the northeast(southwest), since CWB events are related to a northeast–southwest dipole Z500 anomaly. The anomalous RWB events act to invigorate and reinforce the circulation anomalies over the North Pacific–North America region linked with the two types of El-Nin o.
The features of large-scale circulation, storm tracks and the dynamical relationship between them were examined by investigating Rossby wave breaking(RWB) processes associated with Eastern Pacific(EP) and Central Pacific(CP) El-Nino. During EP El-Nino, the geopotential height anomaly at 500 hPa(Z500) exhibits a Pacific–North America(PNA) pattern. During CP El-Nino, the Z500 anomaly shows a north positive–south negative pattern over the North Pacific. The anomalous distributions of baroclinicity and storm track are consistent with those of upper-level zonal wind for both EP and CP El-Nino, suggesting impacts of mean flow on storm track variability. Anticyclonic wave breaking(AWB) occurs less frequently in EP El-Nino years, while cyclonic wave breaking(CWB) occurs more frequently in CP El-Nino years over the North Pacific sector. Outside the North Pacific, more CWB events occur over North America during EP El-Nino. When AWB events occur less frequently over the North Pacific during EP El-Nino, Z500 decreases locally and the zonal wind is strengthened(weakened) to the south(north). This is because AWB events reflect a monopole high anomaly at the centroid of breaking events. When CWB events occur more frequently over the North Pacific under CP El-Nino conditions, and over North America under EP El-Nino condition, Z500 increases(decreases) to the northeast(southwest), since CWB events are related to a northeast–southwest dipole Z500 anomaly. The anomalous RWB events act to invigorate and reinforce the circulation anomalies over the North Pacific–North America region linked with the two types of El-Nino.
The features of large-scale circulation, storm tracks and the dynamical relationship between them were examined by investigating Rossby wave breaking(RWB) processes associated with Eastern Pacific(EP) and Central Pacific(CP) El-Nino. During EP El-Nino, the geopotential height anomaly at 500 hPa(Z500) exhibits a Pacific–North America(PNA) pattern. During CP El-Nino, the Z500 anomaly shows a north positive–south negative pattern over the North Pacific. The anomalous distributions of baroclinicity and storm track are consistent with those of upper-level zonal wind for both EP and CP El-Nino, suggesting impacts of mean flow on storm track variability. Anticyclonic wave breaking(AWB) occurs less frequently in EP El-Nino years, while cyclonic wave breaking(CWB) occurs more frequently in CP El-Nino years over the North Pacific sector. Outside the North Pacific, more CWB events occur over North America during EP El-Nino. When AWB events occur less frequently over the North Pacific during EP El-Nino, Z500 decreases locally and the zonal wind is strengthened(weakened) to the south(north). This is because AWB events reflect a monopole high anomaly at the centroid of breaking events. When CWB events occur more frequently over the North Pacific under CP El-Nino conditions, and over North America under EP El-Nino condition, Z500 increases(decreases) to the northeast(southwest), since CWB events are related to a northeast–southwest dipole Z500 anomaly. The anomalous RWB events act to invigorate and reinforce the circulation anomalies over the North Pacific–North America region linked with the two types of El-Nino.
引文
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McIntyre,M.and Palmer,1984:The“surf zone”in the stratosphere.J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,46,825–849.
Murakami,M.,1979:Large-scale aspects of deep convective activity over the GATE area.Mon.Wea.Rev.,107,994–1013.
Ndarana,T.,and D.W.Waugh,2011:A climatology of Rossby wave breaking on the Southern Hemisphere tropopause.J.Atmos.Sci.,68,798–811.
Patten,J.M.,S.R.Smith,and J.J.O’Brien,2003:Impacts of ENSO on snowfall frequencies in the United States.Wea.Forecasting,18,965–980.
Rasmusson,E.M.,and J.M.Wallace,1983:Meteorological aspects of El-Nin o/Southern Oscillation.Science,222,1195–2202.
Ren,X.,Y.Zhang,and Y.Xiang,2008:Connections between wintertime jet stream variability,oceanic surface heating,and transient eddy activity in the North Pacific.J.Geophys.Res.,113,D21119,doi:10.1029/2007JD009464.
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Ropelewski,C.F.,and M.S.Halpert,1986:North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the ElNin o/Southern Oscillation(ENSO).Mon.Wea.Rev.,114,2352–2362.
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Ashok,K.,S.K.Behera,S.A.Rao,H.Weng,and T.Yamagata,2007:El-Nin o Modoki and its possible teleconnection.J.Geophys.Res.,112,C11007,doi:doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
Ashok,K.,C.Y.Tam,and W.-J.Lee,2009:ENSO Modoki impact on the Southern Hemisphere storm track activity during extended austral winter.Geophys.Res.Lett.,36,L12705,doi:10 .1029/2009GL038847.
Benedict,J.J.,S.Lee,and S.B.Feldstein,2004:Synoptic view of the North Atlantic Oscillation.J.Atmos.Sci.,61,121–144.
Chen,W.Y.,and H.M.van den Dool,1999:Significant change of extratropical natural variability and potential predictability associated with the El-Nin o/Southern Oscillation.Tellus,51 A,790–802.
Chou,C.,J.Y.Tu,and J.Y.Yu,2002:Interannual variability of the western North Pacific summer monsoon:Differences between ENSO and non-ENSO years.J.Climate,16,2275–2287.
Eady,E.T.,1949:Long waves and cyclone waves.Tellus,1,33–52.
Feng,J.,and J.Li,2011:Influence of El Nin o Modoki on spring rainfall over south China.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D13012,doi:10 .1029/2010JD015160.
Franzke,C.,S.Lee,and S.B.Feldstein,2004:Is the North Atlantic Oscillation a breaking wave?J.Atmos.Sci.,61,145–160.
Franzke,C.,T.,Woollings,and O.Martius,2011:Persistent circulation regimes and preferred regime transitions in the North Atlantic.J.Atmos.Sci.,68,2809–2825.
Gabriel,A.,and D.Peters,2008:A diagnostic study of different types of Rossby wave breaking events in the northern extratropics.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,86,613–631.
Gerber,E.P.,and G.K.Vallis,2007:Eddy–zonal flow interactions and the persistence of the zonal index.J.Atmos.Sci.,64 ,3296–3311.
Gill,A.E.,1980:Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation.Quart.J.Roy Meteor.Soc.,106,447–462.
Gong,T.,S.B.Feldstein,and D.Luo,2010:The impact of ENSO on wave breaking and Southern Annular Mode events.J.Atmos.Sci.,67,2854–2870.
Graf,H.F.,and D.Zanchettin,2012:Central Pacific El Nin o,the“subtropical bridge,”and Eurasian climate.J.Geophys.Res.,117 ,D01102,doi:10.1029/2011JD016493.
Hitchman,M.H.,and A.S.Huesmann,2007:A Seasonal climatology of Rossby wave breaking in the 320–2000-K layer.J.Atmos.Sci.,64,1922–1940.
Hoerling,M.P.,and M.Ting,1994:Organization of extratropical transients during El Nin o.J.Climate,7,745–766.
Hoskins,B.J.,and D.J.Karoly,1981:The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing.J.Atmos.Sci.,38,1179–1196.
Hoskins,B.J.,and R.Pearce,1983:Large-scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere.Academic Press,London,201–233.
Hoskins,B.J.,I.N.James,and G.H.White,1983:The shape,propagation and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems.J.Atmos.Sci.,40,1595–1612.
Huang,R.H.,and Y.Wu,1989:The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,6,21–32.
Huang,R.H.,W.Chen,B.Yang,and R.Zhang,2004:Recent advances in studies of the interaction between the East Asian winter and summer monsoons and ENSO cycle.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,21,407–424.
Kao,H.,and J.Yu,2009:Contrasting eastern-Pacific and centralPacific types of ENSO.J.Climate,22,615–632.
Kiladis,G.N.,and H.F.Diaz,1989:Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern Oscillation.J.Climate,2,1069–1090.
Kug,J.,F.F.Jin,and S.An,2009:Two types of El Nin o events:Cold tongue El-Nin o and warm pool El-Nin o.J.Climate,22,1499–1515.
Kunz,T.,K.Fraedrich,and F.Lunkeit,2009:Synoptic scale wave breaking and its potential to drive NAO-like circulation dipoles:A simplified GCM approach.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,19,1–19.
Larkin,N.K.,and D.E.Harrison 2005:Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Nin o autumn and winter.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32,L16705,doi:10 .1029/2005GL022860.
Lau,N.C.,1988:Variability of the observed midlatitude storm tracks in relation to low-frequency changes in the circulation pattern.J.Atmos.Sci.,45,2718–2743.
Lau,N.C.,and E.Holopainen,1984:Transient eddy forcing of the time-mean flow as identified by geopotential tendencies.J.Atmos.Sci.,41,313–328.
Li,B.,and T.Zhou,2011:El Nin o-Southern Oscillation–related principal interannual variability modes of early and late summer rainfall over East Asia in sea surface temperature-driven atmospheric general circulation model simulations.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D14118,doi:10.1029/2011JD015691.
Li,C.,and J.J.Wettstein,2012:Thermally driven and eddy-driven jet variability in reanalysis.J.Climate,25,1587–1596.
Li,T.,Y.Tung,and J.Hwu,2005:Remote and local SST forcing in shaping Asian–Australian monsoon anomalies.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,83,153–167.
Livezey,R.E.,M.Masutani,A.Leetmaa,H.Rui,M.Ji,and A.Kumar,1997:Teleconnective response of the Pacific-North American region atmosphere to large central equatorial Pacific SST anomalies.J.Climate,10,1787–1820.
Lorenz,D.J.,and D.L.Hartmann,2003:Eddy–zonal flow feedback in the Northern Hemisphere winter.J.Climate,16,1212–1227.
Luo,D.,T.Gong,Y.Diao,and W.Zhou,2007:Storm tracks and Annular Modes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34,L17801,doi:10 .1029/2007GL030436.
Luo,D.,T.Gong,and Y.Diao,2008:Dynamics of eddy-driven low-frequency dipole modes.Part IV:Planetary and synoptic wave-breaking processes during the NAO life cycle.J.Atmos.Sci.,65,737–765.
Matsuno,T.,1966:Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,44,25–43.
McIntyre,M.,and T.Palmer,1983:Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere.Nature,600,593–600.
McIntyre,M.and Palmer,1984:The“surf zone”in the stratosphere.J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,46,825–849.
Murakami,M.,1979:Large-scale aspects of deep convective activity over the GATE area.Mon.Wea.Rev.,107,994–1013.
Ndarana,T.,and D.W.Waugh,2011:A climatology of Rossby wave breaking on the Southern Hemisphere tropopause.J.Atmos.Sci.,68,798–811.
Patten,J.M.,S.R.Smith,and J.J.O’Brien,2003:Impacts of ENSO on snowfall frequencies in the United States.Wea.Forecasting,18,965–980.
Rasmusson,E.M.,and J.M.Wallace,1983:Meteorological aspects of El-Nin o/Southern Oscillation.Science,222,1195–2202.
Ren,X.,Y.Zhang,and Y.Xiang,2008:Connections between wintertime jet stream variability,oceanic surface heating,and transient eddy activity in the North Pacific.J.Geophys.Res.,113,D21119,doi:10.1029/2007JD009464.
Ren,X.,X.Yang,and C.Chu,2010:Seasonal variations of the synoptic-scale transient eddy activity and polar-front jet over East Asia.J.Climate,23(12),3222–3233,doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3225.1.
Rivie`re,G.,2009:Effect of latitudinal variations in low-level baroclinicity on eddy life cycles and upper-tropospheric wavebreaking processes.J.Atmos.Sci.,66,1569–1592.
Robinson,W.A.,2006:On the self-maintenance of midlatitude jets.J.Atmos.Sci.,63,2109–2122.
Ropelewski,C.F.,and M.S.Halpert,1986:North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the ElNin o/Southern Oscillation(ENSO).Mon.Wea.Rev.,114,2352–2362.
Seager,R.,N.Naik,M.Ting,M.A.Cane,M.Harnik,and Y.Kushnir,2010:Adjustment of the atmospheric circulation to tropical Pacific SST anomalies:Variability of transient eddy propagation in the Pacific–North America sector.Quart.J.Roy Meteor.Soc.,136,277–296.
Sheng,J,J.Derome,and M.Klasa,1998:The role of transient disturbance in the dynamics of the Pacific-North America pattern.J.Climate,11,523–536.
Song,J.,C.Li,J.Pan,and W.Zhou,2011:Climatology of anticyclonic and cyclonic Rossby wave breaking on the dynamical tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere.J.Climate,24,1239–1251,doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3157.1.
Strong,C.,and G.Magnusdottir,2008:Tropospheric Rossby wave breaking and the NAO/NAM.J.Atmos.Sci.,65,2861–2876.
Tao,S.,and Q.Zhang,1998:Response of the Asian winter and summer monsoon to ENSO events.Scientia Atmospherica Sinica,22,399–407(in Chinese).
Thorncroft,C.D.,B.J.Hoskins,and M.E.McIntyre,1993:Two paradigms of baroclinic-wave lifecycle behaviour.Quart.J.Roy Meteor.Soc.,119,17–55.
Trenberth,K.E.,G.W.Branstator,D.J.Karoly,A.Kumar,N.-C.Lau,and C.Ropelewski,1998:Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures.J.Geophys.Res.,103,14291–14324.
Wang,C.,C.Deser,J.-Y.Yu,P.DiNezio,and A.Clement,2012:El Nin o and Southern Oscillation(ENSO):A review.Coral Reefs of the Eastern Pacific,Springer,3–19.
Weng,H.,S.K.Behera,and T.Yamagata,2008:Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific rim during recent El Nin o Modoki and El Nin o events.Climate Dyn.,32,663–674.
Woollings,T.,B.J.Hoskins,M.Blackburn,and P.Berrisford,2008:A new Rossby wave breaking interpretation of the North Atlantic Oscillation.J.Atmos.Sci.,65,609–626.
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