Soil Organic Matter Composition in Coastal and Continental Date Palm Systems: Insights from Tunisian Oases
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摘要
In Tunisia, the coastal Chenini oasis is characterized by a lush vegetation cover, whereas more inland continental oases(e.g., the Guettaya oasis) have a very scarce vegetation cover. For sustaining date palm production in these areas, organic fertilizers are applied,either spread on the soil surface(in Chenini) or buried under a sand layer(in Guettaya). We examined at a molecular level how these management techniques affect soil organic matter composition in oasis systems. A dominance of fresh plant input for Guettaya was indicated by solid-state ~(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals, which was most pronounced in the uppermost soil close to palms. Evidence for more degraded organic matter was found in deeper soil near the palms, as well as in the soil distant from the palms. Amino sugar contents were low in the uppermost Guettaya soil near the palms. The overall microbial amino sugar residue contents were similar in range as those found in other dryland environments. With increasing distance from trees, the amino sugar contents declined in Guettaya, where the palms grow on bare soil, but this was not the case for Chenini, which has multi-layer vegetation cover under palms. In agreement with the results from previous dryland studies, the soil microbial community in both oasis systems was dominated by fungi in topsoil, and a shift toward bacteria-derived residues in subsurface soil. This might be due to higher variability of temperature and moisture in topsoil and/or lower degradability of fungal remains; however, further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.
In Tunisia, the coastal Chenini oasis is characterized by a lush vegetation cover, whereas more inland continental oases(e.g., the Guettaya oasis) have a very scarce vegetation cover. For sustaining date palm production in these areas, organic fertilizers are applied,either spread on the soil surface(in Chenini) or buried under a sand layer(in Guettaya). We examined at a molecular level how these management techniques affect soil organic matter composition in oasis systems. A dominance of fresh plant input for Guettaya was indicated by solid-state ~(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals, which was most pronounced in the uppermost soil close to palms. Evidence for more degraded organic matter was found in deeper soil near the palms, as well as in the soil distant from the palms. Amino sugar contents were low in the uppermost Guettaya soil near the palms. The overall microbial amino sugar residue contents were similar in range as those found in other dryland environments. With increasing distance from trees, the amino sugar contents declined in Guettaya, where the palms grow on bare soil, but this was not the case for Chenini, which has multi-layer vegetation cover under palms. In agreement with the results from previous dryland studies, the soil microbial community in both oasis systems was dominated by fungi in topsoil, and a shift toward bacteria-derived residues in subsurface soil. This might be due to higher variability of temperature and moisture in topsoil and/or lower degradability of fungal remains; however, further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.
In Tunisia, the coastal Chenini oasis is characterized by a lush vegetation cover, whereas more inland continental oases(e.g., the Guettaya oasis) have a very scarce vegetation cover. For sustaining date palm production in these areas, organic fertilizers are applied,either spread on the soil surface(in Chenini) or buried under a sand layer(in Guettaya). We examined at a molecular level how these management techniques affect soil organic matter composition in oasis systems. A dominance of fresh plant input for Guettaya was indicated by solid-state ~(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals, which was most pronounced in the uppermost soil close to palms. Evidence for more degraded organic matter was found in deeper soil near the palms, as well as in the soil distant from the palms. Amino sugar contents were low in the uppermost Guettaya soil near the palms. The overall microbial amino sugar residue contents were similar in range as those found in other dryland environments. With increasing distance from trees, the amino sugar contents declined in Guettaya, where the palms grow on bare soil, but this was not the case for Chenini, which has multi-layer vegetation cover under palms. In agreement with the results from previous dryland studies, the soil microbial community in both oasis systems was dominated by fungi in topsoil, and a shift toward bacteria-derived residues in subsurface soil. This might be due to higher variability of temperature and moisture in topsoil and/or lower degradability of fungal remains; however, further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.
引文
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Amelung W.2001.Methods using amino sugars as markers for microbial residues in soil.In Lal R,Kimble J M,Follett RF,Stewart B A(eds.)Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon.CRC/Lewis Publishers,Boca Raton.pp.233-270.
Amelung W,Brodowski S,Sandhage-Hofmann A,Bol R.2008.Combining biomarker with stable isotope analyses for assessing the transformation and turnover of soil organic matter.Adv Agron.100:155-250.
Amelung W,Lobe I,Du Preez C C.2002.Fate of microbial residues in sandy soils of the South African Highveld as influenced by prolonged arable cropping.Eur J Soil Sci.53:29-35.
Amelung W,Zhang X D,Zech W,Flach K W.1999.Amino sugars in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America.Soil Sci Soc Am J.63:86-92.
Askri B,Ahmed A T,Abichou T,Bouhlila R.2014.Effects of shallow water table,salinity and frequency of irrigation water on the date palm water use.J Hydrol.513:81-90.
Austin A T,Vivanco L.2006.Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation.Nature.442:555-558.
Barnes P W,Throop H L,Hewins D B,Abbene M L,Archer S R.2012.Soil coverage reduces photodegradation and promotes the development of soil-microbial films on dryland leaf litter.Ecosystems.15:311-321.
Berns A E,Knicker H.2014.Soil organic matter.eMagRes.3:43-54.
Bol R,Poirier N,Balesdent J,Gleixner G.2009.Molecular turnover time of soil organic matter in particle-size fractions of an arable soil.Rapid Commun Mass Spectr.23:2551-2558.
Bouksila F,Bahri A,Berndtsson R,Persson M,Rozema J,Van der Zee S E A T M.2013.Assessment of soil salinization risks under irrigation with brackish water in semiarid Tunisia.Environ Exp Bot.92:176-185.
Bouksila F,Persson M,Berndtsson R,Bahri A.2008.Soil water content and salinity determination using different dielectric methods in saline gypsiferous soil.Hydrol Sci J.53:253-265.
Boulbaba A,Marzouk L,ben Rabah R,Najet S.2012.Variations of natural soil salinity in an arid environment using underground watertable effects on salinization of soils in irrigated perimeters in South Tunisia.Int J Geosci.3:1040-1047.
Brandt L A,Bohnet C,King J Y.2009.Photochemically induced carbon dioxide production as a mechanism for carbon loss from plant litter in arid ecosystems.J Geophys Res.114:G02004.
Chantigny M H,Angers D A,Prévost D,Vézina L P,Chalifour F P.1997.Soil aggregation and fungal and bacterial biomass under annual and perennial cropping systems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.61:262-267.
Ekblad A,N?sholm T.1996.Determination of chitin in fungi and mycorrhizal roots by an improved HPLC analysis of glucosamine.Plant Soil.178:29-35.
Evans S E,Wallenstein M D.2012.Soil microbial community response to drying and rewetting stress:Does historical precipitation regime matter?Biogeochemistry.109:101-116.
Fontaine S,Henault C,Aamor A,Bdioui N,Bloor J M G,Maire V,Mary B,Revaillot S,Maron P A.2011.Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their priming effect.Soil Biol Biochem.43:86-96.
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Gallardo A,Schlesinger W H.1995.Factors determining soil microbial biomass and nutrient immobilization in desert soils.Biogeochemistry.28:55-68.
Gaudinski J B,Trumbore S E,Davidson E A,Zheng S H.2000.Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest:Radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times,sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes.Biogeochemistry.51:33-69.
Glaser B,Turrión M B,Alef K.2004.Amino sugars and muramic acid-biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis.Soil Biol Biochem.36:399-407.
Gleixner G,Poirier N,Bol R,Balesdent J.2002.Molecular dynamics of organic matter in a cultivated soil.Org Geochem.33:357-366.
Guggenberger G,Frey S D,Six J,Paustian K,Elliott E T.1999.Bacterial and fungal cell-wall residues in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.63:1188-1198.
Hachicha M,Kanzari S,Mansour M,Jouzdan O,Arselan A.2013.Salinity risk and management in Tunisian Semi Arid Area.J Life Sci.7:196-201.
Hannachi N,Cocco S,Fornasier F,Agnelli A,Brecciaroli G,Massaccesi L,Weindorf D,Corti G.2015.Effects of cultivation on chemical and biochemical properties of dryland soils from southern Tunisia.Agric Ecosyst Environ.199:249-260.
He H B,Li X B,Zhang W,Zhang X D.2011.Differentiating the dynamics of native and newly immobilized amino sugars in soil frequently amended with inorganic nitrogen and glucose.Eur J Soil Sci.62:144-151.
Kadri A,Van Ranst E.2002.Contraintes de la production oasienne et stratégies pour un développement durable.Cas des oasis de Nefzaoua(Sud tunisien)(Oasis crop production constraints and sustainable development strategies.Case of the oasis Nefzaoua,South Tunisia).Sécheresse(in French).13:5-12.
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Kouki K,Bouhaouach H.2009.Study of the traditional oasis Chenini Gab`es in the South East of Tunisia.Tropicultura.27:93-97.
Lal R.2004.Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems.Environ Manage.33:528-544.
Li C H,Li Y,Tang L S.2013.The effects of long-term fertilization on the accumulation of organic carbon in the deep soil profile of an oasis farmland.Plant Soil.369:645-656.
Li X Z,Chen Z Z.2004.Soil microbial biomass C and N along a climatic transect in the Mongolian steppe.Biol Fertil Soils.39:344-351.
Liang C,Zhang X D,Balser T C.2007.Net microbial amino sugar accumulation process in soil as influenced by different plant material inputs.Biol Fertil Soils.44:1-7.
Liu S L,Maimaitiaili B,Joergensen R G,Feng G.2016.Response of soil microorganisms after converting a saline desert to arable land in central Asia.Appl Soil Ecol.98:1-7.
Lü Y H,Ma Z M,Zhao Z J,Sun F X,Fu B J.2014.Effects of land use change on soil carbon storage and water consumption in an oasis-desert ecotone.Environ Manage.53:1066-1076.
Luedeling E,Nagieb M,Wichern F,Brandt M,Deurer M,Buerkert A.2005.Drainage,salt leaching and physico-chemical properties of irrigated man-made terrace soils in a mountain oasis of northern Oman.Geoderma.125:273-285.
Manzoni S,Schimel J P,Porporato A.2012.Responses of soil microbial communities to water stress:Results from a metaanalysis.Ecology.93:930-938.
Mao J D,Xing B,Schmidt-Rohr K.2001.New structural information on a humic acid from two-dimensional1H-13C correlation solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.Environ Sci Technol.35:1928-1934.
Marlet S,Bouksila F,Bahri A.2009.Water and salt balance at irrigation scheme scale:A comprehensive approach for salinity assessment in a Saharan oasis.Agric Water Manage.96:1311-1322.
Mathers N J,Xu Z H.2003.Solid-state13C NMR spectroscopy:Characterization of soil organic matter under two contrasting residue management regimes in a 2-year-old pine plantation of subtropical Australia.Geoderma.114:19-31.
McDaniel M D,Tiemann L K,Grandy A S.2014.Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics?A meta-analysis.Ecol Appl.24:560-570.
Mlih R,Bol R,Amelung W,Brahim N.2016.Soil organic matter amendments in date palm groves of the Middle Eastern and North African region:A mini-review.J Arid Land.8:77-92.
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Six J,Frey S D,Thiet R K,Batten K M.2006.Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.70:555-569.
Solomon D,Lehmann J,Zech W.2001.Land use effects on amino sugar signature of chromic Luvisol in the semi-arid part of northern Tanzania.Biol Fertil Soils.33:33-40.
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Tengberg M.2012.Beginnings and early history of date palm garden cultivation in the Middle East.J Arid Environ.86:139-147.
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Wang Q J,Zhang L,Zhang J C,Shen Q R,Ran W,Huang Q W.2012.Effects of compost on the chemical composition of SOMin density and aggregate fractions from rice-wheat cropping systems as shown by solid-state13C-NMR spectroscopy.JPlant Nutr Soil Sci.175:920-930.
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Amelung W.2001.Methods using amino sugars as markers for microbial residues in soil.In Lal R,Kimble J M,Follett RF,Stewart B A(eds.)Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon.CRC/Lewis Publishers,Boca Raton.pp.233-270.
Amelung W,Brodowski S,Sandhage-Hofmann A,Bol R.2008.Combining biomarker with stable isotope analyses for assessing the transformation and turnover of soil organic matter.Adv Agron.100:155-250.
Amelung W,Lobe I,Du Preez C C.2002.Fate of microbial residues in sandy soils of the South African Highveld as influenced by prolonged arable cropping.Eur J Soil Sci.53:29-35.
Amelung W,Zhang X D,Zech W,Flach K W.1999.Amino sugars in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America.Soil Sci Soc Am J.63:86-92.
Askri B,Ahmed A T,Abichou T,Bouhlila R.2014.Effects of shallow water table,salinity and frequency of irrigation water on the date palm water use.J Hydrol.513:81-90.
Austin A T,Vivanco L.2006.Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation.Nature.442:555-558.
Barnes P W,Throop H L,Hewins D B,Abbene M L,Archer S R.2012.Soil coverage reduces photodegradation and promotes the development of soil-microbial films on dryland leaf litter.Ecosystems.15:311-321.
Berns A E,Knicker H.2014.Soil organic matter.eMagRes.3:43-54.
Bol R,Poirier N,Balesdent J,Gleixner G.2009.Molecular turnover time of soil organic matter in particle-size fractions of an arable soil.Rapid Commun Mass Spectr.23:2551-2558.
Bouksila F,Bahri A,Berndtsson R,Persson M,Rozema J,Van der Zee S E A T M.2013.Assessment of soil salinization risks under irrigation with brackish water in semiarid Tunisia.Environ Exp Bot.92:176-185.
Bouksila F,Persson M,Berndtsson R,Bahri A.2008.Soil water content and salinity determination using different dielectric methods in saline gypsiferous soil.Hydrol Sci J.53:253-265.
Boulbaba A,Marzouk L,ben Rabah R,Najet S.2012.Variations of natural soil salinity in an arid environment using underground watertable effects on salinization of soils in irrigated perimeters in South Tunisia.Int J Geosci.3:1040-1047.
Brandt L A,Bohnet C,King J Y.2009.Photochemically induced carbon dioxide production as a mechanism for carbon loss from plant litter in arid ecosystems.J Geophys Res.114:G02004.
Chantigny M H,Angers D A,Prévost D,Vézina L P,Chalifour F P.1997.Soil aggregation and fungal and bacterial biomass under annual and perennial cropping systems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.61:262-267.
Ekblad A,N?sholm T.1996.Determination of chitin in fungi and mycorrhizal roots by an improved HPLC analysis of glucosamine.Plant Soil.178:29-35.
Evans S E,Wallenstein M D.2012.Soil microbial community response to drying and rewetting stress:Does historical precipitation regime matter?Biogeochemistry.109:101-116.
Fontaine S,Henault C,Aamor A,Bdioui N,Bloor J M G,Maire V,Mary B,Revaillot S,Maron P A.2011.Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their priming effect.Soil Biol Biochem.43:86-96.
Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO).2015.World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014.World Soil Resources Reports No.106.FAO,Rome.
Gallardo A,Schlesinger W H.1995.Factors determining soil microbial biomass and nutrient immobilization in desert soils.Biogeochemistry.28:55-68.
Gaudinski J B,Trumbore S E,Davidson E A,Zheng S H.2000.Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest:Radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times,sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes.Biogeochemistry.51:33-69.
Glaser B,Turrión M B,Alef K.2004.Amino sugars and muramic acid-biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis.Soil Biol Biochem.36:399-407.
Gleixner G,Poirier N,Bol R,Balesdent J.2002.Molecular dynamics of organic matter in a cultivated soil.Org Geochem.33:357-366.
Guggenberger G,Frey S D,Six J,Paustian K,Elliott E T.1999.Bacterial and fungal cell-wall residues in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.63:1188-1198.
Hachicha M,Kanzari S,Mansour M,Jouzdan O,Arselan A.2013.Salinity risk and management in Tunisian Semi Arid Area.J Life Sci.7:196-201.
Hannachi N,Cocco S,Fornasier F,Agnelli A,Brecciaroli G,Massaccesi L,Weindorf D,Corti G.2015.Effects of cultivation on chemical and biochemical properties of dryland soils from southern Tunisia.Agric Ecosyst Environ.199:249-260.
He H B,Li X B,Zhang W,Zhang X D.2011.Differentiating the dynamics of native and newly immobilized amino sugars in soil frequently amended with inorganic nitrogen and glucose.Eur J Soil Sci.62:144-151.
Kadri A,Van Ranst E.2002.Contraintes de la production oasienne et stratégies pour un développement durable.Cas des oasis de Nefzaoua(Sud tunisien)(Oasis crop production constraints and sustainable development strategies.Case of the oasis Nefzaoua,South Tunisia).Sécheresse(in French).13:5-12.
Kirk T K,Farrell R L.1987.Enzymatic“combustion”:The microbial degradation of lignin.Ann Rev Microbiol.41:465-501.
Kouki K,Bouhaouach H.2009.Study of the traditional oasis Chenini Gab`es in the South East of Tunisia.Tropicultura.27:93-97.
Lal R.2004.Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems.Environ Manage.33:528-544.
Li C H,Li Y,Tang L S.2013.The effects of long-term fertilization on the accumulation of organic carbon in the deep soil profile of an oasis farmland.Plant Soil.369:645-656.
Li X Z,Chen Z Z.2004.Soil microbial biomass C and N along a climatic transect in the Mongolian steppe.Biol Fertil Soils.39:344-351.
Liang C,Zhang X D,Balser T C.2007.Net microbial amino sugar accumulation process in soil as influenced by different plant material inputs.Biol Fertil Soils.44:1-7.
Liu S L,Maimaitiaili B,Joergensen R G,Feng G.2016.Response of soil microorganisms after converting a saline desert to arable land in central Asia.Appl Soil Ecol.98:1-7.
Lü Y H,Ma Z M,Zhao Z J,Sun F X,Fu B J.2014.Effects of land use change on soil carbon storage and water consumption in an oasis-desert ecotone.Environ Manage.53:1066-1076.
Luedeling E,Nagieb M,Wichern F,Brandt M,Deurer M,Buerkert A.2005.Drainage,salt leaching and physico-chemical properties of irrigated man-made terrace soils in a mountain oasis of northern Oman.Geoderma.125:273-285.
Manzoni S,Schimel J P,Porporato A.2012.Responses of soil microbial communities to water stress:Results from a metaanalysis.Ecology.93:930-938.
Mao J D,Xing B,Schmidt-Rohr K.2001.New structural information on a humic acid from two-dimensional1H-13C correlation solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.Environ Sci Technol.35:1928-1934.
Marlet S,Bouksila F,Bahri A.2009.Water and salt balance at irrigation scheme scale:A comprehensive approach for salinity assessment in a Saharan oasis.Agric Water Manage.96:1311-1322.
Mathers N J,Xu Z H.2003.Solid-state13C NMR spectroscopy:Characterization of soil organic matter under two contrasting residue management regimes in a 2-year-old pine plantation of subtropical Australia.Geoderma.114:19-31.
McDaniel M D,Tiemann L K,Grandy A S.2014.Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics?A meta-analysis.Ecol Appl.24:560-570.
Mlih R,Bol R,Amelung W,Brahim N.2016.Soil organic matter amendments in date palm groves of the Middle Eastern and North African region:A mini-review.J Arid Land.8:77-92.
Nelson D W,Sommers L E.1996.Total carbon,organic carbon,and organic matter.In Sparks D L,Page A L,Helmke P A,Loeppert R H,Soltanpour P N,Tabatabai M A,Johnston C T,Sumner M E(eds.)Methods of Soil Analysis.Part 3.Chemical Methods.Soil Science Society of America,American Society of Agronomy,Madison.pp.961-1010.
Panettieri M,Knicker H,Murillo J M,Madejón E,Hatcher PG.2014.Soil organic matter degradation in an agricultural chronosequence under different tillage regimes evaluated by organic matter pools,enzymatic activities and CPMAS13CNMR.Soil Biol Biochem.78:170-181.
Rawls W J,Pachepsky Y A,Ritchie J C,Sobecki T M,Bloodworth H.2003.Effect of soil organic carbon on soil water retention.Geoderma.116:61-76.
Rayment G E,Higginson F R.1992.Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods.Inkata Press,Melbourne.
Rejili M,Mahdhi M,Fterich A,Dhaoui S,Guefrachi I,Abdeddayem R,Mars M.2012.Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of wild legumes in Tunisia:Soil fertility dynamics,field nodulation and nodules effectiveness.Agric Ecosyst Environ.157:60-69.
Schmidt M W I,Knicker H,Hatcher P G,K?gel-Knabner I.1997.Improvement of13C and15N CPMAS NMR spectra of bulk soils,particle size fractions and organic material by treatment with 10%hydrofluoric acid.Eur J Soil Sci.48:319-328.
Sherrod L A,Dunn G,Peterson G A,Kolberg R L.2002.Inorganic carbon analysis by modified pressure-calcimeter method.Soil Sci Soc Am J.66:299-305.
Six J,Frey S D,Thiet R K,Batten K M.2006.Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems.Soil Sci Soc Am J.70:555-569.
Solomon D,Lehmann J,Zech W.2001.Land use effects on amino sugar signature of chromic Luvisol in the semi-arid part of northern Tanzania.Biol Fertil Soils.33:33-40.
Sowden F J,Ivarson K C.1974.Effects of temperature on changes in the nitrogenous constituents of mixed forest litters during decomposition after inoculation with various microbial cultures.Can J Soil Sci.54:387-394.
Sradnick A,Ingold M,Marold J,Murugan R,Buerkert A,Joergensen R G.2014.Impact of activated charcoal and tannin amendments on microbial biomass and residues in an irrigated sandy soil under arid subtropical conditions.Biol Fertil Soils.50:95-103.
Tengberg M.2012.Beginnings and early history of date palm garden cultivation in the Middle East.J Arid Environ.86:139-147.
Tisdall J M,Oades J M.1982.Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils.J Soil Sci.33:141-163.
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