油菜毯状苗形态特征及物理机械特性
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摘要
为了提高油菜毯状苗机械化移栽质量,选择宁杂1838和沣油737 2个油菜品种研究了油菜毯状苗的形态特征,对秧苗根茎结合处进行了拉伸试验,并对毯状苗基质进行了拉伸、剪切以及模拟切割试验。试验结果表明:播种后30～45 d,不同品种油菜毯状苗形态特征(苗高、茎部直径、苗幅宽、裸苗质量、基质密度)存在差异,宁杂1838单株切块毯状苗呈现高瘦型,沣油737呈现矮胖型;油菜毯状苗形态特征参数服从正态分布或偏态分布,不同苗龄的毯状苗形态特征参数分布集中程度存在差异;2个油菜品种毯状苗苗高、茎部直径、苗幅宽、裸苗质量和基质密度均与苗龄呈正相关,相关系数在0.956 9至0.999 8之间;宁杂1838和沣油737油菜毯状苗自然状态直立角度均值分别为80.12°和84.59°,根茎处拉断力分别为18.82～26.31 N和31.51～41.84 N,基质弹性模量分别为0.082～0.108 MPa和0.092～0.149 MPa,内摩擦系数分别为0.358和0.368,粘聚应力分别为0.093 MPa和0.108 MPa,切块阻力范围分别为15.941～24.615 N和17.675～26.530 N。
In order to solve the problem of low survival rate in the mechanized transplanting process of rapeseed carpet seedlings, the morphological characteristics, mechanical properties of rapeseed carpet seedlings of two rape varieties, Ningza 1838 and Fengyou 737, were studied. The tensile test was carried out on the rhizome position of seedlings, and the tensile test, direct shear test and simulated slicing test were carried out on the substrate of rapeseed carpet seedling. The results showed that there were differences in morphological characteristics of different varieties for rapeseed carpet seedlings within 30 to 45 days after sowing, which included seedling height, rhizome diameter, seedling width, bare seedling quality, substrate density. The morphology of single rapeseed carpet seedling block of Ningza 1838 was high-thin type and that of Fengyou 737 was short-stout type. The morphological characteristics parameters of rapeseed carpet seedlings were subject to normal or skewed distribution. There were differences in the distribution and concentration of the morphological characteristics parameters of rapeseed carpet seedlings at different ages. The morphological characteristics including seedling height, rhizome diameter, seedling width, bare seedling quality and substrate density were positively correlated with seedling age, and the correlation coefficient was between 0.956 9 and 0.999 8. The average vertical angles in the natural state of Ningza 1838 and Fengyou 737 were 80.12 degrees and 84.59 degrees, respectively. The tensile force of rhizome positions for Ningza 1838 was between 18.82 N and 26.31 N, and Fengyou 737 was between 31.51 N and 41.84 N. The elastic modulus ranges of carpet seedling substrates were 0.082-0.108 MPa and 0.092-0.149 MPa, respectively. The internal friction coefficients of Ningza 1838 and Fengyou 737 were 0.358 and 0.368, respectively, and the cohesive stresses were 0.093 MPa and 0.108 MPa, respectively. The ranges of the slicing resistance of two rapeseed varieties were 15.941-24.615 N and 17.675-26.530 N.
In order to solve the problem of low survival rate in the mechanized transplanting process of rapeseed carpet seedlings, the morphological characteristics, mechanical properties of rapeseed carpet seedlings of two rape varieties, Ningza 1838 and Fengyou 737, were studied. The tensile test was carried out on the rhizome position of seedlings, and the tensile test, direct shear test and simulated slicing test were carried out on the substrate of rapeseed carpet seedling. The results showed that there were differences in morphological characteristics of different varieties for rapeseed carpet seedlings within 30 to 45 days after sowing, which included seedling height, rhizome diameter, seedling width, bare seedling quality, substrate density. The morphology of single rapeseed carpet seedling block of Ningza 1838 was high-thin type and that of Fengyou 737 was short-stout type. The morphological characteristics parameters of rapeseed carpet seedlings were subject to normal or skewed distribution. There were differences in the distribution and concentration of the morphological characteristics parameters of rapeseed carpet seedlings at different ages. The morphological characteristics including seedling height, rhizome diameter, seedling width, bare seedling quality and substrate density were positively correlated with seedling age, and the correlation coefficient was between 0.956 9 and 0.999 8. The average vertical angles in the natural state of Ningza 1838 and Fengyou 737 were 80.12 degrees and 84.59 degrees, respectively. The tensile force of rhizome positions for Ningza 1838 was between 18.82 N and 26.31 N, and Fengyou 737 was between 31.51 N and 41.84 N. The elastic modulus ranges of carpet seedling substrates were 0.082-0.108 MPa and 0.092-0.149 MPa, respectively. The internal friction coefficients of Ningza 1838 and Fengyou 737 were 0.358 and 0.368, respectively, and the cohesive stresses were 0.093 MPa and 0.108 MPa, respectively. The ranges of the slicing resistance of two rapeseed varieties were 15.941-24.615 N and 17.675-26.530 N.
引文
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[25] 刘兆朋,谢方平,吴明亮.成熟期油菜茎秆力学特性试验研究[J].农机研究,2009,31(2):147-149.
[2] 谷晓博,李援农,黄鹏,等.种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量与水氮利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(10):113-123.
[3] 陈碧云,许鲲,高桂珍,等.种植密度对不同油菜品种产量与含油量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(22):83-89.
[4] QIONG H,WEI H,YAN Y,et al.Rapeseed research and production in China[J].The Crop Journal,2017,5(2):127-135.
[5] 李泽华,马旭,齐龙,等.华南双季稻区水稻不同机械化栽植方式对比试验与评价[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):40-47.
[6] 徐海.油菜全程机械化的应用与关键技术研究[J].农机化研究,2018,40(6):38-42.
[7] 吴崇友,易中懿.我国油菜全程机械化技术路线的选择[J].中国农机化,2009(2):3-6.
[8] 于晓旭,赵匀,陈宝成,等.移栽机械发展现状与展望[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(8):44-53.
[9] 袁文胜,吴崇友,于修刚,等.粘重土壤条件下油菜移栽机械化研究前景初探[J].中国农机化,2011(1):69-71,77.
[10] 刘志军,王晓霞.油菜生产过程中的机械化技术应用研究[J].农机化研究,2018,40(2):110-113,118.
[11] JIN X,LI D Y,MA H,et al.Development of single row automatic transplanting device for potted vegetable seedlings[J].Int J Agric & Biol Eng,2018,11(3):67-75.
[12] YE B L,YI W M,YU G H,et al.Optimization design and test of rice plug seedling transplanting mechanism of planetary gear train with incomplete eccentric circular gear and non-circular gears[J].Int J Agric & Biol Eng,2017,10(6):43-55.
[13] 王永维,何焯亮,王俊,等.旱地蔬菜钵苗自动移栽机栽植性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(3):19-25.
[14] 万霖,汪春,车刚.小型蔬菜移栽机的改进设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):117-122.
[15] KARLEN D L.Suggested strategies to attract reviewers for soil& tillage research submissions[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,144:228-231.
[16] 吴崇友,吴俊,张敏,等.油菜毯状苗机械移栽技术研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(12):6-10.
[17] 吴俊,汤庆,袁文胜,等.油菜毯状苗移栽机开沟镇压部件设计与参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(21):46-53.
[18] 汤庆,吴崇友,袁文胜,等.油菜毯状苗高速移栽机覆土镇压装置结构设计[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(3):20-22,33.
[19] 王英,陈建能,吴加伟,等.用于机械化栽植的西兰花钵苗力学特性试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(24):1-10.
[20] 金鑫,姬江涛,刘卫想,等.基于钵苗运动动力学模型的鸭嘴式移栽机结构优化[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(9):58-67.
[21] 刘明峰,胡先朋,廖宜涛,等.不同油菜品种适栽期机械化移栽植株形态特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(S1):79-88.
[22] 向伟,吴明亮,庞晓远,等.油菜钵苗物理机械特性试验研究[J].农业工程,2013,3(5):17-20.
[23] 庞晓远,吴明亮,官春云,等.油菜裸苗物理机械特性试验研究[J].农机化研究,2011,33(9):150-153.
[24] 王苏飞.油菜毯状苗切块插栽机理研究与参数优化[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.
[25] 刘兆朋,谢方平,吴明亮.成熟期油菜茎秆力学特性试验研究[J].农机研究,2009,31(2):147-149.