滑坡堵江的地貌效应
|
摘要
综合采用现场调查、测量及室内理论分析等方法,以金沙江干流寨子村巨型滑坡群和金沙江支流海口大型滑坡为例,对滑坡堵江的地貌效应进行了初步探讨。寨子村古滑坡群的滑坡坝及堰塞湖沉积均有残留,后者沿江分布长度55km,面积约120km~2。堵江段的金沙江平面弯曲、纵断面比降小、横断面宽而浅,具有平原区河流特征,与非堵江段差异显著。堰塞湖沉积分布区地形开阔,发育有土塬、冲沟及土梁等地貌单元,有时还会发生沙尘暴。海口滑坡的滑坡坝和堰塞湖沉积均保存完整:前者顺河水平投影长约1000m、最大厚度135m,后者沿河长3km、面积8km~2;两者分别使海口河河床比降增大、减小了11‰和95‰。滑坡堵江的地貌效应显著,它可以抑制高山峡谷区的河流底蚀,使之成为"走两步退一步"的自我调节过程,而营造开阔空间的堰塞湖沉积大多都可开垦为农田,在长期影响所在区域地貌演化的同时,也为人类在复杂山区创造了若干宜居场所。
Taking Zhaizicun giant landslides and Haikou large-scale landslide in Jinsha River and its tributary as examples,the geomorphological effects of landslide damming were preliminarily discussed by field surveying,measuring and indoor theoretical analysis.Zhaizicun giant ancient landslides possess residual landslide dams and deposits of landslide-dammed lake with a length of 55 km and area of about 120 km~2 along Jinsha River.Severely compare to other river section,the characteristics of landslide damming section is plane bending,small gradient ratio of profile as well as wide and shallow cross-section,which manifest plain area river features.The distribution area of the deposits of landslide-dammed lake is broad,in which the geomorphic units such as table lands,gullies and earth beams develop and sometimes sandstorms occur.Both the landslide dam and deposit of landslide-dammed lake of Haikou large-scale landslide exist now.The former is about 1000m horizontal projection length and the maximum thickness is 135m.The latter possess a length of 3km and area of 8km~2 along Haikou River.Because of them,the longitudinal gradient ratio of Haikou River is increased by 11‰ and decreased by 95‰,respectively.Meanwhile,the latter induced the increase of the valley floor width from tens of meters to hundreds of meters.The geomorphological effects of landslide damming is extraordinary.It can restrain river base-erosion action in the Alpine-Gorge areas,which formed the self-regulated process of two-step forward and one-step backward.Moreover,The wide deposit areas of landslide-dammed lake can be opened up for farming.At the same time of long-term influence on landform evolution,deposits of landslide-dammed lakes have created many livable places in complicated mountain areas.
Taking Zhaizicun giant landslides and Haikou large-scale landslide in Jinsha River and its tributary as examples,the geomorphological effects of landslide damming were preliminarily discussed by field surveying,measuring and indoor theoretical analysis.Zhaizicun giant ancient landslides possess residual landslide dams and deposits of landslide-dammed lake with a length of 55 km and area of about 120 km~2 along Jinsha River.Severely compare to other river section,the characteristics of landslide damming section is plane bending,small gradient ratio of profile as well as wide and shallow cross-section,which manifest plain area river features.The distribution area of the deposits of landslide-dammed lake is broad,in which the geomorphic units such as table lands,gullies and earth beams develop and sometimes sandstorms occur.Both the landslide dam and deposit of landslide-dammed lake of Haikou large-scale landslide exist now.The former is about 1000m horizontal projection length and the maximum thickness is 135m.The latter possess a length of 3km and area of 8km~2 along Haikou River.Because of them,the longitudinal gradient ratio of Haikou River is increased by 11‰ and decreased by 95‰,respectively.Meanwhile,the latter induced the increase of the valley floor width from tens of meters to hundreds of meters.The geomorphological effects of landslide damming is extraordinary.It can restrain river base-erosion action in the Alpine-Gorge areas,which formed the self-regulated process of two-step forward and one-step backward.Moreover,The wide deposit areas of landslide-dammed lake can be opened up for farming.At the same time of long-term influence on landform evolution,deposits of landslide-dammed lakes have created many livable places in complicated mountain areas.
引文
1王兰生,王小群,许向宁等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的研究意义.第四纪研究,2012,32(5):998-1010Wang Lansheng,Wang Xiaoqun,Xu Xiangning et al.Significances of studying the Diexi paleo-dammed lake at the upstream of Minjiang River,Sichuan,China.Quaternary Sciences,2012,32(5):998-1010
2 Hewitt K,Clague J J,0rwin J F.Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes.Earth-Science Reviews,2008,87(1/2):1-38
3许强,陈伟,金辉等.大渡河流域河谷深厚覆盖层特征与发育分布规律研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(1):30~36Xu Qiang,Chen Wei,Jin Hui et al.Characteristics and distribution of thick overburdens along the Dadu River valley.QuaternarySciences,2010,30(1):30-36
4陈智梁,孙志明,Royden L H等.四川泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因及其意义.第四纪研究,2004,24(6):614~620Chen Zhiliang,Sun Zhiming,Royden L H et al.Landslide blocked lake;Origin of the Xigeda Formation in Luding,Sichuan and its significance.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(6);614-620
5 Korup O.Recent research on landslide dams——A literature review with special attention to New Zealand.Progress in Physical Geography,2002,26(2):206-235
6 Korup O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand landslide dams.Engineering Geology,2004,73(1/2);13-35
7 Reneau S L,Dethier D P.Late Pleistocene landslide-dammed lakes along the Rio Grande,White Rock Canyon,New Mexico.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1996,108(11):1492-1507
8王书兵,赵志中,乔彦松等.泸定昔格达组时代认定与古环境.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):257-264Wang Shubing,Zhao,Zhizhong,Qiao Yansong et al.Age and paleoenvironraent of Xigeda Formation in Luding,Sichuan.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2);257-264
9徐则民,刘文连,黄润秋等.西昌昔格达组物质组成及源区分析.第四纪研究,2011,31(2):378~396Xu Zemin,Liu Wenlian,Huang Runqiu et al.Material composition and provenance analysis for Xichang Xigeda Formation.Quaternary Sciences,2011,31(2):378-396
10徐则民,刘文连,黄润秋.昔格达组地层研究中需要注意的若干关键问题.地学前缘,2011,18(5):256-270Xu Zemin,Liu Wenlian,Huang Runqiu.Some problems about the genesis of Xigeda Formation.Earth Science Frontiers,2011,18(5):256-270
11 Schneider J L,PoUet N,Chapron E et al.Signature of Rhine valley sturzstrom dam failures in Holocene sediments of Lake Constance,Germany.Sedimentary Geology,2004,69(1/2):75-91
12袁宝印,汤国安,周力平等.新生代构造运动对黄土高原地貌分异与黄河形成的控制作用.第四纪研究,2012,32(5):829~838Yuan Baoyin,Tang Guo'an,Zhou Liping et al.Control action on the geomorphic differentiation in Loess Plateau and the formation of Yellow River by Cenozoic tectoyenesis.Quaternary Sciences,2012,32(5):829-838
13杨达源,韩志勇,葛兆帅等.金沙江石鼓-宜宾河段的贯通与深切地貌过程的研究.第四纪研究,2008,28(4):564-568Yang Dayuan,Han Zhiyong,Ge Zhaoshuai et al.Geomorphic process of the formation and incision of the section from Shigu to Yibin of the Jinshajiang River.Quaternary Sciences,200$,28(4);564-568
14黄典,杨达源,李郎平等.金沙江白鹤滩河段下切速率初步研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(5):872~876Huang Dian,Yang Dayuan,Li Liangping et al.Incision rates of the Baihetan section of the Jinsha River.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(5):872-876
15葛兆帅,刘庆友,胥勤勉等.金沙江下段河槽地貌特征与地貌过程.第四纪研究,2006,26(3):421-428Ge Zhaoshuan,Liu Qingyou,Xu Qinmian et al.The geomorphic evolution and characteristics of the river bed in the lower reaches of Jinshajiang River.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(3);421-428
16王刚,陶晓风,伊海生等.四川盆地西南缘雅安-名山地区青衣江古河道的变迁及蒙顶山背斜的隆起.第四纪研究,2010,30(4):779-790Wang Gang,Tao Xiaofeng,Yi Haisheng et al.The change of the Paleo-Qingyijiang River and the rise of the Mengdingshan anticline in the area of Ya'an-Mingshan,south-west of the Sichuan Basin.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4):779-790
17柴贺军,刘汉超,张倬元.中国滑坡堵江发育分布特征.山地学报,2000,18(增):51-54Chai Hejun,Liu Hanchao,Zhang Zhuoyuan.The temporal-spatial distribution of damming landslides in China.Journal of Mountain Science,2000,18(Suppl.):51-54
2 Hewitt K,Clague J J,0rwin J F.Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes.Earth-Science Reviews,2008,87(1/2):1-38
3许强,陈伟,金辉等.大渡河流域河谷深厚覆盖层特征与发育分布规律研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(1):30~36Xu Qiang,Chen Wei,Jin Hui et al.Characteristics and distribution of thick overburdens along the Dadu River valley.QuaternarySciences,2010,30(1):30-36
4陈智梁,孙志明,Royden L H等.四川泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因及其意义.第四纪研究,2004,24(6):614~620Chen Zhiliang,Sun Zhiming,Royden L H et al.Landslide blocked lake;Origin of the Xigeda Formation in Luding,Sichuan and its significance.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(6);614-620
5 Korup O.Recent research on landslide dams——A literature review with special attention to New Zealand.Progress in Physical Geography,2002,26(2):206-235
6 Korup O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand landslide dams.Engineering Geology,2004,73(1/2);13-35
7 Reneau S L,Dethier D P.Late Pleistocene landslide-dammed lakes along the Rio Grande,White Rock Canyon,New Mexico.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1996,108(11):1492-1507
8王书兵,赵志中,乔彦松等.泸定昔格达组时代认定与古环境.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):257-264Wang Shubing,Zhao,Zhizhong,Qiao Yansong et al.Age and paleoenvironraent of Xigeda Formation in Luding,Sichuan.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2);257-264
9徐则民,刘文连,黄润秋等.西昌昔格达组物质组成及源区分析.第四纪研究,2011,31(2):378~396Xu Zemin,Liu Wenlian,Huang Runqiu et al.Material composition and provenance analysis for Xichang Xigeda Formation.Quaternary Sciences,2011,31(2):378-396
10徐则民,刘文连,黄润秋.昔格达组地层研究中需要注意的若干关键问题.地学前缘,2011,18(5):256-270Xu Zemin,Liu Wenlian,Huang Runqiu.Some problems about the genesis of Xigeda Formation.Earth Science Frontiers,2011,18(5):256-270
11 Schneider J L,PoUet N,Chapron E et al.Signature of Rhine valley sturzstrom dam failures in Holocene sediments of Lake Constance,Germany.Sedimentary Geology,2004,69(1/2):75-91
12袁宝印,汤国安,周力平等.新生代构造运动对黄土高原地貌分异与黄河形成的控制作用.第四纪研究,2012,32(5):829~838Yuan Baoyin,Tang Guo'an,Zhou Liping et al.Control action on the geomorphic differentiation in Loess Plateau and the formation of Yellow River by Cenozoic tectoyenesis.Quaternary Sciences,2012,32(5):829-838
13杨达源,韩志勇,葛兆帅等.金沙江石鼓-宜宾河段的贯通与深切地貌过程的研究.第四纪研究,2008,28(4):564-568Yang Dayuan,Han Zhiyong,Ge Zhaoshuai et al.Geomorphic process of the formation and incision of the section from Shigu to Yibin of the Jinshajiang River.Quaternary Sciences,200$,28(4);564-568
14黄典,杨达源,李郎平等.金沙江白鹤滩河段下切速率初步研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(5):872~876Huang Dian,Yang Dayuan,Li Liangping et al.Incision rates of the Baihetan section of the Jinsha River.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(5):872-876
15葛兆帅,刘庆友,胥勤勉等.金沙江下段河槽地貌特征与地貌过程.第四纪研究,2006,26(3):421-428Ge Zhaoshuan,Liu Qingyou,Xu Qinmian et al.The geomorphic evolution and characteristics of the river bed in the lower reaches of Jinshajiang River.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(3);421-428
16王刚,陶晓风,伊海生等.四川盆地西南缘雅安-名山地区青衣江古河道的变迁及蒙顶山背斜的隆起.第四纪研究,2010,30(4):779-790Wang Gang,Tao Xiaofeng,Yi Haisheng et al.The change of the Paleo-Qingyijiang River and the rise of the Mengdingshan anticline in the area of Ya'an-Mingshan,south-west of the Sichuan Basin.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4):779-790
17柴贺军,刘汉超,张倬元.中国滑坡堵江发育分布特征.山地学报,2000,18(增):51-54Chai Hejun,Liu Hanchao,Zhang Zhuoyuan.The temporal-spatial distribution of damming landslides in China.Journal of Mountain Science,2000,18(Suppl.):51-54