玻璃磨砂工艺职业病危害现状及防护
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摘要
目的识别、分析和评价玻璃磨砂工艺过程中存在的职业病危害因素及防护,为用人单位提供职业病防治建议。方法依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》(GBZ 1-2010)、《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》(GBZ 159-2004),采用现场调查、现场检测等方法对30个有磨砂工艺的玻璃制品厂进行职业病危害现状评价,并对其进行汇总,分析所涉及的职业病危害因素发生规律和分布特点。结果该类型企业生产过程中存在的主要职业病危害因素是粉尘与生产性噪声,粉尘游离二氧化硅含量一般在15. 1%～24. 4%之间,为矽尘。噪声8 h连续等效A声级为80. 4～87. 1dB(A),均为噪声作业岗位。其中,粉尘超标粉尘短时间检测结果超标率为46. 7%,其中进行了湿式作业的作业点粉尘浓度超标率为11. 1%,岗位噪声8 h连续等效A声级超标率为55. 6%,未进行湿式作业的作业点粉尘浓度超标率为100. 0%,岗位噪声8h连续等效A声级超标率为75. 0%;设置了局部通风的作业点粉尘超标率为37. 5%,岗位噪声8 h连续等效A声级超标率为62. 5%,未设置局部通风的作业点粉尘超标率为50. 0%,岗位噪声8 h连续等效A声级超标率为63. 6%;产尘点密闭的作业点粉尘超标率为42. 9%,产尘点未密闭的作业点粉尘超标率为62. 5%,岗位噪声8 h连续等效A声级超标率为81. 3%。该30家企业玻璃磨砂作业岗位均为噪声作业岗位,且生产性噪声岗位超标率为63. 3%。用人单位均为作业岗位发放了有效的防尘面罩及防噪耳塞,但作业人员未全部佩戴防噪耳塞。结论该类型企业均为职业病危害严重的建设项目,粉尘、噪声超标严重,通过湿式作业、设置局部通风、密闭等工程防护措施能有效降低粉尘超标概率,通过密闭能有效降低噪声超标概率,该类型用人单位应将湿式作业、设置局部通风、密闭等措施作为工程防护要点,并加强个人防护用品的佩戴监督及培训,才能使职业病防治得到进一步加强。
Objective To identify,analyze and evaluate occupational hazards in glass frosting and provide suggestions on prevention and treatment of occupational diseases to employers. Methods According to Hygienic standards for the design of industrial enterprises( GBZ 1-2010) and Specifications of air sampling for hazardous substances monitoring in the workplace( GBZ 159-2004),current situation of occupational hazards in 30 glass product factories with glass frosting were evaluated by means of field investigation and analysis; data were summarized, and the regularity and distribution characteristics of occupational hazards involved were analyzed. Results Main occupational hazards in manufacturing activities of these enterprises were dust and industrial noise. The contents of free silica in dust were generally between 15. 1% and 24. 4%,and the dust was identified as silica dust. The 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 80. 4 to 87. 1 d B( A),so the post was defined as a noise-exposed post. The short-term over-standard rate of dust was 46. 7 %.At work sites having conducted wet operation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 11. 1%,and the8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 55. 6%; at work sites having not conducted wet operation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 100. 0%,and the 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 75. 0%. At work sites with local ventilation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 37. 5%,and the 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 62. 5%. In work sites without local ventilation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 50. 0%,and the 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 63. 6%. In work sites with dust-producing points closed,the over-standard rate of dust was 42. 9%. In work sites with dust-producing points not closed,the over-standard rate of dust was 62. 5%,and the continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was81. 3%. The glass frosting posts in all of the 30 enterprises were noise-exposed posts,and the over-standard rate of industrial noise was 63. 3%. All employers have distributed useful dustproof masks and ear plugs,but not all operators wore the ear plugs. Conclusion Enterprises of this kind are all construction projects with serious occupational hazards and high over-standard rates of dust and noise. The over-standard rate of dust can be effectively reduced by wet operation,local ventilation and closing measures. The over-standard rate of noise can be effectively reduced by closing measures. Employers should define wet operation,local ventilation and closing as the highlights of engineering protection and enhance supervision and training on use of personal protective articles for prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.
Objective To identify,analyze and evaluate occupational hazards in glass frosting and provide suggestions on prevention and treatment of occupational diseases to employers. Methods According to Hygienic standards for the design of industrial enterprises( GBZ 1-2010) and Specifications of air sampling for hazardous substances monitoring in the workplace( GBZ 159-2004),current situation of occupational hazards in 30 glass product factories with glass frosting were evaluated by means of field investigation and analysis; data were summarized, and the regularity and distribution characteristics of occupational hazards involved were analyzed. Results Main occupational hazards in manufacturing activities of these enterprises were dust and industrial noise. The contents of free silica in dust were generally between 15. 1% and 24. 4%,and the dust was identified as silica dust. The 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 80. 4 to 87. 1 d B( A),so the post was defined as a noise-exposed post. The short-term over-standard rate of dust was 46. 7 %.At work sites having conducted wet operation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 11. 1%,and the8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 55. 6%; at work sites having not conducted wet operation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 100. 0%,and the 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 75. 0%. At work sites with local ventilation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 37. 5%,and the 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 62. 5%. In work sites without local ventilation,the over-standard rate of dust concentration was 50. 0%,and the 8 h continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was 63. 6%. In work sites with dust-producing points closed,the over-standard rate of dust was 42. 9%. In work sites with dust-producing points not closed,the over-standard rate of dust was 62. 5%,and the continuous equivalent A-weighted sound level of noise was81. 3%. The glass frosting posts in all of the 30 enterprises were noise-exposed posts,and the over-standard rate of industrial noise was 63. 3%. All employers have distributed useful dustproof masks and ear plugs,but not all operators wore the ear plugs. Conclusion Enterprises of this kind are all construction projects with serious occupational hazards and high over-standard rates of dust and noise. The over-standard rate of dust can be effectively reduced by wet operation,local ventilation and closing measures. The over-standard rate of noise can be effectively reduced by closing measures. Employers should define wet operation,local ventilation and closing as the highlights of engineering protection and enhance supervision and training on use of personal protective articles for prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.
引文
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[3]GBZ159-2004工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范[S]. 2004.
[4]GB/T17061-1997作业场所空气采样仪器的技术规范[S]. 1997.
[5]GBZ/T192. 1-2007工作场所空气中粉尘测定第1部分:总粉尘浓度[S]. 2007.
[6]GBZ/T192. 4-2007工作场所空气中粉尘测定第4部分:游离二氧化硅含量[S]. 2007.
[7]GBZ/T189. 8-2007工作场所物理因素测量第8部分:噪声[S]. 2007.
[8]GBZ1-2010工业企业设计卫生标准[S]. 2010.
[9]AQ/T4258-2015玻璃生产企业职业病危害防治技术规范[S]. 2015.
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[15]GB/T 11651-2008个体防护装备选用规范[S]. 2008.
[16]GBZ188-2014职业健康监护技术规范[S]. 2014.
[17]崔宝璋,贾树队.北京市昌平区玻璃制品业接尘作业工人健康状况分析[J].中国预防医学杂志,2006,7(5):421-422.
[2]GBZ2. 2-2007工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第2部分:物理因素[S]. 2007.
[3]GBZ159-2004工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范[S]. 2004.
[4]GB/T17061-1997作业场所空气采样仪器的技术规范[S]. 1997.
[5]GBZ/T192. 1-2007工作场所空气中粉尘测定第1部分:总粉尘浓度[S]. 2007.
[6]GBZ/T192. 4-2007工作场所空气中粉尘测定第4部分:游离二氧化硅含量[S]. 2007.
[7]GBZ/T189. 8-2007工作场所物理因素测量第8部分:噪声[S]. 2007.
[8]GBZ1-2010工业企业设计卫生标准[S]. 2010.
[9]AQ/T4258-2015玻璃生产企业职业病危害防治技术规范[S]. 2015.
[10]陈刚,刘丽红,黎明,等."三资"企业卫生防护效果10年对比分析[J].中国初级卫生保健,2004,18(2):24-25.
[11]李荣.切线迭代法计算某平板玻璃厂10年粉尘合格率的平均发展速度及分析[J].淮海医药,2003,31(6):485.
[12]夏猛,郭平,王晓芳,等.某药玻公司高档白色瓶生产职业病危害调查分析[J].中国工业医学杂,2008,21(4):272-273.
[13]李登久,钱声芬,张伟,等.玻璃厂新建生产线职业卫生学评价[J].中国卫生工程学,2002,1(4):212.
[14]王晓芳,郭平,夏猛,等.某超白浮法玻璃建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价中国工业医学杂志2008,21(4):52-54
[15]GB/T 11651-2008个体防护装备选用规范[S]. 2008.
[16]GBZ188-2014职业健康监护技术规范[S]. 2014.
[17]崔宝璋,贾树队.北京市昌平区玻璃制品业接尘作业工人健康状况分析[J].中国预防医学杂志,2006,7(5):421-422.